Altitude sickness epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions
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==Epidemiology and Demographics== | ==Epidemiology and Demographics== | ||
===Incidence=== | ===Incidence=== | ||
*The incidence of altitude sickness is approximately 53,000 per 100,000 individuals worldwide.<ref name="pmid62991">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hackett PH, Rennie D, Levine HD |title=The incidence, importance, and prophylaxis of acute mountain sickness |journal=Lancet |volume=2 |issue=7996 |pages=1149–55 |date=November 1976 |pmid=62991 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21718562">{{cite journal |vauthors=Murdoch D |title=Altitude sickness |journal=BMJ Clin Evid |volume=2010 |issue= |pages= |date=March 2010 |pmid=21718562 |pmc=2907615 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | *The [[incidence]] of altitude sickness is approximately 53,000 per 100,000 individuals worldwide.<ref name="pmid62991">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hackett PH, Rennie D, Levine HD |title=The incidence, importance, and prophylaxis of acute mountain sickness |journal=Lancet |volume=2 |issue=7996 |pages=1149–55 |date=November 1976 |pmid=62991 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21718562">{{cite journal |vauthors=Murdoch D |title=Altitude sickness |journal=BMJ Clin Evid |volume=2010 |issue= |pages= |date=March 2010 |pmid=21718562 |pmc=2907615 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
===Prevalence=== | ===Prevalence=== | ||
*The prevalence of altitude sickness is approximately as following:<ref name="pmid21718562">{{cite journal |vauthors=Murdoch D |title=Altitude sickness |journal=BMJ Clin Evid |volume=2010 |issue= |pages= |date=March 2010 |pmid=21718562 |pmc=2907615 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21190503">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mairer K, Wille M, Burtscher M |title=The prevalence of and risk factors for acute mountain sickness in the Eastern and Western Alps |journal=High Alt. Med. Biol. |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=343–8 |date=2010 |pmid=21190503 |doi=10.1089/ham.2010.1039 |url=}}</ref> | *The [[prevalence]] of altitude sickness is approximately as following:<ref name="pmid21718562">{{cite journal |vauthors=Murdoch D |title=Altitude sickness |journal=BMJ Clin Evid |volume=2010 |issue= |pages= |date=March 2010 |pmid=21718562 |pmc=2907615 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21190503">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mairer K, Wille M, Burtscher M |title=The prevalence of and risk factors for acute mountain sickness in the Eastern and Western Alps |journal=High Alt. Med. Biol. |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=343–8 |date=2010 |pmid=21190503 |doi=10.1089/ham.2010.1039 |url=}}</ref> | ||
**9000 per 100,000 individuals of people at 2850 m | **9000 per 100,000 individuals of people at 2850 m | ||
**13000 per 100,000 individuals of people at 3050 m | **13000 per 100,000 individuals of people at 3050 m | ||
| Line 18: | Line 18: | ||
===Case-fatality rate/Mortality rate=== | ===Case-fatality rate/Mortality rate=== | ||
*The mortality rate of altitude sickness is approximately as following:<ref name="pmid25110611">{{cite journal |vauthors=Burtscher M |title=Effects of living at higher altitudes on mortality: a narrative review |journal=Aging Dis |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=274–80 |date=August 2014 |pmid=25110611 |doi=10.14336/AD.2014.0500274 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23908794">{{cite journal |vauthors=Taylor AT |title=High-altitude illnesses: physiology, risk factors, prevention, and treatment |journal=Rambam Maimonides Med J |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=e0022 |date=January 2011 |pmid=23908794 |pmc=3678789 |doi=10.5041/RMMJ.10022 |url=}}</ref> | *The [[mortality rate]] of altitude sickness is approximately as following:<ref name="pmid25110611">{{cite journal |vauthors=Burtscher M |title=Effects of living at higher altitudes on mortality: a narrative review |journal=Aging Dis |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=274–80 |date=August 2014 |pmid=25110611 |doi=10.14336/AD.2014.0500274 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23908794">{{cite journal |vauthors=Taylor AT |title=High-altitude illnesses: physiology, risk factors, prevention, and treatment |journal=Rambam Maimonides Med J |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=e0022 |date=January 2011 |pmid=23908794 |pmc=3678789 |doi=10.5041/RMMJ.10022 |url=}}</ref> | ||
**289 per 100,000 individuals in men below 300 m of altitude | **289 per 100,000 individuals in men below 300 m of altitude | ||
**242 per 100,000 individuals in men at altitudes above 1500 m | **242 per 100,000 individuals in men at altitudes above 1500 m | ||
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===Age=== | ===Age=== | ||
*Patients of all age groups may develop altitude sickness.<ref name="pmid24130729">{{cite journal |vauthors=MacInnis MJ, Carter EA, Freeman MG, Pandit BP, Siwakoti A, Subedi A, Timalsina U, Widmer N, Thapa GB, Koehle MS, Rupert JL |title=A prospective epidemiological study of acute mountain sickness in Nepalese pilgrims ascending to high altitude (4380 m) |journal=PLoS ONE |volume=8 |issue=10 |pages=e75644 |date=2013 |pmid=24130729 |pmc=3794000 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0075644 |url=}}</ref> | *Patients of all age groups may develop altitude sickness.<ref name="pmid24130729">{{cite journal |vauthors=MacInnis MJ, Carter EA, Freeman MG, Pandit BP, Siwakoti A, Subedi A, Timalsina U, Widmer N, Thapa GB, Koehle MS, Rupert JL |title=A prospective epidemiological study of acute mountain sickness in Nepalese pilgrims ascending to high altitude (4380 m) |journal=PLoS ONE |volume=8 |issue=10 |pages=e75644 |date=2013 |pmid=24130729 |pmc=3794000 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0075644 |url=}}</ref> | ||
*The incidence of altitude sickness increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is 26-45 years.<ref name="pmid25120358">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tang XG, Zhang JH, Qin J, Gao XB, Li QN, Yu J, Ding XH, Huang L |title=Age as a risk factor for acute mountain sickness upon rapid ascent to 3,700 m among young adult Chinese men |journal=Clin Interv Aging |volume=9 |issue= |pages=1287–94 |date=2014 |pmid=25120358 |pmc=4128797 |doi=10.2147/CIA.S67052 |url=}}</ref> | *The [[incidence]] of altitude sickness increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is 26-45 years.<ref name="pmid25120358">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tang XG, Zhang JH, Qin J, Gao XB, Li QN, Yu J, Ding XH, Huang L |title=Age as a risk factor for acute mountain sickness upon rapid ascent to 3,700 m among young adult Chinese men |journal=Clin Interv Aging |volume=9 |issue= |pages=1287–94 |date=2014 |pmid=25120358 |pmc=4128797 |doi=10.2147/CIA.S67052 |url=}}</ref> | ||
===Race=== | ===Race=== | ||
Revision as of 19:43, 15 March 2018
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Farima Kahe M.D. [2]
Overview
With a rapid ascension to high altitudes in 1 to 3 days, more than 50% of people develop altitude sickness. The incidence of clinical HAPE in unacclimatized travelers exposed to high altitude (~ 4,000 m) appears to be less than 1%. In over 30 years of research experience, the U.S. Army Pike's Peak Research Laboratory, utilizing about 300 sea-level resident volunteers (and more than 100 staff members) rapidly and directly exposed to high altitude, only 3 were evacuated with suspected HAPE.
Epidemiology and Demographics
Incidence
Prevalence
- The prevalence of altitude sickness is approximately as following:[2][3]
- 9000 per 100,000 individuals of people at 2850 m
- 13000 per 100,000 individuals of people at 3050 m
- 34000 per individuals of people at 3650 m
- 53,000 per 100,000 individuals of people at 4559 m
Case-fatality rate/Mortality rate
- The mortality rate of altitude sickness is approximately as following:[4][5]
- 289 per 100,000 individuals in men below 300 m of altitude
- 242 per 100,000 individuals in men at altitudes above 1500 m
- 104 per 100,000 individuals in women at below 300 m of altitude
- 74 per 100,000 individuals in women at altitude 1500 to 1960 m
Age
- Patients of all age groups may develop altitude sickness.[6]
- The incidence of altitude sickness increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is 26-45 years.[7]
Race
- There is no racial predilection to altitude sickness.
Gender
- Female are more commonly affected by altitude sickness than male.[5]
Region
References
- ↑ Hackett PH, Rennie D, Levine HD (November 1976). "The incidence, importance, and prophylaxis of acute mountain sickness". Lancet. 2 (7996): 1149–55. PMID 62991.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Murdoch D (March 2010). "Altitude sickness". BMJ Clin Evid. 2010. PMC 2907615. PMID 21718562.
- ↑ Mairer K, Wille M, Burtscher M (2010). "The prevalence of and risk factors for acute mountain sickness in the Eastern and Western Alps". High Alt. Med. Biol. 11 (4): 343–8. doi:10.1089/ham.2010.1039. PMID 21190503.
- ↑ Burtscher M (August 2014). "Effects of living at higher altitudes on mortality: a narrative review". Aging Dis. 5 (4): 274–80. doi:10.14336/AD.2014.0500274. PMID 25110611.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Taylor AT (January 2011). "High-altitude illnesses: physiology, risk factors, prevention, and treatment". Rambam Maimonides Med J. 2 (1): e0022. doi:10.5041/RMMJ.10022. PMC 3678789. PMID 23908794.
- ↑ MacInnis MJ, Carter EA, Freeman MG, Pandit BP, Siwakoti A, Subedi A, Timalsina U, Widmer N, Thapa GB, Koehle MS, Rupert JL (2013). "A prospective epidemiological study of acute mountain sickness in Nepalese pilgrims ascending to high altitude (4380 m)". PLoS ONE. 8 (10): e75644. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0075644. PMC 3794000. PMID 24130729.
- ↑ Tang XG, Zhang JH, Qin J, Gao XB, Li QN, Yu J, Ding XH, Huang L (2014). "Age as a risk factor for acute mountain sickness upon rapid ascent to 3,700 m among young adult Chinese men". Clin Interv Aging. 9: 1287–94. doi:10.2147/CIA.S67052. PMC 4128797. PMID 25120358.
- ↑ Peacock AJ (October 1998). "ABC of oxygen: oxygen at high altitude". BMJ. 317 (7165): 1063–6. PMC 1114067. PMID 9774298.