Cyanosis risk factors: Difference between revisions
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{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{CK}} | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{CK}} | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
*Common risk factors in the development of [[cyanosis]] include [[Congenital heart disease|congenital heart diseases]] with right to left shunting, presence of abnormal hemoglobin, [[carbon monoxide poisoning]], respiratory disorders associated with impaired gas exchange, impaired gas diffusion via the alveoli, embolism and ventilation perfusion mismatch, arteriovenous malformations, [[Hypothermia|cold exposure]], and [[raynaud's phenomenon]]. | *Common risk factors in the development of [[cyanosis]] include [[Congenital heart disease|congenital heart diseases]] with right to left shunting, presence of [[Hemoglobinopathy|abnormal hemoglobin]], [[carbon monoxide poisoning]], respiratory disorders associated with impaired [[gas exchange]], impaired gas diffusion via the [[Pulmonary alveolus|alveoli]], [[Pulmonary embolism|embolism]] and ventilation perfusion mismatch, [[Arteriovenous malformation|arteriovenous malformations]], [[Hypothermia|cold exposure]], and [[raynaud's phenomenon]]. | ||
==Risk Factors== | ==Risk Factors== | ||
The risk factors for [[cyanosis]] include:<ref name="pmid29489181">{{cite journal |vauthors=Adeyinka A, Kondamudi NP |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |date= |pmid=29489181 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | The risk factors for [[cyanosis]] include:<ref name="pmid29489181">{{cite journal |vauthors=Adeyinka A, Kondamudi NP |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |date= |pmid=29489181 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
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***[[Cyanide poisoning]] | ***[[Cyanide poisoning]] | ||
***Smoke from house fires | ***Smoke from house fires | ||
**Hypoventilatory disorders: | **'''Hypoventilatory disorders:''' | ||
***'''[[Airway obstruction|Upper airway obstruction]]''' | ***'''[[Airway obstruction|Upper airway obstruction]]''' | ||
****[[Pulmonary aspiration|Foreign body]] | ****[[Pulmonary aspiration|Foreign body]] | ||
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****Traumatic airway disruption | ****Traumatic airway disruption | ||
****Congenital airway anomalies | ****Congenital airway anomalies | ||
***Neurologic disorders: | ***'''Neurologic disorders:''' | ||
****Severe head trauma | ****Severe [[Head injury|head trauma]] | ||
****Transient | ****Transient tachypnea of newborn | ||
****Seizures | ****[[Seizure|Seizures]] | ||
****BRUE | ****BRUE | ||
****Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy | ****Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy | ||
****Intracranial hemorrhage | ****[[Intracranial hemorrhage]] | ||
**'''Impairment of chest wall or lung expansion''' | **'''Impairment of chest wall or lung expansion''' | ||
***[[Pneumothorax]] | ***[[Pneumothorax]] | ||
| Line 36: | Line 36: | ||
***[[Pneumonia]] | ***[[Pneumonia]] | ||
***[[Bronchiolitis]] | ***[[Bronchiolitis]] | ||
***[[ | ***Empyema | ||
**'''Impaired alveolar-arterial diffusion''': [[Pulmonary edema]] | |||
**'''Ventilation-perfusion mismatch:''' | |||
***[[Acute respiratory distress syndrome|Respiratory distress syndrome]] (RDS) | |||
***Neonatal [[pneumonia]] | |||
***[[Transient tachypnea of the newborn]] | |||
***[[Congenital diaphragmatic hernia]] | |||
**Intracardiac or vascular shunts may cause [[cyanosis]] by mixing oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. | **Intracardiac or vascular shunts may cause [[cyanosis]] by mixing oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. | ||
***[[Congenital heart disease|Congenital heart diseases]] | ***[[Congenital heart disease|Congenital heart diseases]] | ||
| Line 47: | Line 53: | ||
**Structural or vascular alteration in pulmonary blood flow | **Structural or vascular alteration in pulmonary blood flow | ||
***[[Pulmonary hypertension]] | ***[[Pulmonary hypertension]] | ||
**[[Hypothermia|Cold exposure]] | **[[Hypothermia|Cold exposure]] | ||
**Hemoglobinopathies | **Hemoglobinopathies | ||
Revision as of 17:36, 5 March 2018
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Chandrakala Yannam, MD [2]
Overview
- Common risk factors in the development of cyanosis include congenital heart diseases with right to left shunting, presence of abnormal hemoglobin, carbon monoxide poisoning, respiratory disorders associated with impaired gas exchange, impaired gas diffusion via the alveoli, embolism and ventilation perfusion mismatch, arteriovenous malformations, cold exposure, and raynaud's phenomenon.
Risk Factors
The risk factors for cyanosis include:[1]
- Any condition that interferes with oxygen from entering the alveoli or interrupts its movement across the alveolar interface leads to hypoxemia and cyanosis.
- Decreased inspired oxygen
- Carbon monoxide exposure
- Cyanide poisoning
- Smoke from house fires
- Hypoventilatory disorders:
- Upper airway obstruction
- Foreign body
- Croup
- Epiglottitis
- Bacterial tracheitis
- Traumatic airway disruption
- Congenital airway anomalies
- Neurologic disorders:
- Severe head trauma
- Transient tachypnea of newborn
- Seizures
- BRUE
- Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy
- Intracranial hemorrhage
- Upper airway obstruction
- Impairment of chest wall or lung expansion
- Intrinsic lung diseases
- Asthma
- COPD
- Pneumonia
- Bronchiolitis
- Empyema
- Impaired alveolar-arterial diffusion: Pulmonary edema
- Ventilation-perfusion mismatch:
- Intracardiac or vascular shunts may cause cyanosis by mixing oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
- Structural or vascular alteration in pulmonary blood flow
- Cold exposure
- Hemoglobinopathies
- Raynaud's phenomenon
- Altered mental status
- Side effects of pharmacotherapy:
- Beta blockers
- Nitrite or nitrate-containing compounds (eg, nitroglycerin)
- Dapsone
- Sulfonamides
- Benzocaine
- Chloroquine
- High altitude
- Disseminated intravascular coagulation
- Venomous snake bites
- Vaso occlusive crisis (Acute chest syndrome)
- Arterial obstruction:
- Venous obstruction:
- Decreased cardiac output:
- Decreased inspired oxygen