Cyanosis risk factors: Difference between revisions
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==Risk Factors== | ==Risk Factors== | ||
The risk factors for [[cyanosis]] include: | The risk factors for [[cyanosis]] include: | ||
*Any condition that interferes with oxygen from entering the [[Pulmonary alveolus|alveoli]] or interrupts its movement across the alveolar interface leads to [[hypoxemia]] and [[cyanosis]]. | *Any condition that interferes with oxygen from entering the [[Pulmonary alveolus|alveoli]] or interrupts its movement across the alveolar interface leads to [[hypoxemia]] and [[cyanosis]]. | ||
**'''Decreased inspired oxygen''' | **'''Decreased inspired oxygen'''<ref name="pmid11387414">{{cite journal |vauthors=Blumenthal I |title=Carbon monoxide poisoning |journal=J R Soc Med |volume=94 |issue=6 |pages=270–2 |date=June 2001 |pmid=11387414 |pmc=1281520 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
***[[Carbon monoxide poisoning|Carbon monoxide]] exposure | ***[[Carbon monoxide poisoning|Carbon monoxide]] exposure | ||
***[[Cyanide poisoning]] | ***[[Cyanide poisoning]] | ||
***Smoke from house fires | ***Smoke from house fires | ||
**'''Hypoventilatory disorders:''' | **'''Hypoventilatory disorders:'''<ref name="pmid14620600">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zoorob RJ, Campbell JS |title=Acute dyspnea in the office |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=68 |issue=9 |pages=1803–10 |date=November 2003 |pmid=14620600 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
***'''[[Airway obstruction|Upper airway obstruction]]''' | ***'''[[Airway obstruction|Upper airway obstruction]]''' | ||
****[[Pulmonary aspiration|Foreign body]] | ****[[Pulmonary aspiration|Foreign body]] | ||
| Line 21: | Line 21: | ||
****Traumatic airway disruption | ****Traumatic airway disruption | ||
****Congenital airway anomalies | ****Congenital airway anomalies | ||
***'''Neurologic disorders''' | ***'''Neurologic disorders'''<ref name="pmid11129917">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ranjit MS |title=Cardiac abnormalities in birth asphyxia |journal=Indian J Pediatr |volume=67 |issue=3 Suppl |pages=S26–9 |date=March 2000 |pmid=11129917 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
****Severe [[Head injury|head trauma]] | ****Severe [[Head injury|head trauma]] | ||
****Transient tachypnea of newborn | ****Transient tachypnea of newborn | ||
| Line 51: | Line 51: | ||
***[[Pulmonary edema]] | ***[[Pulmonary edema]] | ||
*Intracardiac or vascular shunts may cause [[cyanosis]] by mixing oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. | *Intracardiac or vascular shunts may cause [[cyanosis]] by mixing oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. | ||
**[[Congenital heart disease|Congenital heart diseases]] | **[[Congenital heart disease|Congenital heart diseases]]<ref name="pmid18851735">{{cite journal |vauthors=Martins P, Castela E |title=Transposition of the great arteries |journal=Orphanet J Rare Dis |volume=3 |issue= |pages=27 |date=October 2008 |pmid=18851735 |pmc=2577629 |doi=10.1186/1750-1172-3-27 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid13019603">{{cite journal |vauthors=POTTS WJ |title=[Congenital heart disease cyanotic children] |language=Undetermined |journal=Calif Med |volume=78 |issue=2 |pages=101–3 |date=February 1953 |pmid=13019603 |pmc=1521678 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
***[[Tetralogy of Fallot|Tetralogy of fallot]] | ***[[Tetralogy of Fallot|Tetralogy of fallot]] | ||
***Tricuspid valve anomalies | ***Tricuspid valve anomalies | ||
Revision as of 16:58, 9 March 2018
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Chandrakala Yannam, MD [2]
Overview
Common risk factors in the development of cyanosis include congenital heart diseases with right to left shunting, presence of abnormal hemoglobin, carbon monoxide poisoning, respiratory disorders associated with impaired gas exchange, impaired gas diffusion via the alveoli, embolism, pulmonary arteriovenous malformations, cold exposure, and raynaud's phenomenon.
Risk Factors
The risk factors for cyanosis include:
- Any condition that interferes with oxygen from entering the alveoli or interrupts its movement across the alveolar interface leads to hypoxemia and cyanosis.
- Decreased inspired oxygen[1]
- Carbon monoxide exposure
- Cyanide poisoning
- Smoke from house fires
- Hypoventilatory disorders:[2]
- Upper airway obstruction
- Foreign body
- Croup
- Epiglottitis
- Bacterial tracheitis
- Traumatic airway disruption
- Congenital airway anomalies
- Neurologic disorders[3]
- Severe head trauma
- Transient tachypnea of newborn
- Seizures
- BRUE
- Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy
- Intracranial hemorrhage
- Upper airway obstruction
- Impairment of chest wall or lung expansion
- V/Q mismatch:
- Obstructed airways (V):
- Vasculature (Q):
- Parenchymal:
- ARDS
- Pneumonia
- Pulmonary fibrosis
- Interstitial lung diseases
- Empyema
- Impaired alveolar-arterial diffusion:
- Decreased inspired oxygen[1]
- Intracardiac or vascular shunts may cause cyanosis by mixing oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
- Congenital heart diseases[4][5]
- Structural or vascular alteration in pulmonary blood flow
- Pulmonary hypertension
- Multiple intra pulmonary shunts
- Cold exposure
- Hemoglobinopathies
- Raynaud's phenomenon
- Altered mental status
- Side effects of pharmacotherapy:
- Beta blockers
- Nitrite or nitrate-containing compounds (eg, nitroglycerin)
- Dapsone
- Sulfonamides
- Benzocaine
- Chloroquine
- High altitude
- Disseminated intravascular coagulation
- Venomous snake bites
- Arterial obstruction:
- Venous obstruction:
- Decreased cardiac output:
References
- ↑ Blumenthal I (June 2001). "Carbon monoxide poisoning". J R Soc Med. 94 (6): 270–2. PMC 1281520. PMID 11387414.
- ↑ Zoorob RJ, Campbell JS (November 2003). "Acute dyspnea in the office". Am Fam Physician. 68 (9): 1803–10. PMID 14620600.
- ↑ Ranjit MS (March 2000). "Cardiac abnormalities in birth asphyxia". Indian J Pediatr. 67 (3 Suppl): S26–9. PMID 11129917.
- ↑ Martins P, Castela E (October 2008). "Transposition of the great arteries". Orphanet J Rare Dis. 3: 27. doi:10.1186/1750-1172-3-27. PMC 2577629. PMID 18851735.
- ↑ POTTS WJ (February 1953). "[Congenital heart disease cyanotic children]". Calif Med (in Undetermined). 78 (2): 101–3. PMC 1521678. PMID 13019603.