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*Common risk factors in the development of [[cyanosis]] include [[Congenital heart disease|congenital heart diseases]] with right to left shunting, presence of [[Hemoglobinopathy|abnormal hemoglobin]], [[carbon monoxide poisoning]], respiratory disorders associated with impaired [[gas exchange]], impaired gas diffusion via the [[Pulmonary alveolus|alveoli]], [[Pulmonary embolism|embolism]], [[Arteriovenous malformation|arteriovenous malformations]], [[Hypothermia|cold exposure]], and [[raynaud's phenomenon]]. | *Common risk factors in the development of [[cyanosis]] include [[Congenital heart disease|congenital heart diseases]] with right to left shunting, presence of [[Hemoglobinopathy|abnormal hemoglobin]], [[carbon monoxide poisoning]], respiratory disorders associated with impaired [[gas exchange]], impaired gas diffusion via the [[Pulmonary alveolus|alveoli]], [[Pulmonary embolism|embolism]], [[Arteriovenous malformation|arteriovenous malformations]], [[Hypothermia|cold exposure]], and [[raynaud's phenomenon]]. | ||
==Risk Factors== | ==Risk Factors== | ||
The risk factors for [[cyanosis]] include:<ref name="pmid29489181">{{cite journal |vauthors=Adeyinka A, Kondamudi NP |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |date= |pmid=29489181 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29439874">{{cite journal |vauthors=Martínez de Zabarte Fernández JM, García Íñiguez JP, Domínguez Cajal M |title=Metahemoglobinemia in infants over one year |journal=Med Clin (Barc) |volume= |issue= |pages= |date=February 2018 |pmid=29439874 |doi=10.1016/j.medcli.2017.12.009 |url=}}</ref> | The risk factors for [[cyanosis]] include:<ref name="pmid29489181">{{cite journal |vauthors=Adeyinka A, Kondamudi NP |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |date= |pmid=29489181 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29439874">{{cite journal |vauthors=Martínez de Zabarte Fernández JM, García Íñiguez JP, Domínguez Cajal M |title=Metahemoglobinemia in infants over one year |journal=Med Clin (Barc) |volume= |issue= |pages= |date=February 2018 |pmid=29439874 |doi=10.1016/j.medcli.2017.12.009 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19144126">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bailliard F, Anderson RH |title=Tetralogy of Fallot |journal=Orphanet J Rare Dis |volume=4 |issue= |pages=2 |date=January 2009 |pmid=19144126 |pmc=2651859 |doi=10.1186/1750-1172-4-2 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid6021453">{{cite journal |vauthors=Just-Viera JO, Norwood T, Yeager GH |title=Importance of shock and cyanosis in pulmonary embolism |journal=Ann. Surg. |volume=165 |issue=4 |pages=528–35 |date=April 1967 |pmid=6021453 |pmc=1617449 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid14091905">{{cite journal |vauthors=FRASER RS, SPROULE BJ, DVORKIN J |title=HYPOVENTILATION, CYANOSIS AND POLYCYTHEMIA IN A THIN MAN |journal=Can Med Assoc J |volume=89 |issue= |pages=1178–82 |date=December 1963 |pmid=14091905 |pmc=1922100 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
*Any condition that interferes with oxygen from entering the [[Pulmonary alveolus|alveoli]] or interrupts its movement across the alveolar interface leads to [[hypoxemia]] and [[cyanosis]]. | *Any condition that interferes with oxygen from entering the [[Pulmonary alveolus|alveoli]] or interrupts its movement across the alveolar interface leads to [[hypoxemia]] and [[cyanosis]]. | ||
**'''Decreased inspired oxygen''' | **'''Decreased inspired oxygen''' | ||
| Line 47: | Line 47: | ||
***[[Truncus arteriosus]] | ***[[Truncus arteriosus]] | ||
***[[Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection]] | ***[[Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection]] | ||
*Structural or vascular alteration in pulmonary blood flow | **Structural or vascular alteration in pulmonary blood flow | ||
**[[Pulmonary hypertension]] | ***[[Pulmonary hypertension]] | ||
**Multiple intra pulmonary shunts | ***Multiple intra pulmonary shunts | ||
*[[Hypothermia|Cold exposure]] | *[[Hypothermia|Cold exposure]] | ||
*Hemoglobinopathies | *Hemoglobinopathies | ||
Revision as of 18:02, 5 March 2018
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Chandrakala Yannam, MD [2]
Overview
- Common risk factors in the development of cyanosis include congenital heart diseases with right to left shunting, presence of abnormal hemoglobin, carbon monoxide poisoning, respiratory disorders associated with impaired gas exchange, impaired gas diffusion via the alveoli, embolism, arteriovenous malformations, cold exposure, and raynaud's phenomenon.
Risk Factors
The risk factors for cyanosis include:[1][2][3][4][5]
- Any condition that interferes with oxygen from entering the alveoli or interrupts its movement across the alveolar interface leads to hypoxemia and cyanosis.
- Decreased inspired oxygen
- Carbon monoxide exposure
- Cyanide poisoning
- Smoke from house fires
- Hypoventilatory disorders:
- Upper airway obstruction
- Foreign body
- Croup
- Epiglottitis
- Bacterial tracheitis
- Traumatic airway disruption
- Congenital airway anomalies
- Neurologic disorders:
- Severe head trauma
- Transient tachypnea of newborn
- Seizures
- BRUE
- Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy
- Intracranial hemorrhage
- Upper airway obstruction
- Impairment of chest wall or lung expansion
- Impaired alveolar-arterial diffusion: Pulmonary edema
- Intrinsic lung diseases
- Decreased inspired oxygen
- Intracardiac or vascular shunts may cause cyanosis by mixing oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
- Congenital heart diseases
- Structural or vascular alteration in pulmonary blood flow
- Pulmonary hypertension
- Multiple intra pulmonary shunts
- Cold exposure
- Hemoglobinopathies
- Raynaud's phenomenon
- Altered mental status
- Side effects of pharmacotherapy:
- Beta blockers
- Nitrite or nitrate-containing compounds (eg, nitroglycerin)
- Dapsone
- Sulfonamides
- Benzocaine
- Chloroquine
- High altitude
- Disseminated intravascular coagulation
- Venomous snake bites
- Vaso occlusive crisis (Acute chest syndrome)
- Arterial obstruction:
- Venous obstruction:
- Decreased cardiac output:
References
- ↑ Adeyinka A, Kondamudi NP. PMID 29489181. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ Martínez de Zabarte Fernández JM, García Íñiguez JP, Domínguez Cajal M (February 2018). "Metahemoglobinemia in infants over one year". Med Clin (Barc). doi:10.1016/j.medcli.2017.12.009. PMID 29439874.
- ↑ Bailliard F, Anderson RH (January 2009). "Tetralogy of Fallot". Orphanet J Rare Dis. 4: 2. doi:10.1186/1750-1172-4-2. PMC 2651859. PMID 19144126.
- ↑ Just-Viera JO, Norwood T, Yeager GH (April 1967). "Importance of shock and cyanosis in pulmonary embolism". Ann. Surg. 165 (4): 528–35. PMC 1617449. PMID 6021453.
- ↑ FRASER RS, SPROULE BJ, DVORKIN J (December 1963). "HYPOVENTILATION, CYANOSIS AND POLYCYTHEMIA IN A THIN MAN". Can Med Assoc J. 89: 1178–82. PMC 1922100. PMID 14091905.