Dyspnea with Wheezing: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 18:27, 22 February 2018

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Eiman Ghaffarpasand, M.D. [2]

Abbreviations: ABG (arterial blood gas); ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme); BMI (body mass index); CBC (complete blood count); CSF (cerebrospinal fluid); CXR (chest X-ray); ECG (electrocardiogram); FEF (forced expiratory flow rate); FEV1 (forced expiratory volume); FVC (forced vital capacity); JVD (jugular vein distention); MCV (mean corpuscular volume); Plt (platelet); RV (residual volume); SIADH (syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone); TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone); Vt (tidal volume); WBC (white blood cell);

Organ system			Diseases	Clinical manifestations											Diagnosis					Other features
				Symptoms						Physical exam					Diagnosis
				Loss of consciousness	Agitation	Weight loss	Fever	Chest pain	Cough	Cyanosis	Clubbing	JVD	Peripheral edema	Auscultation	CBC	ABG	Imaging	Spirometry	Gold standard
Acute Dyspnea	Respiratory system	Head and Neck, Upper airway	Anaphylaxis^[1]	+/-	+	-	+/-	-	-	+/-	-	-	-	Scattered wheezing	Normal	Normal	Normal	N/A	Vital sign	Type 1 hypersensitivity
		Chest and Pleura, Lower airway	Asthma attack^[2]	-	+	-	-	+/-	+	+	-	-	-	Wheeze	↑ Eosinophil	Respiratory alkalosis	Normal	↓ FEV1, PEF	Physical exam and Spirometry	Chest pain
			Bronchospasm^[3]	+/-	+	-	-	+	+/-	+	-	-	-	Wheeze	Normal	↓O2, ↑CO2	Normal	↓Vt, ↑RV	Physical exam	Allergic reaction
			Bronchiolitis^[4]	-	-	-	+	+/-	+	-	-	-	-	Wheeze and Crackles	↑WBC	Normal	Bronchovascular markings	↓Vt	Clinical assessment	Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
			COPD exacerbation^[5]	-	+	-	+	+	+	+	+/-	+/-	+/-	Wheeze, Rhonchi, and Crackles	↑WBC, ↑RBC	Respiratory alkalosis	Hyperexpansion	↓ FEV1/FVC	Clinical assessment	Acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (AECB)
			Lung carcinoma^[6]	-	-	+	-	-	+	+	+	-	-	Wheeze and Crackles	Normal	Normal	Mass lesion, hilar lymphadenopathy	↓Vt, ↑RV	Bronchoscopy	Paraneoplastic syndromes, such as SIADH and lambert-Eaton
			Pneumonia^[7]	-	-	-	+	+	+	-	-	-	-	Wheeze, Rhonchi, and Crackles	↑WBC, neutrophilia	Normal	Lobar consolidation	Normal	Chest X-ray and CT Scan	productive cough
	Toxic/Metabolic		Organophosphate poisoning^[8]	+	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	Wheeze	Normal	↓O2, ↑CO2	Normal	Normal	Blood test	Salivation, Lacrimation, Emesis, Miosis
			Carbon monoxide poisoning^[9]	+	-	-	-	+	+	+	-	-	-	Wheeze	Carboxyhemoglobin	↓O2, ↑CO2	Normal	N/A	Carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO) level	Headache, Dizziness, Weakness, Vomiting, Confusion
			Diabetic ketoacidosis^[10]	+	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Scattered wheeze, Kussmaul's respiration	↑WBC	Metabolic acidosis	Normal	Normal	Blood test (acidosis, hyperglycemia, ketonemia)	Vomiting, Abdominal pain, Weakness, Confusion
Organ system			Diseases	Clinical manifestations											Diagnosis					Other features
				Symptoms						Physical exam					Diagnosis
				Loss of consciousness	Agitation	Weight loss	Fever	Chest pain	Cough	Cyanosis	Clubbing	JVD	Peripheral edema	Auscultation	CBC	ABG	Imaging	Spirometry	Gold standard
Chronic Dyspnea	Respiratory system	Chest and Pleura, Lower airway	Bronchial asthma^[2]	-	+	+/-	-	+/-	+	+	+	-	-	Wheeze	↑ Eosinophil	Respiratory alkalosis, Metabolic acidosis	Pulmonary hyperinflation, Bronchial wall thickening	↓ FEV1/FVC	Spirometry before and after bronchodilator	Paroxysmal respiratory distress
			Bronchiectasis^[11]	-	-	-	+	+	+	+	+	-	-	Rhonchi, Wheezing, Crackles	↑WBC, neutrophilia	↓O2, ↑CO2	Tram-track opacities	↑ FEV1/FVC	High resolution computed tomography (HRCT)	Chronic productive cough
			COPD^[5]	-	-	+/-	-	-	+	+	+	+	+/-	Expiratory wheeze	↑ RBC	Respiratory alkalosis, Metabolic acidosis	↑ Bronchovascular markings, Cardiomegaly	↓ FEV1/FVC	Physical exam and Spirometry	Heavy smoking history
			Emphysema^[12]	-	-	-	-	-	+/-	+	+	-	-	Expiratory wheeze, Hyperinflation	Normal	Respiratory alkalosis, Metabolic acidosis	Flattening of diaphragm, vertical heart	↓ FEV1/FVC	Physical exam and Spirometry	Barrel chest
			Interstitial lung disease^[13]	-	-	-	-	+	+	+	+	-	-	Rhonchi, Wheezing, Crackles	Normal	↓O2, ↑CO2	Peripheral pulmonary infiltrative opacification	↑ FEV1/FVC	High resolution computed tomography (HRCT)	Pneumoconiosis
			Bronchiolitis obliterans^[4]	-	-	-	+	+	+	+	+	-	-	Expiratory wheeze	↑WBC	↓O2, ↑CO2	Hyperinflation, Reticulonodular opacities	↓ FEV1/FVC	Lung biopsy	Complication of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
			Cystic fibrosis^[14]	-	-	+	+	-	+/-	+	+	-	-	Rhonchi, Wheezing, Crackles	Normal	Metabolic alkalosis	Thick-walled bronchiectasis	↓ FEF_75%/FVC	Sweat test	Absent vas deferens
			Tuberculosis^[15]	-	-	+	+	+	+	+/-	-	-	-	Rhonchi, Wheezing, Crackles	↑WBC	↓O2, ↑CO2	Patchy consolidation or poorly defined linear and nodular opacities	Restrictive, obstructive, or mixed	IFN-γ release assay (IGRA) Acid-fast staining	Night sweat
	Neuromuscular disease		Mitochondrial diseases^[16]	-	-	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Wheeze	↓WBC, Plt	Normal	Normal	↓Vt, ↑RV	Muscle biopsy	Muscle pain
	Systemic		Kyphoscoliosis^[17]	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Wheeze	Normal	Normal	Deviated vertebral column	↓Vt, ↑RV (anatomical)	Standing lateral spine radiograph	Low back pain
	Autoimmune		Churg-Strauss syndrome^[18]	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	Scattered wheezing	Normal	Normal	Areas of parenchymal opacification	↓Vt, ↑RV	Biopsy	Fatigue,Numbness
			Microscopic polyangiitis^[19]	-	-	+/-	+	+	-	-	-	-	+/-	Scattered wheezing	↑WBC	↓O2, ↑CO2	Normal	↓Vt, ↑RV	Histological confirmation	Skin lesions, Nerve damage
			Wegener's granulomatosis^[20]	-	-	+/-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	Wheezing, Crackles	↓ RBC	↓O2, ↑CO2	Cavitate nodules, ground-glass opacity	↓ FEV1/FVC	Biopsy demonstrating a granulomatous vasculitis	Chronic rhinosinusitis

References

↑ Bjornsson HM, Graffeo CS (2010). "Improving diagnostic accuracy of anaphylaxis in the acute care setting". West J Emerg Med. 11 (5): 456–61. PMC 3027438. PMID 21293765.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Hodder R, Lougheed MD, Rowe BH, FitzGerald JM, Kaplan AG, McIvor RA (2010). "Management of acute asthma in adults in the emergency department: nonventilatory management". CMAJ. 182 (2): E55–67. doi:10.1503/cmaj.080072. PMC 2817338. PMID 19858243.
↑ Molis MA, Molis WE (2010). "Exercise-induced bronchospasm". Sports Health. 2 (4): 311–7. doi:10.1177/1941738110373735. PMC 3445098. PMID 23015953.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Holbro A, Lehmann T, Girsberger S, Stern M, Gambazzi F, Lardinois D, Heim D, Passweg JR, Tichelli A, Bubendorf L, Savic S, Hostettler K, Grendelmeier P, Halter JP, Tamm M (2013). "Lung histology predicts outcome of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation". Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant. 19 (6): 973–80. doi:10.1016/j.bbmt.2013.03.017. PMID 23562737.
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Qureshi H, Sharafkhaneh A, Hanania NA (2014). "Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations: latest evidence and clinical implications". Ther Adv Chronic Dis. 5 (5): 212–27. doi:10.1177/2040622314532862. PMC 4131503. PMID 25177479.
↑ Dela Cruz CS, Tanoue LT, Matthay RA (2011). "Lung cancer: epidemiology, etiology, and prevention". Clin Chest Med. 32 (4): 605–44. doi:10.1016/j.ccm.2011.09.001. PMC 3864624. PMID 22054876.
↑ Simonetti AF, Viasus D, Garcia-Vidal C, Carratalà J (2014). "Management of community-acquired pneumonia in older adults". Ther Adv Infect Dis. 2 (1): 3–16. doi:10.1177/2049936113518041. PMC 4072047. PMID 25165554.
↑ Peter JV, Sudarsan TI, Moran JL (2014). "Clinical features of organophosphate poisoning: A review of different classification systems and approaches". Indian J Crit Care Med. 18 (11): 735–45. doi:10.4103/0972-5229.144017. PMC 4238091. PMID 25425841.
↑ Lane TR, Williamson WJ, Brostoff JM (2008). "Carbon monoxide poisoning in a patient with carbon dioxide retention: a therapeutic challenge". Cases J. 1 (1): 102. doi:10.1186/1757-1626-1-102. PMC 2533003. PMID 18710551.
↑ Westerberg DP (March 2013). "Diabetic ketoacidosis: evaluation and treatment". Am Fam Physician. 87 (5): 337–46. PMID 23547550.
↑ Cantin, Luce; Bankier, Alexander A.; Eisenberg, Ronald L. (2009). "Bronchiectasis". American Journal of Roentgenology. 193 (3): W158–W171. doi:10.2214/AJR.09.3053. ISSN 0361-803X.
↑ Sharafkhaneh A, Hanania NA, Kim V (2008). "Pathogenesis of emphysema: from the bench to the bedside". Proc Am Thorac Soc. 5 (4): 475–7. doi:10.1513/pats.200708-126ET. PMC 2645322. PMID 18453358.
↑ Baughman RP, Shipley RT, Loudon RG, Lower EE (1991). "Crackles in interstitial lung disease. Comparison of sarcoidosis and fibrosing alveolitis". Chest. 100 (1): 96–101. PMID 2060395.
↑ Ziegler, Bruna; Rovedder, Paula Maria Eidt; Dalcin, Paulo de Tarso Roth; Menna-Barreto, Sérgio Saldanha (2009). "Padrões ventilatórios na espirometria em pacientes adolescentes e adultos com fibrose cística". Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia. 35 (9): 854–859. doi:10.1590/S1806-37132009000900006. ISSN 1806-3713.
↑ Campbell IA, Bah-Sow O (2006). "Pulmonary tuberculosis: diagnosis and treatment". BMJ. 332 (7551): 1194–7. doi:10.1136/bmj.332.7551.1194. PMC 1463969. PMID 16709993.
↑ Heinicke K, Taivassalo T, Wyrick P, Wood H, Babb TG, Haller RG (2011). "Exertional dyspnea in mitochondrial myopathy: clinical features and physiological mechanisms". Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 301 (4): R873–84. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00001.2011. PMC 3197343. PMID 21813873.
↑ Qiabi M, Chagnon K, Beaupré A, Hercun J, Rakovich G (2015). "Scoliosis and bronchial obstruction". Can Respir J. 22 (4): 206–8. PMC 4530852. PMID 26083538.
↑ Uyar M, Elbek O, Bakır K, Kibar Y, Bayram N, Dikensoy Ö (2012). "Churg-Strauss syndrome related to montelukast". Tuberk Toraks. 60 (1): 56–8. PMID 22554368.
↑ Tilanus A, Van der Niepen P, Geers C, Wissing KM (2015). "Pulmonary Limited MPO-ANCA Microscopic Polyangiitis and Idiopathic Lung Fibrosis in a Patient with a Diagnosis of IgA Nephropathy". Case Rep Nephrol. 2015: 378170. doi:10.1155/2015/378170. PMC 4525752. PMID 26266064.
↑ Cardenas-Garcia J, Farmakiotis D, Baldovino BP, Kim P (2012). "Wegener's granulomatosis in a middle-aged woman presenting with dyspnea, rash, hemoptysis and recurrent eye complaints: a case report". J Med Case Rep. 6: 335. doi:10.1186/1752-1947-6-335. PMC 3492078. PMID 23034218.

[pmid21293765-1] Bjornsson HM, Graffeo CS (2010). "Improving diagnostic accuracy of anaphylaxis in the acute care setting". West J Emerg Med. 11 (5): 456–61. PMC 3027438. PMID 21293765.

[pmid19858243-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Hodder R, Lougheed MD, Rowe BH, FitzGerald JM, Kaplan AG, McIvor RA (2010). "Management of acute asthma in adults in the emergency department: nonventilatory management". CMAJ. 182 (2): E55–67. doi:10.1503/cmaj.080072. PMC 2817338. PMID 19858243.

[pmid23015953-3] Molis MA, Molis WE (2010). "Exercise-induced bronchospasm". Sports Health. 2 (4): 311–7. doi:10.1177/1941738110373735. PMC 3445098. PMID 23015953.

[pmid23562737-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Holbro A, Lehmann T, Girsberger S, Stern M, Gambazzi F, Lardinois D, Heim D, Passweg JR, Tichelli A, Bubendorf L, Savic S, Hostettler K, Grendelmeier P, Halter JP, Tamm M (2013). "Lung histology predicts outcome of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation". Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant. 19 (6): 973–80. doi:10.1016/j.bbmt.2013.03.017. PMID 23562737.

[pmid25177479-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Qureshi H, Sharafkhaneh A, Hanania NA (2014). "Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations: latest evidence and clinical implications". Ther Adv Chronic Dis. 5 (5): 212–27. doi:10.1177/2040622314532862. PMC 4131503. PMID 25177479.

[pmid22054876-6] Dela Cruz CS, Tanoue LT, Matthay RA (2011). "Lung cancer: epidemiology, etiology, and prevention". Clin Chest Med. 32 (4): 605–44. doi:10.1016/j.ccm.2011.09.001. PMC 3864624. PMID 22054876.

[pmid25165554-7] Simonetti AF, Viasus D, Garcia-Vidal C, Carratalà J (2014). "Management of community-acquired pneumonia in older adults". Ther Adv Infect Dis. 2 (1): 3–16. doi:10.1177/2049936113518041. PMC 4072047. PMID 25165554.

[pmid25425841-8] Peter JV, Sudarsan TI, Moran JL (2014). "Clinical features of organophosphate poisoning: A review of different classification systems and approaches". Indian J Crit Care Med. 18 (11): 735–45. doi:10.4103/0972-5229.144017. PMC 4238091. PMID 25425841.

[pmid18710551-9] Lane TR, Williamson WJ, Brostoff JM (2008). "Carbon monoxide poisoning in a patient with carbon dioxide retention: a therapeutic challenge". Cases J. 1 (1): 102. doi:10.1186/1757-1626-1-102. PMC 2533003. PMID 18710551.

[pmid23547550-10] Westerberg DP (March 2013). "Diabetic ketoacidosis: evaluation and treatment". Am Fam Physician. 87 (5): 337–46. PMID 23547550.

[CantinBankier2009-11] Cantin, Luce; Bankier, Alexander A.; Eisenberg, Ronald L. (2009). "Bronchiectasis". American Journal of Roentgenology. 193 (3): W158–W171. doi:10.2214/AJR.09.3053. ISSN 0361-803X.

[pmid18453358-12] Sharafkhaneh A, Hanania NA, Kim V (2008). "Pathogenesis of emphysema: from the bench to the bedside". Proc Am Thorac Soc. 5 (4): 475–7. doi:10.1513/pats.200708-126ET. PMC 2645322. PMID 18453358.

[pmid2060395-13] Baughman RP, Shipley RT, Loudon RG, Lower EE (1991). "Crackles in interstitial lung disease. Comparison of sarcoidosis and fibrosing alveolitis". Chest. 100 (1): 96–101. PMID 2060395.

[ZieglerRovedder2009-14] Ziegler, Bruna; Rovedder, Paula Maria Eidt; Dalcin, Paulo de Tarso Roth; Menna-Barreto, Sérgio Saldanha (2009). "Padrões ventilatórios na espirometria em pacientes adolescentes e adultos com fibrose cística". Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia. 35 (9): 854–859. doi:10.1590/S1806-37132009000900006. ISSN 1806-3713.

[pmid16709993-15] Campbell IA, Bah-Sow O (2006). "Pulmonary tuberculosis: diagnosis and treatment". BMJ. 332 (7551): 1194–7. doi:10.1136/bmj.332.7551.1194. PMC 1463969. PMID 16709993.

[pmid21813873-16] Heinicke K, Taivassalo T, Wyrick P, Wood H, Babb TG, Haller RG (2011). "Exertional dyspnea in mitochondrial myopathy: clinical features and physiological mechanisms". Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 301 (4): R873–84. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00001.2011. PMC 3197343. PMID 21813873.

[pmid26083538-17] Qiabi M, Chagnon K, Beaupré A, Hercun J, Rakovich G (2015). "Scoliosis and bronchial obstruction". Can Respir J. 22 (4): 206–8. PMC 4530852. PMID 26083538.

[pmid22554368-18] Uyar M, Elbek O, Bakır K, Kibar Y, Bayram N, Dikensoy Ö (2012). "Churg-Strauss syndrome related to montelukast". Tuberk Toraks. 60 (1): 56–8. PMID 22554368.

[pmid26266064-19] Tilanus A, Van der Niepen P, Geers C, Wissing KM (2015). "Pulmonary Limited MPO-ANCA Microscopic Polyangiitis and Idiopathic Lung Fibrosis in a Patient with a Diagnosis of IgA Nephropathy". Case Rep Nephrol. 2015: 378170. doi:10.1155/2015/378170. PMC 4525752. PMID 26266064.

[pmid23034218-20] Cardenas-Garcia J, Farmakiotis D, Baldovino BP, Kim P (2012). "Wegener's granulomatosis in a middle-aged woman presenting with dyspnea, rash, hemoptysis and recurrent eye complaints: a case report". J Med Case Rep. 6: 335. doi:10.1186/1752-1947-6-335. PMC 3492078. PMID 23034218.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 __NOTOC__
 {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{EG}}
 <small>'''''Abbreviations:''''' '''ABG ('''[[arterial blood gas]]'''); ACE ('''[[Angiotensin-converting enzyme|angiotensin converting enzyme]]'''); BMI ('''[[body mass index]]'''); CBC ('''[[Complete blood counts|complete blood count]]'''); CSF ('''[[cerebrospinal fluid]]'''); CXR ('''[[chest X-ray]]'''); ECG ('''[[electrocardiogram]]'''); FEF ('''[[Spirometry|forced expiratory flow rate]]'''); FEV1 ('''[[forced expiratory volume]]'''); FVC ('''[[forced vital capacity]]'''); JVD ('''[[jugular vein distention]]''');''' '''MCV ('''[[mean corpuscular volume]]'''); Plt ('''[[platelet]]'''); RV ('''[[residual volume]]'''); SIADH ('''[[syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone]]'''); TSH ('''[[thyroid stimulating hormone]]'''); Vt ('''[[tidal volume]]''');''' '''WBC ('''[[White blood cells|white blood cell]]''');'''</small>
+<small><small>
 {|
 |- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
@@ Line 33: / Line 34: @@
 !Gold standard
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-! rowspan="32" |Acute Dyspnea
+! rowspan="10" |Acute Dyspnea
-! rowspan="17" |[[Respiratory system]]
+! rowspan="7" |[[Respiratory system]]
-! rowspan="7" |[[Head]] and [[Neck]],
+![[Head]] and [[Neck]],
 Upper [[airway]]
-![[Angioedema]]<ref name="pmid28405953">{{cite journal| author=Bernstein JA, Cremonesi P, Hoffmann TK, Hollingsworth J| title=Angioedema in the emergency department: a practical guide to differential diagnosis and management. | journal=Int J Emerg Med | year= 2017 | volume= 10 | issue= 1 | pages= 15 | pmid=28405953 | doi=10.1186/s12245-017-0141-z | pmc=5389952 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28405953  }}</ref>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Physical examination|Physical exam]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Generalized edema]]
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
 ![[Anaphylaxis]]<ref name="pmid21293765">{{cite journal| author=Bjornsson HM, Graffeo CS| title=Improving diagnostic accuracy of anaphylaxis in the acute care setting. | journal=West J Emerg Med | year= 2010 | volume= 11 | issue= 5 | pages= 456-61 | pmid=21293765 | doi= | pmc=3027438 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21293765  }}</ref>
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
@@ Line 75: / Line 57: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Type 1 hypersensitivity]]
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Aspiration]]<ref name="pmid25581840">{{cite journal| author=O'Horo JC, Rogus-Pulia N, Garcia-Arguello L, Robbins J, Safdar N| title=Bedside diagnosis of dysphagia: a systematic review. | journal=J Hosp Med | year= 2015 | volume= 10 | issue= 4 | pages= 256-65 | pmid=25581840 | doi=10.1002/jhm.2313 | pmc=4607509 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25581840  }}</ref>
+! rowspan="6" |[[Chest]] and [[Pleurae|Pleura]],
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Diminished [[breath sounds]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Atelectasis]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Bronchoscopy]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Choking]]
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Croup]]<ref name="pmid23939212">{{cite journal| author=Bjornson CL, Johnson DW| title=Croup in children. | journal=CMAJ | year= 2013 | volume= 185 | issue= 15 | pages= 1317-23 | pmid=23939212 | doi=10.1503/cmaj.121645 | pmc=3796596 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23939212  }}</ref>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Stridor]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑[[WBC]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Steeple sign]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Physical examination|Physical exam]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Barking cough]]
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Epiglottitis]]<ref name="pmid17104162">{{cite journal| author=Negus VE| title=The Function of the Epiglottis. | journal=J Anat | year= 1927 | volume= 62 | issue= Pt 1 | pages= 1-8 | pmid=17104162 | doi= | pmc=1250045 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17104162  }}</ref>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Stridor]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑[[WBC]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Thumbprint sign|Thumb sign]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Laryngoscopy]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Drooling]]
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Rhinosinusitis]]<ref name="pmid214901812">{{cite journal| author=Meltzer EO, Hamilos DL| title=Rhinosinusitis diagnosis and management for the clinician: a synopsis of recent consensus guidelines. | journal=Mayo Clin Proc | year= 2011 | volume= 86 | issue= 5 | pages= 427-43 | pmid=21490181 | doi=10.4065/mcp.2010.0392 | pmc=3084646 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21490181  }}</ref>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑[[WBC]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Air fluid level
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Physical examination|Physical exam]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Headache]]
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Vocal cord paralysis|Vocal cord dysfunction]]<ref name="pmid8828523">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wood RP, Milgrom H |title=Vocal cord dysfunction |journal=J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. |volume=98 |issue=3 |pages=481–5 |date=September 1996 |pmid=8828523 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Stridor]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓ [[FVC]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Laryngoscopy]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Choking]] sensation
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-! rowspan="10" |[[Chest]] and [[Pleurae|Pleura]],
 Lower [[airway]]
 ![[Asthma attack]]<ref name="pmid19858243">{{cite journal| author=Hodder R, Lougheed MD, Rowe BH, FitzGerald JM, Kaplan AG, McIvor RA| title=Management of acute asthma in adults in the emergency department: nonventilatory management. | journal=CMAJ | year= 2010 | volume= 182 | issue= 2 | pages= E55-67 | pmid=19858243 | doi=10.1503/cmaj.080072 | pmc=2817338 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19858243  }}</ref>
@@ Line 191: / Line 78: @@
 [[Spirometry]]
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Chest pain]]
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Bronchitis]]<ref name="CantinBankier2009">{{cite journal|last1=Cantin|first1=Luce|last2=Bankier|first2=Alexander A.|last3=Eisenberg|first3=Ronald L.|title=Bronchiectasis|journal=American Journal of Roentgenology|volume=193|issue=3|year=2009|pages=W158–W171|issn=0361-803X|doi=10.2214/AJR.09.3053}}</ref>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Rhonchi]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑[[WBC]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Physical examination|Physical exam]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Rhonchi]] relieved by [[Dextromethorphan|cough]]
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
 ![[Bronchospasm]]<ref name="pmid23015953">{{cite journal| author=Molis MA, Molis WE| title=Exercise-induced bronchospasm. | journal=Sports Health | year= 2010 | volume= 2 | issue= 4 | pages= 311-7 | pmid=23015953 | doi=10.1177/1941738110373735 | pmc=3445098 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23015953  }}</ref>
@@ Line 306: / Line 174: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[productive cough]]
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Pneumothorax]]<ref name="pmid17621614">{{cite journal| author=Currie GP, Alluri R, Christie GL, Legge JS| title=Pneumothorax: an update. | journal=Postgrad Med J | year= 2007 | volume= 83 | issue= 981 | pages= 461-5 | pmid=17621614 | doi=10.1136/pgmj.2007.056978 | pmc=2600088 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17621614  }}</ref>
+! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |[[Toxic]]/[[Metabolic]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Diminished [[breath sounds]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Radiolucency without [[lung]] marking
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |CXR and [[Computed tomography|Chest CT scan]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Tracheal deviation]]
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Pulmonary embolism]]<ref name="pmid23940438">{{cite journal| author=Bĕlohlávek J, Dytrych V, Linhart A| title=Pulmonary embolism, part I: Epidemiology, risk factors and risk stratification, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and nonthrombotic pulmonary embolism. | journal=Exp Clin Cardiol | year= 2013 | volume= 18 | issue= 2 | pages= 129-38 | pmid=23940438 | doi= | pmc=3718593 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23940438  }}</ref>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Respiratory alkalosis]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Lung|Pulmonary]] [[CT angiography]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Pleuritic chest pain]]
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Rib fractures]] ([[flail chest]])<ref name="pmid27984449">{{cite journal |vauthors=Swart E, Laratta J, Slobogean G, Mehta S |title=Operative Treatment of Rib Fractures in Flail Chest Injuries: A Meta-analysis and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis |journal=J Orthop Trauma |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=64–70 |date=February 2017 |pmid=27984449 |doi=10.1097/BOT.0000000000000750 |url= |author=}}</ref>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Respiratory acidosis]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Fracture marks
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Chest X-ray]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Pneumothorax]]
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-! colspan="2" rowspan="5" |[[Cardiovascular system]]
-![[Acute myocardial ischemia]]<ref name="pmid18307844">{{cite journal| author=Bruyninckx R, Aertgeerts B, Bruyninckx P, Buntinx F| title=Signs and symptoms in diagnosing acute myocardial infarction and acute coronary syndrome: a diagnostic meta-analysis. | journal=Br J Gen Pract | year= 2008 | volume= 58 | issue= 547 | pages= 105-11 | pmid=18307844 | doi=10.3399/bjgp08X277014 | pmc=2233977 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18307844  }}</ref>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and T (cTnT)|Cardiac troponin I]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Nausea and vomiting]], Positive pertinent risk factors, such as [[hypertension]], [[diabetes]], and [[smoking]]
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Acute heart failure]]<ref name="GagginJanuzzi20132">{{cite journal|last1=Gaggin|first1=Hanna K.|last2=Januzzi|first2=James L.|title=Biomarkers and diagnostics in heart failure|journal=Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease|volume=1832|issue=12|year=2013|pages=2442–2450|issn=09254439|doi=10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.12.014}}</ref>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[S4|S]]3
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Respiratory alkalosis]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑ [[Cardiothoracic ratio]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[B-type natriuretic peptide|B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP)]] and [[N-terminal pro b-type natriuretic peptide|N-terminal proBNP (NT-proBNP)]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Excessive sweating]], [[high blood pressure]]
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Pericardial tamponade]]<ref name="pmid12481882">{{cite journal |vauthors=van Steijn JH, Sleijfer DT, van der Graaf WT, van der Sluis A, Nieboer P |title=How to diagnose cardiac tamponade |journal=Neth J Med |volume=60 |issue=8 |pages=334–8 |year=2002 |pmid=12481882 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Muffled heart sounds]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Water bottle appearance [[Cardiomegaly|enlarged heart]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Echocardiography]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Fluid accumulation in [[pericardium]]
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Tachyarrhythmia]]<ref name="pmid18307844" />
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |High [[pulse rate]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[ECG]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Palpitation]]
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Pulmonary edema]]<ref name="MartindaleNoble2013">{{cite journal|last1=Martindale|first1=Jennifer L.|last2=Noble|first2=Vicki E.|last3=Liteplo|first3=Andrew|title=Diagnosing pulmonary edema|journal=European Journal of Emergency Medicine|volume=20|issue=5|year=2013|pages=356–360|issn=0969-9546|doi=10.1097/MEJ.0b013e32835c2b88}}</ref>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Basal [[Crackles|crackle]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Respiratory alkalosis]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Bat wing pattern, air bronchograms
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Coronary catheterization|Cardiac Catheterization]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Tachypnea]]
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |[[Central nervous system]]
-![[Stroke]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Intracranial hemorrhage|Intracranial infarct or hemorrhage]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Brain]] [[MRI]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Paralysis]] or [[Paresthesias|paresthesia]]
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Encephalitis]]<ref name="pmid15489354">{{cite journal| author=Debiasi RL, Tyler KL| title=Molecular methods for diagnosis of viral encephalitis. | journal=Clin Microbiol Rev | year= 2004 | volume= 17 | issue= 4 | pages= 903-25, table of contents | pmid=15489354 | doi=10.1128/CMR.17.4.903-925.2004 | pmc=523566 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15489354  }}</ref>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑[[WBC]], [[neutrophilia]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[CSF]] [[PCR]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Confusion]]
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Traumatic brain injury]]<ref name="pmid22033563">{{cite journal| author=McAllister TW| title=Neurobiological consequences of traumatic brain injury. | journal=Dialogues Clin Neurosci | year= 2011 | volume= 13 | issue= 3 | pages= 287-300 | pmid=22033563 | doi= | pmc=3182015 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22033563  }}</ref>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Respiratory acidosis]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Intracerebral hemorrhage]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Ct scan|Brain CT scan]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Lucid interval]]
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-! colspan="2" rowspan="4" |[[Toxic]]/[[Metabolic]]
 ![[Organophosphate poisoning]]<ref name="pmid25425841">{{cite journal| author=Peter JV, Sudarsan TI, Moran JL| title=Clinical features of organophosphate poisoning: A review of different classification systems and approaches. | journal=Indian J Crit Care Med | year= 2014 | volume= 18 | issue= 11 | pages= 735-45 | pmid=25425841 | doi=10.4103/0972-5229.144017 | pmc=4238091 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25425841  }}</ref>
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
@@ Line 536: / Line 193: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Blood test]]
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Salivation]], [[Lacrimation]],  [[Emesis]], [[Miosis]]
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Salicylate poisoning]]<ref name="pmid20440389">{{cite journal| author=Chin RL, Olson KR, Dempsey D| title=Salicylate toxicity from ingestion and continued dermal absorption. | journal=Cal J Emerg Med | year= 2007 | volume= 8 | issue= 1 | pages= 23-5 | pmid=20440389 | doi= | pmc=2859737 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20440389  }}</ref>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Metabolic acidosis]], [[Respiratory alkalosis]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Blood test]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Vomiting]], [[Tinnitus]], [[Confusion]], [[Hyperthermia]]
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
 ![[Carbon monoxide poisoning]]<ref name="pmid18710551">{{cite journal| author=Lane TR, Williamson WJ, Brostoff JM| title=Carbon monoxide poisoning in a patient with carbon dioxide retention: a therapeutic challenge. | journal=Cases J | year= 2008 | volume= 1 | issue= 1 | pages= 102 | pmid=18710551 | doi=10.1186/1757-1626-1-102 | pmc=2533003 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18710551  }}</ref>
@@ Line 593: / Line 231: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Blood test]] ([[acidosis]], [[hyperglycemia]], [[ketonemia]])
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Vomiting]], [[Abdominal pain]], [[Weakness]], [[Confusion]]
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |[[Systemic]]
-![[Panic attack]]<ref name="pmid16627512">{{cite journal| author=Taylor CB| title=Panic disorder. | journal=BMJ | year= 2006 | volume= 332 | issue= 7547 | pages= 951-5 | pmid=16627512 | doi=10.1136/bmj.332.7547.951 | pmc=1444835 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16627512  }}</ref>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Clinical]] assessment
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Anxiety|Severe anxiety]]
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Pregnancy]]<ref name="pmid28805596">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lee SY, Chien DK, Huang CH, Shih SC, Lee WC, Chang WH |title=Dyspnea in pregnancy |journal=Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=432–436 |date=August 2017 |pmid=28805596 |doi=10.1016/j.tjog.2017.04.035 |url= |author=}}</ref>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑[[WBC]], [[RBC]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Human chorionic gonadotropin|βhCG]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Missed period, Hyperemesis
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Sepsis]]<ref name="pmid27216810">{{cite journal| author=Askim Å, Mehl A, Paulsen J, DeWan AT, Vestrheim DF, Åsvold BO et al.| title=Epidemiology and outcome of sepsis in adult patients with Streptococcus pneumoniae infection in a Norwegian county 1993-2011: an observational study. | journal=BMC Infect Dis | year= 2016 | volume= 16 | issue=  | pages= 223 | pmid=27216810 | doi=10.1186/s12879-016-1553-8 | pmc=4877975 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27216810  }}</ref>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑[[WBC]], [[neutrophilia]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[SIRS|SIRS criteria]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Chills]], [[Confusion]]
 |- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
 ! colspan="3" rowspan="3" |Organ system
@@ Line 678: / Line 258: @@
 !Gold standard
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-! rowspan="41" |Chronic Dyspnea
+! rowspan="13" |Chronic Dyspnea
-! rowspan="18" |[[Respiratory system]]
+! rowspan="8" |[[Respiratory system]]
-! rowspan="4" |[[Head]] and [[Neck]],
+! rowspan="8" |[[Chest]] and [[Pleura]],
-Upper [[airway]]
-![[Goiter]]<ref name="pmid22430090">{{cite journal |vauthors=Stang MT, Armstrong MJ, Ogilvie JB, Yip L, McCoy KL, Faber CN, Carty SE |title=Positional dyspnea and tracheal compression as indications for goiter resection |journal=Arch Surg |volume=147 |issue=7 |pages=621–6 |date=July 2012 |pmid=22430090 |doi=10.1001/archsurg.2012.96 |url= |author=}}</ref>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Blood test]] ([[TSH]], [[T4]])
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Weight gain]]
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Laryngeal cancer|Laryngeal adenocarcinoma]]<ref name="pmid7956433">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schwenk NR, Schapira RM, Byrd JC |title=Laryngeal carcinoma presenting as platypnea |journal=Chest |volume=106 |issue=5 |pages=1609–11 |date=November 1994 |pmid=7956433 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Stridor]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Retropharyngeal space|Retropharyngeal tissue]] thickness
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Laryngoscopy]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Choking]] sensation
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Vocal cord paralysis]]<ref name="pmid8828523" />
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Stridor]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Pharyngeal constrictor|Pharyngeal constrictor muscles]] thinning, [[uvular]] deviation
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Laryngoscopy]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Choking]] sensation
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Tracheal stenosis]]<ref name="pmid23748638">{{cite journal |vauthors=Conti V, Calia N, Pasquini C, Zardi S, Finetti C, Stomeo F, Ravenna F |title=[Chronic cough and worsening dyspnea: a case of idiopathic tracheal stenosis] |language=Italian |journal=Recenti Prog Med |volume=104 |issue=4 |pages=156–8 |date=April 2013 |pmid=23748638 |doi=10.1701/1271.14026 |url= |author=}}</ref>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Stridor]], [[Stertorous]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Soft tissue]] thickening internal to normal-appearing [[Trachea|tracheal cartilage]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Bronchoscopy]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Respiratory distress]]
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-! rowspan="14" |[[Chest]] and [[Pleura]],
 Lower [[airway]]
 ![[Bronchial asthma]]<ref name="pmid19858243" />
@@ Line 782: / Line 283: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Paroxysmal [[respiratory distress]]
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Bronchiectasis]]<ref name="CantinBankier2009" />
+![[Bronchiectasis]]<ref name="CantinBankier2009">{{cite journal|last1=Cantin|first1=Luce|last2=Bankier|first2=Alexander A.|last3=Eisenberg|first3=Ronald L.|title=Bronchiectasis|journal=American Journal of Roentgenology|volume=193|issue=3|year=2009|pages=W158–W171|issn=0361-803X|doi=10.2214/AJR.09.3053}}</ref>
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 840: / Line 341: @@
 [[Spirometry]]
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Barrel chest]]
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Pulmonary hypertension]]<ref name="pmid20407377">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sajkov D, Petrovsky N, Palange P |title=Management of dyspnea in advanced pulmonary arterial hypertension |journal=Curr Opin Support Palliat Care |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=76–84 |date=June 2010 |pmid=20407377 |doi=10.1097/SPC.0b013e328338c1e0 |url= |author=}}</ref>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Accentuated [[S2]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Hypoxia]] and [[acidosis]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Enlarged [[Pulmonary arteries|'''pulmonary''' arteries]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑[[Physiologic]] [[Residual volume|RV]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Cardiac catheterization]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Syncope]],
-[[Ascites]], [[Pleural effusion]]
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
 ![[Interstitial lung disease]]<ref name="pmid2060395">{{cite journal |vauthors=Baughman RP, Shipley RT, Loudon RG, Lower EE |title=Crackles in interstitial lung disease. Comparison of sarcoidosis and fibrosing alveolitis |journal=Chest |volume=100 |issue=1 |pages=96–101 |year=1991 |pmid=2060395 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
@@ Line 880: / Line 360: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Computed tomography|High resolution computed tomography (HRCT)]]
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Pneumoconiosis]]
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Sarcoidosis]]<ref name="pmid14518232">{{cite journal |vauthors=Moher D, Cole CW, Hill GB |title=Epidemiology of abdominal aortic aneurysm: the effect of differing definitions |journal=Eur J Vasc Surg |volume=6 |issue=6 |pages=647–50 |date=November 1992 |pmid=1451823 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Crackles]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Hilar lymphadenopathy|Hilar adenopathy]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑ [[FEV1]]/[[FVC]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Computed tomography|High resolution computed tomography (HRCT)]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Hypercalcemia]], high [[Angiotensin-converting enzyme|ACE]]
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Alveolitis]]<ref name="pmid15692967">{{cite journal |vauthors=Khanna D, Clements PJ, Furst DE, Chon Y, Elashoff R, Roth MD, Sterz MG, Chung J, FitzGerald JD, Seibold JR, Varga J, Theodore A, Wigley FM, Silver RM, Steen VD, Mayes MD, Connolly MK, Fessler BJ, Rothfield NF, Mubarak K, Molitor J, Tashkin DP |title=Correlation of the degree of dyspnea with health-related quality of life, functional abilities, and diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide in patients with systemic sclerosis and active alveolitis: results from the Scleroderma Lung Study |journal=Arthritis Rheum. |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=592–600 |date=February 2005 |pmid=15692967 |doi=10.1002/art.20787 |url= |author=}}</ref>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Basal [[Crackles|crackle]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑[[WBC]], [[neutrophilia]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | Basal reticulonodular opacification
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑ [[FEV1]]/[[FVC]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Computed tomography|High resolution computed tomography (HRCT)]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Dry cough]]
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
 ![[Bronchiolitis obliterans]]<ref name="pmid23562737" />
@@ Line 956: / Line 398: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Sweat test]]
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Congenital absence of the vas deferens|Absent vas deferens]]
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Pleural effusion]]<ref name="pmid25978627">{{cite journal |vauthors=Thomas R, Jenkins S, Eastwood PR, Lee YC, Singh B |title=Physiology of breathlessness associated with pleural effusions |journal=Curr Opin Pulm Med |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=338–45 |date=July 2015 |pmid=25978627 |pmc=5633324 |doi=10.1097/MCP.0000000000000174 |url= |author=}}</ref>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Egophony|Egophony ("E-to-A" change)]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Blunting of the [[Costophrenic angle|costophrenic]] and cardiophrenic angle
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Pleural effusion causes|Light's criteria]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tactile fremitus]],  Asymmetrical [[chest expansion]]
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Pulmonary shunt|Pulmonary right-to-left shunt]]<ref name="pmid19335916">{{cite journal| author=Vodoz JF, Cottin V, Glérant JC, Derumeaux G, Khouatra C, Blanchet AS et al.| title=Right-to-left shunt with hypoxemia in pulmonary hypertension. | journal=BMC Cardiovasc Disord | year= 2009 | volume= 9 | issue=  | pages= 15 | pmid=19335916 | doi=10.1186/1471-2261-9-15 | pmc=2671488 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19335916  }}</ref>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Diminished [[breath sounds]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]], [[Respiratory acidosis]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
-([[physiological]])
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[CT angiography|Pulmonary CT angiography]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Chronic [[hypoxemia]]
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Diaphragmatic paralysis]]<ref name="pmid27929389">{{cite journal| author=Dubé BP, Dres M| title=Diaphragm Dysfunction: Diagnostic Approaches and Management Strategies. | journal=J Clin Med | year= 2016 | volume= 5 | issue= 12 | pages=  | pmid=27929389 | doi=10.3390/jcm5120113 | pmc=5184786 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27929389  }}</ref>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Unilateral or bilateral [[Diaphragmatic dysfunction|diaphragmatic flattening]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
-([[anatomical]])
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[CXR]] confirmed by [[fluoroscopic]] sniff test
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Respiratory insufficiency]]
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
 ![[Tuberculosis]]<ref name="pmid16709993">{{cite journal| author=Campbell IA, Bah-Sow O| title=Pulmonary tuberculosis: diagnosis and treatment. | journal=BMJ | year= 2006 | volume= 332 | issue= 7551 | pages= 1194-7 | pmid=16709993 | doi=10.1136/bmj.332.7551.1194 | pmc=1463969 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16709993  }}</ref>
@@ Line 1,037: / Line 420: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Night sweat]]
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-! colspan="2" rowspan="7" |[[Cardiovascular system]]
+! colspan="2" |[[Neuromuscular disease]]
-![[Constrictive pericarditis]]<ref name="pmid12481882" />
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Muffled heart sounds]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Calcification|Calcifications]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Computed tomography|Chest CT scan]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Syncope]]
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Restrictive cardiomyopathy]]<ref name="pmid118386552">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nakamura M, Satoh M, Kowada S, Satoh H, Tashiro A, Sato F, Masuda T, Hiramori K |title=Reversible restrictive cardiomyopathy due to light-chain deposition disease |journal=Mayo Clin. Proc. |volume=77 |issue=2 |pages=193–6 |date=February 2002 |pmid=11838655 |doi=10.4065/77.2.193 |url= |author=}}</ref>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Dilatation of the [[inferior vena cava]] and [[right atrium]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Right ventricular]] [[biopsy]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Weight gain]],
-[[Nausea]]
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Valvular heart disease]]<ref name="pmid18307844" />
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Cardiac murmur]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Dilatation of [[Heart chamber|heart chambers]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Echocardiography]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Syncope]], [[Palpitation]]
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Bradyarrhythmia]]<ref name="pmid28266824">{{cite journal |vauthors=Barstow C, McDivitt JD |title=Cardiovascular Disease Update: Bradyarrhythmias |journal=FP Essent |volume=454 |issue= |pages=18–23 |date=March 2017 |pmid=28266824 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[ECG]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Syncope]], [[Palpitation]]
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Pericardial effusion]]<ref name="pmid23236323">{{cite journal| author=Jung HO| title=Pericardial effusion and pericardiocentesis: role of echocardiography. | journal=Korean Circ J | year= 2012 | volume= 42 | issue= 11 | pages= 725-34 | pmid=23236323 | doi=10.4070/kcj.2012.42.11.725 | pmc=3518705 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23236323  }}</ref>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Muffled heart sounds]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Fluid density around the [[heart]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[M-mode echo: principles and classic findings|M-mode]] and [[Doppler echocardiography|2-dimensional Doppler echocardiography]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Hoarseness]], [[Palpitation]]
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Coronary heart disease]]<ref name="pmid18307844" />
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and T (cTnT)|Cardiac troponin I]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Nausea]], [[Lightheadedness]], [[Sweating]]
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Ventricular septal defect|Intracardiac shunt]]<ref name="pmid193359162">{{cite journal| author=Vodoz JF, Cottin V, Glérant JC, Derumeaux G, Khouatra C, Blanchet AS et al.| title=Right-to-left shunt with hypoxemia in pulmonary hypertension. | journal=BMC Cardiovasc Disord | year= 2009 | volume= 9 | issue=  | pages= 15 | pmid=19335916 | doi=10.1186/1471-2261-9-15 | pmc=2671488 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19335916  }}</ref>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Cardiac murmur|Cardiac continuous murmur]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Dilatation of [[Heart chamber|heart chambers]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Echocardiography]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Syncope]], [[Palpitation]]
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-! colspan="2" rowspan="4" |[[Neuromuscular disease]]
-![[Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]]<ref name="pmid17029274">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lechtzin N, Lange DJ, Davey C, Becker B, Mitsumoto H |title=Measures of dyspnea in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis |journal=Muscle Nerve |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=98–102 |date=January 2007 |pmid=17029274 |doi=10.1002/mus.20669 |url= |author=}}</ref>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑[[WBC]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Revised El Escorial criteria (clinical)
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Muscle weakness]], [[Dysphagia]]
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Polymyositis]]/[[dermatomyositis]]<ref name="pmid1246203">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schwarz MI, Matthay RA, Sahn SA, Stanford RE, Marmorstein BL, Scheinhorn DJ |title=Interstitial lung disease in polymyositis and dermatomyositis: analysis of six cases and review of the literature |journal=Medicine (Baltimore) |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=89–104 |date=January 1976 |pmid=1246203 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑[[WBC]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Muscle biopsy]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Muscle weakness]], [[Dermatomyositis physical examination|Heliotrope]]
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
 ![[Mitochondrial disease|Mitochondrial diseases]]<ref name="pmid21813873">{{cite journal| author=Heinicke K, Taivassalo T, Wyrick P, Wood H, Babb TG, Haller RG| title=Exertional dyspnea in mitochondrial myopathy: clinical features and physiological mechanisms. | journal=Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol | year= 2011 | volume= 301 | issue= 4 | pages= R873-84 | pmid=21813873 | doi=10.1152/ajpregu.00001.2011 | pmc=3197343 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21813873  }}</ref>
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 1,231: / Line 440: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Myalgia|Muscle pain]]
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[McArdle disease|Glycolytic enzyme defects (e.g., McArdle)]]<ref name="pmid7603522">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tarui S |title=Glycolytic defects in muscle: aspects of collaboration between basic science and clinical medicine |journal=Muscle Nerve Suppl |volume=3 |issue= |pages=S2–9 |date= 1995 |pmid=7603522 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref>
+! colspan="2" |[[Systemic]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Muscle biopsy]] (ragged red fibers)
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Myoglobinuria]],
-[[Muscle weakness]]
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Toxic]]/[[Metabolic]]
-![[Metabolic acidosis]]<ref name="pmid8350272">{{cite journal| author=Lane R, Adams L| title=Metabolic acidosis and breathlessness during exercise and hypercapnia in man. | journal=J Physiol | year= 1993 | volume= 461 | issue=  | pages= 47-61 | pmid=8350272 | doi= | pmc=1175244 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8350272  }}</ref>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Metabolic acidosis]], [[Respiratory alkalosis]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Arterial blood gas|ABG]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Confusion]], [[Vomiting]]
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Renal failure]]<ref name="pmid12035070">{{cite journal |vauthors=DePalo LR |title=Fatal dyspnea in a patient with renal failure |journal=Mt. Sinai J. Med. |volume=69 |issue=3 |pages=113–20 |date=May 2002 |pmid=12035070 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓ [[RBC]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Metabolic acidosis]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Creatinine|Cr]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Nausea]], [[Vomiting]], [[Oliguria]]
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-! colspan="2" rowspan="6" |[[Systemic]]
-![[Anemia]]<ref name="pmid23559772">{{cite journal| author=Sengupta A, Saha K, Jash D, Banerjee SN| title=Dyspnea with anemia turned out to be a case of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. | journal=Asian J Transfus Sci | year= 2013 | volume= 7 | issue= 1 | pages= 75-8 | pmid=23559772 | doi=10.4103/0973-6247.106745 | pmc=3613670 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23559772  }}</ref>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓ [[RBC]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Hemoglobin|HGB]], [[MCV]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Weakness]], [[Fatigue]]
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Anxiety]]<ref name="pmid15200799">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bailey PH |title=The dyspnea-anxiety-dyspnea cycle--COPD patients' stories of breathlessness: "It's scary /when you can't breathe" |journal=Qual Health Res |volume=14 |issue=6 |pages=760–78 |date=July 2004 |pmid=15200799 |doi=10.1177/1049732304265973 |url= |author=}}</ref>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Psychological|Psychological interview]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Sweating]], [[Palpitation]]
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Ascites]]<ref name="pmid24336542">{{cite journal| author=Perri GA| title=Ascites in patients with cirrhosis. | journal=Can Fam Physician | year= 2013 | volume= 59 | issue= 12 | pages= 1297-9; e538-40 | pmid=24336542 | doi= | pmc=3860926 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24336542  }}</ref>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Peritoneal fluid accumulation
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Medical ultrasonography|Abdominal ultrasound]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Abdominal distention]]
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Depression]]<ref name="pmid16516455">{{cite journal |vauthors=Neuman A, Gunnbjörnsdottir M, Tunsäter A, Nyström L, Franklin KA, Norrman E, Janson C |title=Dyspnea in relation to symptoms of anxiety and depression: A prospective population study |journal=Respir Med |volume=100 |issue=10 |pages=1843–9 |date=October 2006 |pmid=16516455 |doi=10.1016/j.rmed.2006.01.016 |url= |author=}}</ref>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Psychological|Psychological interview]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Depressed mood]], [[Fatigue]]
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
 ![[Kyphoscoliosis]]<ref name="pmid26083538">{{cite journal| author=Qiabi M, Chagnon K, Beaupré A, Hercun J, Rakovich G| title=Scoliosis and bronchial obstruction. | journal=Can Respir J | year= 2015 | volume= 22 | issue= 4 | pages= 206-8 | pmid=26083538 | doi= | pmc=4530852 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26083538  }}</ref>
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 1,388: / Line 461: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Low back pain]]
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Obesity]]<ref name="pmid12090884">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sin DD, Jones RL, Man SF |title=Obesity is a risk factor for dyspnea but not for airflow obstruction |journal=Arch. Intern. Med. |volume=162 |issue=13 |pages=1477–81 |date=July 2002 |pmid=12090884 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref>
+! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |[[Autoimmune]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
-([[anatomical]])
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Body mass index|BMI]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Low [[stamina]],
-[[Sweating]]
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-! colspan="2" rowspan="4" |[[Autoimmune]]
 ![[Churg-Strauss syndrome]]<ref name="pmid22554368">{{cite journal |vauthors=Uyar M, Elbek O, Bakır K, Kibar Y, Bayram N, Dikensoy Ö |title=Churg-Strauss syndrome related to montelukast |journal=Tuberk Toraks |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=56–8 |date= 2012 |pmid=22554368 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref>
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 1,466: / Line 518: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Biopsy]] demonstrating a [[granulomatous]] [[vasculitis]]
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Rhinosinusitis|Chronic rhinosinusitis]]
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Goodpasture disease|Goodpasture's disease]]<ref name="BalDas2014">{{cite journal|last1=Bal|first1=Amanjit|last2=Das|first2=Ashim|last3=Gupta|first3=Dheeraj|last4=Garg|first4=Mandeep|title=Goodpasture’s Syndrome and p-ANCA Associated Vasculitis in a Patient of Silicosiderosis: An Unusual Association|journal=Case Reports in Pulmonology|volume=2014|year=2014|pages=1–7|issn=2090-6846|doi=10.1155/2014/398238}}</ref>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | Bilateral coarse [[crepitations]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓ [[RBC]], [[Hemoglobin|HGB]], [[Hematocrit|HCT]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | Like [[Pulmonary edema chest x ray|pulmonary edema]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Kidney]] [[biopsy]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Hematuria]],
-[[Hemoptysis]]
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
 |}
+</small></small>
 ==References==
 {{reflist|2}}

Dyspnea with Wheezing: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 18:27, 22 February 2018

References

Navigation menu