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===Common Risk Factors===
===Common Risk Factors===
*Common risk factors in the development of rheumatoid arthritis include:
*Common risk factors in the development of rheumatoid arthritis include:
**Family history of rheumatoid arthritis.
**Cigarette smoking is a strong risk factor for developing RA. The duration of smoking  co-related strongly with increased risk of RA.<ref name="pmid10323446">{{cite journal |author=Karlson EW, Lee IM, Cook NR, Manson JE, Buring JE, Hennekens CH |title=A retrospective cohort study of cigarette smoking and risk of rheumatoid arthritis in female health professionals |journal=[[Arthritis and Rheumatism]] |volume=42 |issue=5 |pages=910–7 |year=1999 |month=May |pmid=10323446 |doi=10.1002/1529-0131(199905)42:5<910::AID-ANR9>3.0.CO;2-D |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1529-0131(199905)42:5<910::AID-ANR9>3.0.CO;2-D |accessdate=2012-04-25}}</ref>
**Cigarette smoking is a strong risk factor for developing RA. The duration of smoking  co-related strongly with increased risk of RA.<ref name="pmid10323446">{{cite journal |author=Karlson EW, Lee IM, Cook NR, Manson JE, Buring JE, Hennekens CH |title=A retrospective cohort study of cigarette smoking and risk of rheumatoid arthritis in female health professionals |journal=[[Arthritis and Rheumatism]] |volume=42 |issue=5 |pages=910–7 |year=1999 |month=May |pmid=10323446 |doi=10.1002/1529-0131(199905)42:5<910::AID-ANR9>3.0.CO;2-D |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1529-0131(199905)42:5<910::AID-ANR9>3.0.CO;2-D |accessdate=2012-04-25}}</ref>
**Gender - Women is higher risk as compared to men.<ref name="pmid21360492">{{cite journal |author=Crowson CS, Matteson EL, Myasoedova E, ''et al.'' |title=The lifetime risk of adult-onset rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory autoimmune rheumatic diseases |journal=[[Arthritis and Rheumatism]] |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=633–9 |year=2011 |month=March |pmid=21360492 |pmc=3078757 |doi=10.1002/art.30155 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/art.30155 |accessdate=2012-04-25}}</ref>
**Gender - Women is higher risk as compared to men.<ref name="pmid21360492">{{cite journal |author=Crowson CS, Matteson EL, Myasoedova E, ''et al.'' |title=The lifetime risk of adult-onset rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory autoimmune rheumatic diseases |journal=[[Arthritis and Rheumatism]] |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=633–9 |year=2011 |month=March |pmid=21360492 |pmc=3078757 |doi=10.1002/art.30155 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/art.30155 |accessdate=2012-04-25}}</ref>

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Manpreet Kaur, MD [2]

Overview

Risk Factors

Common Risk Factors

  • Common risk factors in the development of rheumatoid arthritis include:
    • Family history of rheumatoid arthritis.
    • Cigarette smoking is a strong risk factor for developing RA. The duration of smoking co-related strongly with increased risk of RA.[1]
    • Gender - Women is higher risk as compared to men.[2]
    • Race:
      • Native American groups have higher prevalence rates.
      • African american and Caribbean region have lower prevalence rates.
      • More common in monozygotic twins and diazygotic twins.[3]
    • Genetic:
      • It is strongly associated with the inherited tissue type Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigen HLA-DR4 (most specifically DR0401 and 0404), hence family history is an important risk factor.
    • Occupational factors:

Less Common Risk Factors

  • Less common risk factors in the development of rheumatoid arthritis include:
    • Obesity and high consumption of red meat also seems to play a role in increased disease severity.[6] [7]
    • Increased alcohol intake.

References

  1. ↑ Karlson EW, Lee IM, Cook NR, Manson JE, Buring JE, Hennekens CH (1999). <910::AID-ANR9>3.0.CO;2-D "A retrospective cohort study of cigarette smoking and risk of rheumatoid arthritis in female health professionals". Arthritis and Rheumatism. 42 (5): 910–7. doi:10.1002/1529-0131(199905)42:5<910::AID-ANR9>3.0.CO;2-D. PMID 10323446. Retrieved 2012-04-25. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  2. ↑ Crowson CS, Matteson EL, Myasoedova E; et al. (2011). "The lifetime risk of adult-onset rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory autoimmune rheumatic diseases". Arthritis and Rheumatism. 63 (3): 633–9. doi:10.1002/art.30155. PMC 3078757. PMID 21360492. Retrieved 2012-04-25. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  3. ↑ Aho K, Koskenvuo M, Tuominen J, Kaprio J (1986). "Occurrence of rheumatoid arthritis in a nationwide series of twins". The Journal of Rheumatology. 13 (5): 899–902. PMID 3820198. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  4. ↑ Stolt P, Yahya A, Bengtsson C; et al. (2010). "Silica exposure among male current smokers is associated with a high risk of developing ACPA-positive rheumatoid arthritis". Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 69 (6): 1072–6. doi:10.1136/ard.2009.114694. PMID 19966090. Retrieved 2012-04-26. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  5. ↑ Stolt P, Källberg H, Lundberg I, Sjögren B, Klareskog L, Alfredsson L (2005). "Silica exposure is associated with increased risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis: results from the Swedish EIRA study". Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 64 (4): 582–6. doi:10.1136/ard.2004.022053. PMC 1755463. PMID 15319232. Retrieved 2012-04-26. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  6. ↑ Crowson CS, Matteson EL, Davis JM, Gabriel SE (2012). "Obesity fuels the upsurge in rheumatoid arthritis". Arthritis Care & Research. doi:10.1002/acr.21660. PMID 22514156. Retrieved 2012-04-26. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  7. ↑ Liao KP, Alfredsson L, Karlson EW (2009). "Environmental influences on risk for rheumatoid arthritis". Current Opinion in Rheumatology. 21 (3): 279–83. doi:10.1097/BOR.0b013e32832a2e16. PMC 2898190. PMID 19318947. Retrieved 2012-04-26. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

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