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* [[Zenker's diverticulum surgery|Zenker's Diverticulectomy]]  
* [[Zenker's diverticulum surgery|Zenker's Diverticulectomy]]  
* [[Tracheotomy]] or [[Tracheostomy]]  
* [[Tracheotomy]] or [[Tracheostomy]]  
 
====Endolaryngeal Stent====
*Endolaryngeal Stent include two types:
*Endolaryngeal Stent include two types:
**Weisberger and Huebsch laryngeal stent<ref name="Eisele1991">{{cite journal|last1=Eisele|first1=David W.|title=Surgical approaches to aspiration|journal=Dysphagia|volume=6|issue=2|year=1991|pages=71–78|issn=0179-051X|doi=10.1007/BF02493482}}</ref>
**Weisberger and Huebsch laryngeal stent
**Eliachar and Nguyen laryngeal stent
**Eliachar and Nguyen laryngeal stent
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!Weisberger and Huebsch Laryngeal Stent
! colspan="2" |Surgical Options
!Eliachar and Nguyen laryngeal stent
!Procedure
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" |Endolaryngeal Stent<ref name="Eisele1991">{{cite journal|last1=Eisele|first1=David W.|title=Surgical approaches to aspiration|journal=Dysphagia|volume=6|issue=2|year=1991|pages=71–78|issn=0179-051X|doi=10.1007/BF02493482}}</ref>
|Weisberger and Huebsch Laryngeal St
|
|
*Using endoscopic guidance, three percutaneous sutures are passed into the tracheal lumen
*Using endoscopic guidance, three percutaneous sutures are passed into the [[Trachea|tracheal]] [[lumen]]
*One suture is used as a guide to transorally place the stent in its desired location while the other two sutures are used to secure the stent in place
*One suture is used as a guide to transorally place the stent in its desired location.
*While the other two sutures are used to secure the stent in place.
|-
|Eliachar and Nguyen laryngeal stent
|
|
*Laryngotracheal stent placed under rigid bronchoscopic guidance that allowed for continued phonation  
* Laryngotracheal stent placed under rigid bronchoscopic guidance that allowed for continued [[phonation]].
*The presence of a domed one-way valve that rises above the level of the vocal cords in the Eliachar stent permits air to escape from the lungs, but blocks passage of materials beyond the glottis  
* The presence of a domed one-way valve that rises above the level of the [[vocal cords]] in the Eliachar stent permits air to escape from the [[lungs]], but blocks passage of materials beyond the [[glottis]].
|}
|-
| colspan="2" |Epiglottic Flap Laryngeal Closure<ref name="pmid6614762">{{cite journal| author=Brookes GB, McKelvie P| title=Epiglottopexy: a new surgical technique to prevent intractable aspiration. | journal=Ann R Coll Surg Engl | year= 1983 | volume= 65 | issue= 5 | pages= 293-6 | pmid=6614762 | doi= | pmc=2494386 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6614762  }} </ref><ref name="Castellanos2016">{{cite journal|last1=Castellanos|first1=Paul F.|title=Method and Clinical Results of a New Transthyrotomy Closure of the Supraglottic Larynx for the Treatment of Intractable Aspiration|journal=Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology|volume=106|issue=6|year=2016|pages=451–460|issn=0003-4894|doi=10.1177/000348949710600602}}</ref>
|
* Supraglottic laryngeal closure involves blocking off the entrance to the glottis which helps prevent aspiration.


====Epiglottic Flap Laryngeal Closure====
* A suprahyoid skin incision is made above the glottis to access the hypopharynx.
The epiglottic flap laryngeal closure procedure for dysphagia is as follows:<ref name="pmid6614762">{{cite journal| author=Brookes GB, McKelvie P| title=Epiglottopexy: a new surgical technique to prevent intractable aspiration. | journal=Ann R Coll Surg Engl | year= 1983 | volume= 65 | issue= 5 | pages= 293-6 | pmid=6614762 | doi= | pmc=2494386 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6614762  }} </ref><ref name="Castellanos2016">{{cite journal|last1=Castellanos|first1=Paul F.|title=Method and Clinical Results of a New Transthyrotomy Closure of the Supraglottic Larynx for the Treatment of Intractable Aspiration|journal=Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology|volume=106|issue=6|year=2016|pages=451–460|issn=0003-4894|doi=10.1177/000348949710600602}}</ref>
* Epiglottis is used to cover the glottic inlet and sewn to aryepiglottic folds posteriorly.
* Supraglottic laryngeal closure involves blocking off the entrance to the glottis which helps prevent aspiration
*Bilateral rotational flaps of mucosa from the pyriform sinuses is used to cover the epiglottis.
** A suprahyoid skin incision is made above the glottis to access the hypopharynx
|-
** Epiglottis is used to cover the glottic inlet and sewn to aryepiglottic folds posteriorly
| colspan="2" |Tracheoesophageal Diversion<ref name="Lindeman1975">{{cite journal|last1=Lindeman|first1=Roger C.|title=DIVERTING THE PARALYZED LARYNX: A REVERSIBLE PROCEDURE FOR INTRACTABLE ASPIRATION|journal=The Laryngoscope|volume=85|issue=1|year=1975|pages=157–180|issn=0023-852X|doi=10.1288/00005537-197501000-00012}}</ref>
**Bilateral rotational flaps of mucosa from the pyriform sinuses is used to cover the epiglottis
|
 
* Midline incision below the level of the cricoid cartilage is made to expose the trachea and completely transected between the third and fourth rings.
====Tracheoesophageal Diversion====
* End-to-side tracheoesophageal anastomosis is performed with the proximal tracheal segment and anterior cervical esophagus.
The tracheoesophageal diversion for dysphagia is as follows:<ref name="Lindeman1975">{{cite journal|last1=Lindeman|first1=Roger C.|title=DIVERTING THE PARALYZED LARYNX: A REVERSIBLE PROCEDURE FOR INTRACTABLE ASPIRATION|journal=The Laryngoscope|volume=85|issue=1|year=1975|pages=157–180|issn=0023-852X|doi=10.1288/00005537-197501000-00012}}</ref>
* The distal trachea is brought out to the skin.
* Midline incision below the level of the cricoid cartilage is made to expose the trachea and completely transected between the third and fourth rings
|-
* End-to-side tracheoesophageal anastomosis is performed with the proximal tracheal segment and anterior cervical esophagus
| colspan="2" |Laryngotracheal Separation<ref name="SnydermanJohnson2016">{{cite journal|last1=Snyderman|first1=Carl H.|last2=Johnson|first2=Jonas T.|title=Laryngotracheal Separation for Intractable Aspiration|journal=Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology|volume=97|issue=5|year=2016|pages=466–470|issn=0003-4894|doi=10.1177/000348948809700506}}</ref>
* The distal trachea is brought out to the skin
|
 
* Oversewing the proximal tracheal stump in layers and reinforcing the closure with rotated sternothyroid muscle flap.
====Laryngotracheal Separation====
* Laryngotracheal separation obviated the need for an esophageal anastomosis, but left a blind proximal tracheal pouch instead.
The laryngotracheal separation for dysphagia is as follows:<ref name="SnydermanJohnson2016">{{cite journal|last1=Snyderman|first1=Carl H.|last2=Johnson|first2=Jonas T.|title=Laryngotracheal Separation for Intractable Aspiration|journal=Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology|volume=97|issue=5|year=2016|pages=466–470|issn=0003-4894|doi=10.1177/000348948809700506}}</ref>
|-
* Oversewing the proximal tracheal stump in layers and reinforcing the closure with rotated sternothyroid muscle flap
| colspan="2" |Partial Cricoidectomy<ref name="KrespiPelzer2016">{{cite journal|last1=Krespi|first1=Yosef P.|last2=Pelzer|first2=Harold J.|last3=Sisson|first3=George A.|title=Management of Chronic Aspiration by Subtotal and Submucosal Cricoid Resection|journal=Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology|volume=94|issue=6|year=2016|pages=580–583|issn=0003-4894|doi=10.1177/000348948509400611}}</ref><ref name="pmid6482627">{{cite journal| author=Krespi YP, Quatela VC, Sisson GA, Som ML| title=Modified tracheoesophageal diversion for chronic aspiration. | journal=Laryngoscope | year= 1984 | volume= 94 | issue= 10 | pages= 1298-301 | pmid=6482627 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6482627  }} </ref>
* Laryngotracheal separation obviated the need for an esophageal anastomosis, but left a blind proximal tracheal pouch instead
|
 
====Partial Cricoidectomy====
Partial cricoidectomy procedure for dysphagia is as follows:<ref name="KrespiPelzer2016">{{cite journal|last1=Krespi|first1=Yosef P.|last2=Pelzer|first2=Harold J.|last3=Sisson|first3=George A.|title=Management of Chronic Aspiration by Subtotal and Submucosal Cricoid Resection|journal=Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology|volume=94|issue=6|year=2016|pages=580–583|issn=0003-4894|doi=10.1177/000348948509400611}}</ref><ref name="pmid6482627">{{cite journal| author=Krespi YP, Quatela VC, Sisson GA, Som ML| title=Modified tracheoesophageal diversion for chronic aspiration. | journal=Laryngoscope | year= 1984 | volume= 94 | issue= 10 | pages= 1298-301 | pmid=6482627 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6482627  }} </ref>
* Lateral approach is used to access the posterior larynx
* Lateral approach is used to access the posterior larynx
* The posterior attachments of the thyroid cartilage are cut to approach the posterior cricoid cartilage
* The posterior attachments of the thyroid cartilage are cut to approach the posterior cricoid cartilage
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* Concurrently a cricopharyngeal and inferior constrictor myotomy is performed.
* Concurrently a cricopharyngeal and inferior constrictor myotomy is performed.
* The goal is to create a larger hypopharyngeal inlet to facilitate swallowing while at the same time decreasing the diameter of the laryngeal inlet to help prevent aspiration
* The goal is to create a larger hypopharyngeal inlet to facilitate swallowing while at the same time decreasing the diameter of the laryngeal inlet to help prevent aspiration
 
|-
====Subperichondrial Cricoidectomy====
| colspan="2" |Subperichondrial Cricoidectomy<ref name="EiseleSeely1995">{{cite journal|last1=Eisele|first1=David W.|last2=Seely|first2=Daniel R.|last3=Flint|first3=Paul W.|last4=Cummings|first4=Charles W.|title=How I do it: Head and neck and plastic surgery: Subperichondrial cricoidectomy: An alternative to laryngectomy for intractable aspiration|journal=The Laryngoscope|volume=105|issue=3|year=1995|pages=322–325|issn=0023852X|doi=10.1288/00005537-199503000-00019}}</ref>
Subperichondrial cricoidectomy procedure for dysphagia is as follows:<ref name="EiseleSeely1995">{{cite journal|last1=Eisele|first1=David W.|last2=Seely|first2=Daniel R.|last3=Flint|first3=Paul W.|last4=Cummings|first4=Charles W.|title=How I do it: Head and neck and plastic surgery: Subperichondrial cricoidectomy: An alternative to laryngectomy for intractable aspiration|journal=The Laryngoscope|volume=105|issue=3|year=1995|pages=322–325|issn=0023852X|doi=10.1288/00005537-199503000-00019}}</ref>
|
*Cervical vertical midline incision is made to expose the anterior cricoid cartilage
*Cervical vertical midline incision is made to expose the anterior cricoid cartilage
*Cricoid is removed with biting forceps
*Cricoid is removed with biting forceps
*Inner perichondrium and mucosa are closed forming a subglottic pouch.  
*Inner perichondrium and mucosa are closed forming a subglottic pouch.  
*Outer perichondrium forms a muscle flap intercalated between the subglottic pouch and the tracheostomy
*Outer perichondrium forms a muscle flap intercalated between the subglottic pouch and the tracheostomy
[[Zenker's diverticulum surgery|Zenker's Diverticulectomy]]
|-
*[[Surgery]] is the most definitive therapy for the [[Zenker's diverticulum]]..
| colspan="2" |[[Tracheotomy]] or [[Tracheostomy]]
[[Tracheotomy]] or [[Tracheostomy]]
|
* Used for chronic aspiration
* Used for chronic aspiration
* The four major types of percutaneous tracheotomy:<ref name="pmid3996056">{{cite journal| author=Ciaglia P, Firsching R, Syniec C| title=Elective percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy. A new simple bedside procedure; preliminary report. | journal=Chest | year= 1985 | volume= 87 | issue= 6 | pages= 715-9 | pmid=3996056 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3996056  }} </ref><ref name="pmid9142576">{{cite journal| author=Fantoni A, Ripamonti D| title=A non-derivative, non-surgical tracheostomy: the translaryngeal method. | journal=Intensive Care Med | year= 1997 | volume= 23 | issue= 4 | pages= 386-92 | pmid=9142576 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9142576  }} </ref><ref name="BelangerAkulian2014">{{cite journal|last1=Belanger|first1=Adam|last2=Akulian|first2=Jason|title=Interventional Pulmonology in the Intensive Care Unit: Percutaneous Tracheostomy and Gastrostomy|journal=Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine|volume=35|issue=06|year=2014|pages=744–750|issn=1069-3424|doi=10.1055/s-0034-1395504}}</ref><ref name="pmid2343371">{{cite journal| author=Griggs WM, Worthley LI, Gilligan JE, Thomas PD, Myburg JA| title=A simple percutaneous tracheostomy technique. | journal=Surg Gynecol Obstet | year= 1990 | volume= 170 | issue= 6 | pages= 543-5 | pmid=2343371 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2343371  }} </ref>
* The four major types of percutaneous tracheotomy:<ref name="pmid3996056">{{cite journal| author=Ciaglia P, Firsching R, Syniec C| title=Elective percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy. A new simple bedside procedure; preliminary report. | journal=Chest | year= 1985 | volume= 87 | issue= 6 | pages= 715-9 | pmid=3996056 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3996056  }} </ref><ref name="pmid9142576">{{cite journal| author=Fantoni A, Ripamonti D| title=A non-derivative, non-surgical tracheostomy: the translaryngeal method. | journal=Intensive Care Med | year= 1997 | volume= 23 | issue= 4 | pages= 386-92 | pmid=9142576 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9142576  }} </ref><ref name="BelangerAkulian2014">{{cite journal|last1=Belanger|first1=Adam|last2=Akulian|first2=Jason|title=Interventional Pulmonology in the Intensive Care Unit: Percutaneous Tracheostomy and Gastrostomy|journal=Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine|volume=35|issue=06|year=2014|pages=744–750|issn=1069-3424|doi=10.1055/s-0034-1395504}}</ref><ref name="pmid2343371">{{cite journal| author=Griggs WM, Worthley LI, Gilligan JE, Thomas PD, Myburg JA| title=A simple percutaneous tracheostomy technique. | journal=Surg Gynecol Obstet | year= 1990 | volume= 170 | issue= 6 | pages= 543-5 | pmid=2343371 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2343371  }} </ref>
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** Fantoni's translaryngeal tracheotomy, in which the tracheostomy tube is pulled from inside the trachea to outside at once without the need for serial dilation
** Fantoni's translaryngeal tracheotomy, in which the tracheostomy tube is pulled from inside the trachea to outside at once without the need for serial dilation
** PercuTwist method, which utilizes a screw-in dilator
** PercuTwist method, which utilizes a screw-in dilator
|}
Other surgical options for oro-pharyngeal dysphagia include:
* [[Zenker's diverticulum surgery|Zenker's Diverticulectomy]]


* Vocal fold augmentation/injection
* Vocal fold augmentation/injection

Revision as of 19:09, 23 February 2018

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Hamid Qazi, MD, BSc [2], Feham Tariq, MD [3]

Overview

Surgery is not the first-line treatment option for patients with dysphagia. Surgery is usually reserved for patients with either dysphagia leading to life-threatening aspiration and airway protection.

Surgical Treatment of Oropharyngeal Dysphagia

Surgical treatments are usually only recommended as a last resort and is dependent on the underlying cause of dysphagia. Surgical options for oropharyngeal dysphagia include:

  • Endolaryngeal Stent include two types:
    • Weisberger and Huebsch laryngeal stent
    • Eliachar and Nguyen laryngeal stent
Surgical Options Procedure
Endolaryngeal Stent[1] Weisberger and Huebsch Laryngeal St
  • Using endoscopic guidance, three percutaneous sutures are passed into the tracheal lumen
  • One suture is used as a guide to transorally place the stent in its desired location.
  • While the other two sutures are used to secure the stent in place.
Eliachar and Nguyen laryngeal stent
  • Laryngotracheal stent placed under rigid bronchoscopic guidance that allowed for continued phonation.
  • The presence of a domed one-way valve that rises above the level of the vocal cords in the Eliachar stent permits air to escape from the lungs, but blocks passage of materials beyond the glottis.
Epiglottic Flap Laryngeal Closure[2][3]
  • Supraglottic laryngeal closure involves blocking off the entrance to the glottis which helps prevent aspiration.
  • A suprahyoid skin incision is made above the glottis to access the hypopharynx.
  • Epiglottis is used to cover the glottic inlet and sewn to aryepiglottic folds posteriorly.
  • Bilateral rotational flaps of mucosa from the pyriform sinuses is used to cover the epiglottis.
Tracheoesophageal Diversion[4]
  • Midline incision below the level of the cricoid cartilage is made to expose the trachea and completely transected between the third and fourth rings.
  • End-to-side tracheoesophageal anastomosis is performed with the proximal tracheal segment and anterior cervical esophagus.
  • The distal trachea is brought out to the skin.
Laryngotracheal Separation[5]
  • Oversewing the proximal tracheal stump in layers and reinforcing the closure with rotated sternothyroid muscle flap.
  • Laryngotracheal separation obviated the need for an esophageal anastomosis, but left a blind proximal tracheal pouch instead.
Partial Cricoidectomy[6][7]
  • Lateral approach is used to access the posterior larynx
  • The posterior attachments of the thyroid cartilage are cut to approach the posterior cricoid cartilage
  • The posterior cricoid perichondrium is elevated and the posterior half of the cricoid lamina is carefully removed with small rongeurs
  • Concurrently a cricopharyngeal and inferior constrictor myotomy is performed.
  • The goal is to create a larger hypopharyngeal inlet to facilitate swallowing while at the same time decreasing the diameter of the laryngeal inlet to help prevent aspiration
Subperichondrial Cricoidectomy[8]
  • Cervical vertical midline incision is made to expose the anterior cricoid cartilage
  • Cricoid is removed with biting forceps
  • Inner perichondrium and mucosa are closed forming a subglottic pouch.
  • Outer perichondrium forms a muscle flap intercalated between the subglottic pouch and the tracheostomy
Tracheotomy or Tracheostomy
  • Used for chronic aspiration
  • The four major types of percutaneous tracheotomy:[9][10][11][12]
    • Ciaglia's dilation over guidewire
    • Grigg's modification employing guidewire dilating forceps
    • Fantoni's translaryngeal tracheotomy, in which the tracheostomy tube is pulled from inside the trachea to outside at once without the need for serial dilation
    • PercuTwist method, which utilizes a screw-in dilator

Other surgical options for oro-pharyngeal dysphagia include:

Surgical Treatment of Esophageal Dysphagia

  • Surgical treatment of esophageal dysphagia is dependent on the underlying cause of dysphagia.
  • Please click on each medical condition listed below to read about the management.

Cricopharyngeal Myotomy

Cricopharyngeal myotomy technique is as follows:[13][14]

  • Oblique, transverse, or S-shaped cervical incision is made preferably on the left side on the neck
  • Dissection the sternocleidomastoid muscle and carotid sheath are retracted
  • Laryngopharynx is then mobilized by blunt dissection to expose the cricopharyngeus muscle
  • Intraluminal esophageal Foley catheter or the cuff of a second endotracheal tube inserted into the esophagus can be inflated to visualize the horizontal fibers of the cricopharyngeus muscles
  • Intact esophageal mucosa should be visualized after myotomy
  • Prevent fistula or mediastinitis any esophageal mucosa damage should be repaired

Video

{{#ev:youtube|y30FlOMUbFs}}

Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy

Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy procedure for dysphagia is as follows:[15]

  • Stomach is insufflated with air
  • Using the transilluminated skin the stomach is punctured with a needle and a guidewire is introduced over the needle
  • Guidewire and endoscope are then withdrawn through the mouth
  • Gastrostomy tube is passed over the guidewire through the esophagus into the stomach

Video

{{#ev:youtube|YjkZ6mQJ4JU}}

References

  1. ↑ Eisele, David W. (1991). "Surgical approaches to aspiration". Dysphagia. 6 (2): 71–78. doi:10.1007/BF02493482. ISSN 0179-051X.
  2. ↑ Brookes GB, McKelvie P (1983). "Epiglottopexy: a new surgical technique to prevent intractable aspiration". Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 65 (5): 293–6. PMC 2494386. PMID 6614762.
  3. ↑ Castellanos, Paul F. (2016). "Method and Clinical Results of a New Transthyrotomy Closure of the Supraglottic Larynx for the Treatment of Intractable Aspiration". Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology. 106 (6): 451–460. doi:10.1177/000348949710600602. ISSN 0003-4894.
  4. ↑ Lindeman, Roger C. (1975). "DIVERTING THE PARALYZED LARYNX: A REVERSIBLE PROCEDURE FOR INTRACTABLE ASPIRATION". The Laryngoscope. 85 (1): 157–180. doi:10.1288/00005537-197501000-00012. ISSN 0023-852X.
  5. ↑ Snyderman, Carl H.; Johnson, Jonas T. (2016). "Laryngotracheal Separation for Intractable Aspiration". Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology. 97 (5): 466–470. doi:10.1177/000348948809700506. ISSN 0003-4894.
  6. ↑ Krespi, Yosef P.; Pelzer, Harold J.; Sisson, George A. (2016). "Management of Chronic Aspiration by Subtotal and Submucosal Cricoid Resection". Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology. 94 (6): 580–583. doi:10.1177/000348948509400611. ISSN 0003-4894.
  7. ↑ Krespi YP, Quatela VC, Sisson GA, Som ML (1984). "Modified tracheoesophageal diversion for chronic aspiration". Laryngoscope. 94 (10): 1298–301. PMID 6482627.
  8. ↑ Eisele, David W.; Seely, Daniel R.; Flint, Paul W.; Cummings, Charles W. (1995). "How I do it: Head and neck and plastic surgery: Subperichondrial cricoidectomy: An alternative to laryngectomy for intractable aspiration". The Laryngoscope. 105 (3): 322–325. doi:10.1288/00005537-199503000-00019. ISSN 0023-852X.
  9. ↑ Ciaglia P, Firsching R, Syniec C (1985). "Elective percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy. A new simple bedside procedure; preliminary report". Chest. 87 (6): 715–9. PMID 3996056.
  10. ↑ Fantoni A, Ripamonti D (1997). "A non-derivative, non-surgical tracheostomy: the translaryngeal method". Intensive Care Med. 23 (4): 386–92. PMID 9142576.
  11. ↑ Belanger, Adam; Akulian, Jason (2014). "Interventional Pulmonology in the Intensive Care Unit: Percutaneous Tracheostomy and Gastrostomy". Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 35 (06): 744–750. doi:10.1055/s-0034-1395504. ISSN 1069-3424.
  12. ↑ Griggs WM, Worthley LI, Gilligan JE, Thomas PD, Myburg JA (1990). "A simple percutaneous tracheostomy technique". Surg Gynecol Obstet. 170 (6): 543–5. PMID 2343371.
  13. ↑ Yip, Helena T.; Leonard, Rebecca; Kendall, Katherine A. (2006). "Cricopharyngeal Myotomy Normalizes the Opening Size of the Upper Esophageal Sphincter in Cricopharyngeal Dysfunction". The Laryngoscope. 116 (1): 93–96. doi:10.1097/01.mlg.0000184526.89256.85. ISSN 0023-852X.
  14. ↑ Lucke, C.; Meffert, O.; Weiß, D. (2008). "Cricopharyngeale Achalasie beim Schlaganfallpatienten". DMW - Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift. 109 (20): 792–795. doi:10.1055/s-2008-1069275. ISSN 0012-0472.
  15. ↑ Gauderer MW, Ponsky JL, Izant RJ (1980). "Gastrostomy without laparotomy: a percutaneous endoscopic technique". J Pediatr Surg. 15 (6): 872–5. PMID 6780678.

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