Respiratory failure mechanical ventilation: Difference between revisions
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===Endotracheal intubation=== | ===Endotracheal intubation=== | ||
*Endotracheal intubation acts as the connection between the ventilator and the patient. | |||
*Intubation can be performed endotracheally or through a tracheostomy. | |||
*The tube must be placed correctly, and this is confirmed through: | |||
**Chest x-ray | |||
**Chest auscultation | |||
**Carbon dioxide detector | |||
*Proper cuff pressure must be maintained and the airways must be constantly suctioned to ensure patency of the airway. | |||
*The endotracheal tube insertion depth varies by gender and is measured from the lower incisors: | |||
**In males: 23cm | |||
**In females: 21cm. | |||
The tube should be secured to prevent accidental extubation or migration into the mainstem bronchus, and the endotracheal tube cuff pressure should be monitored periodically. The pressure in the cuff generally should not exceed 25 mm Hg. | |||
Endotracheal suctioning can be accomplished via either open-circuit or closed-circuit suction catheters. Routine suctioning is not recommended, because suctioning may be associated with a variety of complications, including desaturation, arrhythmias, bronchospasm, severe coughing, and introduction of secretions into the lower respiratory tract. | |||
===Principles of Mechanical Ventilation=== | ===Principles of Mechanical Ventilation=== | ||
Revision as of 21:55, 9 March 2018
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Overview
Mechanical ventilation
Mechanical ventilation aims to correct abnormalities in oxygenation of the blood and tissues, reduce the respiratory effort and prevent dynamic hyperinflation.
Indications
- Life threatening respiratory failure:[1][2][3]
- Severe respiratory failure with failure of non-invasive ventilation (NIV) in addition to rapid, shallow breathing, cardiopulmonary arrest, and severe hemodynamic compromise.
- Failure of noninvasive ventilation:
- Indications of failed NIV include:
- A lack of improvement in arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) and pH within 1.5 - 2 hours
- Encephalopathy
- Agitation
- Unclearable secretions
- Intolerable mask interface
- Decreased oxygen saturation
- Hemodynamic instability
- Indications of failed NIV include:
- Arterial blood gas abnormalities
- Incorrectable hypoxemia despite oxygen supplementation
- Severe respiratory acidosis unresponsive to therapy and/or NIV
Endotracheal intubation
- Endotracheal intubation acts as the connection between the ventilator and the patient.
- Intubation can be performed endotracheally or through a tracheostomy.
- The tube must be placed correctly, and this is confirmed through:
- Chest x-ray
- Chest auscultation
- Carbon dioxide detector
- Proper cuff pressure must be maintained and the airways must be constantly suctioned to ensure patency of the airway.
- The endotracheal tube insertion depth varies by gender and is measured from the lower incisors:
- In males: 23cm
- In females: 21cm.
The tube should be secured to prevent accidental extubation or migration into the mainstem bronchus, and the endotracheal tube cuff pressure should be monitored periodically. The pressure in the cuff generally should not exceed 25 mm Hg.
Endotracheal suctioning can be accomplished via either open-circuit or closed-circuit suction catheters. Routine suctioning is not recommended, because suctioning may be associated with a variety of complications, including desaturation, arrhythmias, bronchospasm, severe coughing, and introduction of secretions into the lower respiratory tract.
Principles of Mechanical Ventilation
Types of Mechanical Ventilation
Ventilator Modes
Positive-End Expiratory Pressure
Inspiratory Flow
Ventilator Induced Lung Injury
References
- ↑ Davidson AC, Banham S, Elliott M, Kennedy D, Gelder C, Glossop A, Church AC, Creagh-Brown B, Dodd JW, Felton T, Foëx B, Mansfield L, McDonnell L, Parker R, Patterson CM, Sovani M, Thomas L (April 2016). "BTS/ICS guideline for the ventilatory management of acute hypercapnic respiratory failure in adults". Thorax. 71 Suppl 2: ii1–35. doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2015-208209. PMID 26976648.
- ↑ Confalonieri M, Garuti G, Cattaruzza MS, Osborn JF, Antonelli M, Conti G, Kodric M, Resta O, Marchese S, Gregoretti C, Rossi A (February 2005). "A chart of failure risk for noninvasive ventilation in patients with COPD exacerbation". Eur. Respir. J. 25 (2): 348–55. doi:10.1183/09031936.05.00085304. PMID 15684302.
- ↑ Phua J, Kong K, Lee KH, Shen L, Lim TK (April 2005). "Noninvasive ventilation in hypercapnic acute respiratory failure due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease vs. other conditions: effectiveness and predictors of failure". Intensive Care Med. 31 (4): 533–9. doi:10.1007/s00134-005-2582-8. PMID 15742175.