Down syndrome risk factors: Difference between revisions
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=== Common risk factors === | === Common risk factors === | ||
Common [[risk factors]] in the mother leading to the development of Down syndrome include the following:<ref name="pmid11943789">{{cite journal |vauthors=Morris JK, Mutton DE, Alberman E |title=Revised estimates of the maternal age specific live birth prevalence of Down's syndrome |journal=J Med Screen |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=2–6 |date=2002 |pmid=11943789 |doi=10.1136/jms.9.1.2 |url=}}</ref> | Common [[risk factors]] in the mother leading to the development of Down syndrome include the following:<ref name="pmid11943789">{{cite journal |vauthors=Morris JK, Mutton DE, Alberman E |title=Revised estimates of the maternal age specific live birth prevalence of Down's syndrome |journal=J Med Screen |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=2–6 |date=2002 |pmid=11943789 |doi=10.1136/jms.9.1.2 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11336457">{{cite journal |vauthors=Yang Q, Sherman SL, Hassold TJ, Allran K, Taft L, Pettay D, Khoury MJ, Erickson JD, Freeman SB |title=Risk factors for trisomy 21: maternal cigarette smoking and oral contraceptive use in a population-based case-control study |journal=Genet. Med. |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=80–8 |date=1999 |pmid=11336457 |doi=10.1097/00125817-199903000-00004 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21957181">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ghosh S, Hong CS, Feingold E, Ghosh P, Ghosh P, Bhaumik P, Dey SK |title=Epidemiology of Down syndrome: new insight into the multidimensional interactions among genetic and environmental risk factors in the oocyte |journal=Am. J. Epidemiol. |volume=174 |issue=9 |pages=1009–16 |date=November 2011 |pmid=21957181 |doi=10.1093/aje/kwr240 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22162022">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sperling K, Neitzel H, Scherb H |title=Evidence for an increase in trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) in Europe after the Chernobyl reactor accident |journal=Genet. Epidemiol. |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=48–55 |date=January 2012 |pmid=22162022 |doi=10.1002/gepi.20662 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23558253">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hunter JE, Allen EG, Shin M, Bean LJ, Correa A, Druschel C, Hobbs CA, O'Leary LA, Romitti PA, Royle MH, Torfs CP, Freeman SB, Sherman SL |title=The association of low socioeconomic status and the risk of having a child with Down syndrome: a report from the National Down Syndrome Project |journal=Genet. Med. |volume=15 |issue=9 |pages=698–705 |date=September 2013 |pmid=23558253 |pmc=4122862 |doi=10.1038/gim.2013.34 |url=}}</ref> | ||
* [[Smoking]] during [[pregnancy]] | * [[Smoking]] during [[pregnancy]] | ||
* Increased [[maternal]] age | * Increased [[maternal]] age | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Common risk factors involved in the development of Down syndrome include maternal smoking, increased maternal age, impaired recombination of chromosome 21, impaired folate metabolism and oral contraceptive pills (OCPs)
Risk factors
The following are the risk factors for developing Down syndrome:
Common risk factors
Common risk factors in the mother leading to the development of Down syndrome include the following:[1][2][3][4][5]
- Smoking during pregnancy
- Increased maternal age
- Impaired recombination of chromosome 21
- Impaired folate metabolism
- Oral contraceptive pills (OCPs)
Less common risk factors
Less common risk factors involved in the development of Down syndrome include the following:
- Genomic instability in mothers of Down syndrome patients
- Radiation exposure
- Low socioeconomic status
References
- ↑ Morris JK, Mutton DE, Alberman E (2002). "Revised estimates of the maternal age specific live birth prevalence of Down's syndrome". J Med Screen. 9 (1): 2–6. doi:10.1136/jms.9.1.2. PMID 11943789.
- ↑ Yang Q, Sherman SL, Hassold TJ, Allran K, Taft L, Pettay D, Khoury MJ, Erickson JD, Freeman SB (1999). "Risk factors for trisomy 21: maternal cigarette smoking and oral contraceptive use in a population-based case-control study". Genet. Med. 1 (3): 80–8. doi:10.1097/00125817-199903000-00004. PMID 11336457.
- ↑ Ghosh S, Hong CS, Feingold E, Ghosh P, Ghosh P, Bhaumik P, Dey SK (November 2011). "Epidemiology of Down syndrome: new insight into the multidimensional interactions among genetic and environmental risk factors in the oocyte". Am. J. Epidemiol. 174 (9): 1009–16. doi:10.1093/aje/kwr240. PMID 21957181.
- ↑ Sperling K, Neitzel H, Scherb H (January 2012). "Evidence for an increase in trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) in Europe after the Chernobyl reactor accident". Genet. Epidemiol. 36 (1): 48–55. doi:10.1002/gepi.20662. PMID 22162022.
- ↑ Hunter JE, Allen EG, Shin M, Bean LJ, Correa A, Druschel C, Hobbs CA, O'Leary LA, Romitti PA, Royle MH, Torfs CP, Freeman SB, Sherman SL (September 2013). "The association of low socioeconomic status and the risk of having a child with Down syndrome: a report from the National Down Syndrome Project". Genet. Med. 15 (9): 698–705. doi:10.1038/gim.2013.34. PMC 4122862. PMID 23558253.