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==Historical Perspective== | ==Historical Perspective== | ||
The history of studies on autoimmune hemolytic anemia begins in the early 20th century with the description of clinical syndromes involving low hemoglobin in the setting of a circulating antibody. Various groups reported on the production of [[antibodies]] that could bind to red blood cells at either warm or cold temperatures. Over the years, diagnostic tests were developed and optimized to determine the exact type of antibody involved in hemolysis. Treatment modalities were developed, beginning with corticosteroids. Other immunosuppressive medications, such as rituximab, were soon found to be effective in patients with hemolytic anemia. | |||
==Classification== | ==Classification== | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Assosciate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Prashanth Saddala M.B.B.S
Overview
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) is a type of hemolytic anemia where the body's immune system attacks its own red blood cells (RBCs), leading to their destruction (hemolysis). Antibodies and associated complement system components become fixed onto the RBC surface. These antibodies can be detected with the direct antiglobulin test, also known as the direct Coombs test. AIHA can also be induced by several drugs including methyl-dopa and fluarabine.
Autoimmunity must not be confused with alloimmunity.
The terminology used in this disease is somewhat ambiguous. Although MeSH uses the term "autoimmune hemolytic anemia",[1] some sources prefer the term "immunohemolytic anemia" so drug reactions can be included in this category.[2][3]. The National Cancer Institute considers "immunohemolytic anemia", "autoimmune hemolytic anemia", and "immune complex hemolytic anemia" to all be synonyms.[4].
Overview
Historical Perspective
The history of studies on autoimmune hemolytic anemia begins in the early 20th century with the description of clinical syndromes involving low hemoglobin in the setting of a circulating antibody. Various groups reported on the production of antibodies that could bind to red blood cells at either warm or cold temperatures. Over the years, diagnostic tests were developed and optimized to determine the exact type of antibody involved in hemolysis. Treatment modalities were developed, beginning with corticosteroids. Other immunosuppressive medications, such as rituximab, were soon found to be effective in patients with hemolytic anemia.
Classification
Pathophysiology
Causes
Differentiating [Disease] from Other Diseases
Epidemiology and Demographics
Risk Factors
Screening
Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis
Natural History
Complications
Prognosis
Diagnosis
Diagnostic Criteria
History and Symptoms
Physical Examination
Laboratory Findings
Imaging Findings
Other Diagnostic Studies
Treatment
Medical Therapy
Surgery
Prevention
References
- ↑ Autoimmune+hemolytic+anemia at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
- ↑ Wright MS (1999). "Drug-induced hemolytic anemias: increasing complications to therapeutic interventions". Clin Lab Sci. 12 (2): 115–8. PMID 10387489.
- ↑ Cotran, Ramzi S.; Kumar, Vinay; Fausto, Nelson; Nelso Fausto; Robbins, Stanley L.; Abbas, Abul K. (2005). Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease. St. Louis, Mo: Elsevier Saunders. p. 636. ISBN 0-7216-0187-1.
- ↑ "Definition of immunohemolytic anemia". NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms. Archived from the original on 15 January 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-07.