Cyanosis risk factors: Difference between revisions
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*Common risk factors in the development of [[cyanosis]] include [[Congenital heart disease|congenital heart diseases]] with right to left shunting, presence of [[Hemoglobinopathy|abnormal hemoglobin]], [[carbon monoxide poisoning]], respiratory disorders associated with impaired [[gas exchange]] and diffusion via the [[Pulmonary alveolus|alveoli]], [[Pulmonary embolism|embolism]] and ventilation perfusion mismatch, [[Arteriovenous malformation|arteriovenous malformations]], [[Hypothermia|cold exposure]], and [[raynaud's phenomenon]]. | *Common risk factors in the development of [[cyanosis]] include [[Congenital heart disease|congenital heart diseases]] with right to left shunting, presence of [[Hemoglobinopathy|abnormal hemoglobin]], [[carbon monoxide poisoning]], respiratory disorders associated with impaired [[gas exchange]] and diffusion via the [[Pulmonary alveolus|alveoli]], [[Pulmonary embolism|embolism]] and ventilation perfusion mismatch, [[Arteriovenous malformation|arteriovenous malformations]], [[Hypothermia|cold exposure]], and [[raynaud's phenomenon]]. | ||
==Risk Factors== | ==Risk Factors== | ||
The risk factors for [[cyanosis]] include:<ref name="pmid29489181">{{cite journal |vauthors=Adeyinka A, Kondamudi NP |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |date= |pmid=29489181 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | The risk factors for [[cyanosis]] include:<ref name="pmid29489181">{{cite journal |vauthors=Adeyinka A, Kondamudi NP |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |date= |pmid=29489181 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29439874">{{cite journal |vauthors=Martínez de Zabarte Fernández JM, García Íñiguez JP, Domínguez Cajal M |title=Metahemoglobinemia in infants over one year |journal=Med Clin (Barc) |volume= |issue= |pages= |date=February 2018 |pmid=29439874 |doi=10.1016/j.medcli.2017.12.009 |url=}}</ref> | ||
*Any condition that interferes with oxygen from entering the [[Pulmonary alveolus|alveoli]] or interrupts its movement across the alveolar interface leads to [[hypoxemia]] and [[cyanosis]]. | *Any condition that interferes with oxygen from entering the [[Pulmonary alveolus|alveoli]] or interrupts its movement across the alveolar interface leads to [[hypoxemia]] and [[cyanosis]]. | ||
**'''Decreased inspired oxygen''' | **'''Decreased inspired oxygen''' | ||
Revision as of 17:48, 5 March 2018
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Chandrakala Yannam, MD [2]
Overview
- Common risk factors in the development of cyanosis include congenital heart diseases with right to left shunting, presence of abnormal hemoglobin, carbon monoxide poisoning, respiratory disorders associated with impaired gas exchange and diffusion via the alveoli, embolism and ventilation perfusion mismatch, arteriovenous malformations, cold exposure, and raynaud's phenomenon.
Risk Factors
The risk factors for cyanosis include:[1][2]
- Any condition that interferes with oxygen from entering the alveoli or interrupts its movement across the alveolar interface leads to hypoxemia and cyanosis.
- Decreased inspired oxygen
- Carbon monoxide exposure
- Cyanide poisoning
- Smoke from house fires
- Hypoventilatory disorders:
- Upper airway obstruction
- Foreign body
- Croup
- Epiglottitis
- Bacterial tracheitis
- Traumatic airway disruption
- Congenital airway anomalies
- Neurologic disorders:
- Severe head trauma
- Transient tachypnea of newborn
- Seizures
- BRUE
- Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy
- Intracranial hemorrhage
- Upper airway obstruction
- Impairment of chest wall or lung expansion
- Impaired alveolar-arterial diffusion: Pulmonary edema
- Intrinsic lung diseases
- Asthma
- COPD
- Pneumonia
- Bronchiolitis
- Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)
- Empyema
- Decreased inspired oxygen
- Intracardiac or vascular shunts may cause cyanosis by mixing oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
- Structural or vascular alteration in pulmonary blood flow
- Pulmonary hypertension
- Multiple intra pulmonary shunts
- Cold exposure
- Hemoglobinopathies
- Raynaud's phenomenon
- Altered mental status
- Side effects of pharmacotherapy:
- Beta blockers
- Nitrite or nitrate-containing compounds (eg, nitroglycerin)
- Dapsone
- Sulfonamides
- Benzocaine
- Chloroquine
- High altitude
- Disseminated intravascular coagulation
- Venomous snake bites
- Vaso occlusive crisis (Acute chest syndrome)
- Arterial obstruction:
- Venous obstruction:
- Decreased cardiac output: