Respiratory patterns: Difference between revisions
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* Tachypnea is increased rate and decrease depth of breathing. | * Tachypnea is increased rate and decrease depth of breathing. | ||
= | <div style="text-align: center;">'''The main pathophysiology of tachypnea is as following:'''</div> | ||
{{family tree/start}} | {{family tree/start}} | ||
{{family tree| | | {{family tree| | | | | | | | A01 | | A02 | | A03 | | A04 | |A01=Decreased plasma [[oxygen]] ([[hypoxemia]])|A02=Increased plasma [[CO2]] <br>([[respiratory acidosis]])|A03=Decreased [[pulmonary compliance]]|A04=Increased [[airway]] resistance}} | ||
{{family tree| | | | {{family tree| | | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | |}} | ||
{{family tree| | | {{family tree| | | | | | | | B01 | | B02 | | B03 | | B04 | |B01=[[Carotid body]]|B02=[[Medullary]] [[chemoreceptors]]|B03=[[Pulmonary]] or [[muscle]] [[mechanoreceptors]]|B04=[[Airway]] [[receptors]]}} | ||
{{family tree| | |`|-|-|-|^|-|v|-|^|-|-|-|' | {{family tree| | | | | | | | |`|-|-|-|^|-|v|-|^|-|-|-|'| | |}} | ||
{{family tree| | | | | {{family tree| | | | | | | | | | | | | | C01 | | | | | | | |C01='''Tachypnea'''}} | ||
{{family tree/end}} | {{family tree/end}} | ||
=== The main causes of tachypnea are classified into [[pulmonary]], [[cardiovascular]], [[hematologic]], and [[metabolic]] pathophysiologies. === | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! colspan="2" |Causes | |||
!Other findings | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="5" |[[Pulmonary]] | |||
|[[Asthma]] | |||
| | |||
* [[Wheezing]] | |||
* Prolonged [[Expiration]] | |||
* Hyperinflated lungs | |||
|- | |||
|[[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)]] | |||
| | |||
* Clear lung field in [[chest X-ray]] | |||
* Flattened [[diaphragm]] | |||
* Hyperinflated [[lungs]] | |||
|- | |||
|[[Pneumonia]] | |||
| | |||
* [[Rhonchi]] and scattered [[wheezing]] | |||
* Air-bronchograms | |||
* [[Lobar pneumonia|Lobar]] or [[interstitial]] infiltrates | |||
|- | |||
|[[Congestive heart failure|Congestive heart failure (CHF)]] | |||
| | |||
* Basilar [[crackles]] | |||
* [[Jugular vein distention|Jugular vein distention (JVD)]] | |||
* [[Pulmonary edema]] and [[Pulmonary congestion|congestion]] | |||
|- | |||
|[[Pneumothorax]] | |||
| | |||
* Absent [[breath sounds]] | |||
* Loss of [[pulmonary]] and [[vascular]] marking | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="4" |[[Cardiovascular]] | |||
|[[Pericardial effusion]] | |||
| | |||
* Low voltage [[ECG]] | |||
* [[Pericardial]] fluid accumulation | |||
|- | |||
|[[Cardiac tamponade|Cardiac Tamponade]] | |||
| | |||
* [[Electrical alternans]] | |||
* [[Right ventricular]] collapse during [[diastole]] | |||
|- | |||
|[[Pulmonary embolism]] | |||
| | |||
* [[Sinus tachycardia]] | |||
* [[Right ventricular]] enlargement | |||
* [[McConnell sign]] in [[echocardiography]] | |||
|- | |||
|[[Myocardial infarction|Myocardial infarct]] | |||
| | |||
* Inverted [[T-wave]] or depressed/elevated [[ST-segment]] | |||
* Local or generalized wall motion abnormality | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="2" |[[Hematologic]] | |||
|[[Anemia]] | |||
| | |||
* [[Hypoxemia]]-induced [[Carotid body|carotid chemoreceptors]] stimulation | |||
* Chronic [[fatigue]] and [[numbness]] | |||
|- | |||
|[[Sickle cell disease]] | |||
| | |||
* Severe [[bone pain]] | |||
* [[Autosplenectomy]] | |||
* [[Hematuria]] | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="2" |[[Metabolic]] | |||
|[[Metabolic acidosis]] | |||
| | |||
* [[Dyspnea]] and [[tachypnea]] | |||
* May lead to [[cardiac arrest]] and death in severe uncompensated cases | |||
|- | |||
|[[Diabetic ketoacidosis|Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)]] | |||
| | |||
* [[Abdominal pain]] and [[ketonemia]] | |||
* High [[blood glucose]] | |||
|} | |||
== Bradypnea == | == Bradypnea == | ||
Revision as of 20:09, 27 February 2018
|
Respiratory Patterns |
|
Classification |
|---|
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Eiman Ghaffarpasand, M.D. [2]
Synonyms and keywords:
Overview
Classification
Eupnea
- Normal breathing is consisted of inhalation (sucking the air into the lungs) followed by exhalation (blowing the air out of the lungs).
- Every exhalation is followed by an automatic pause of about 2 second, before the next inhalation.
- Inhalation is an active process using diaphragm muscles, despite exhalation which is a passive process.
- Eupnea is the normal pattern of breathing with a rate of 10-12 per minute, each cycle is composed of:
- Inhalation of 1.5-2 seconds
- Exhalation of 1.5-2 seconds
- Spontaneous stop of 2 seconds
- The main characteristics of eupnea are as following:
- Slow
- Regular
- Nasal inhalation, oral exhalation
- Diaphragmatic
- Effortless
- Clear auscultation:
- No panting
- No wheezing
- No sighing
- No deep breathing
Tachypnea
- Tachypnea is increased rate and decrease depth of breathing.
The main pathophysiology of tachypnea is as following:
| Decreased plasma oxygen (hypoxemia) | Increased plasma CO2 (respiratory acidosis) | Decreased pulmonary compliance | Increased airway resistance | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Carotid body | Medullary chemoreceptors | Pulmonary or muscle mechanoreceptors | Airway receptors | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tachypnea | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||