Bell's palsy causes: Difference between revisions
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The exact cause of Bell's palsy is unknown but there are some evidences which implies Bell's palsy may be caused by: | The exact cause of Bell's palsy is unknown but there are some evidences which implies Bell's palsy may be caused by: | ||
* Viral infections: | * Viral infections: | ||
**[[Herpes simplex virus]] reactivation | **[[Herpes simplex virus]] reactivation<ref name="pmid9515763">{{cite journal| author=Furuta Y, Fukuda S, Chida E, Takasu T, Ohtani F, Inuyama Y et al.| title=Reactivation of herpes simplex virus type 1 in patients with Bell's palsy. | journal=J Med Virol | year= 1998 | volume= 54 | issue= 3 | pages= 162-6 | pmid=9515763 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9515763 }} </ref> | ||
**[[Herpes Zoster]] | **[[Herpes Zoster]]<ref name="pmid11096766">{{cite journal| author=Morrow MJ| title=Bell's Palsy and Herpes Zoster Oticus. | journal=Curr Treat Options Neurol | year= 2000 | volume= 2 | issue= 5 | pages= 407-416 | pmid=11096766 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11096766 }} </ref> | ||
**[[Cytomegalovirus]] | **[[Cytomegalovirus]]<ref name="pmid6327983">{{cite journal| author=Walters BN, Redman CW| title=Bell's palsy and cytomegalovirus mononucleosis in pregnancy. | journal=J R Soc Med | year= 1984 | volume= 77 | issue= 5 | pages= 429-30 | pmid=6327983 | doi= | pmc=1439928 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6327983 }} </ref> | ||
**[[Epstein Barr virus]] | **[[Epstein Barr virus]]<ref name="pmid10365586">{{cite journal| author=Maeda S, Tsuda H, Haruki S, Mitsuto I| title=Atypical Epstein-Barr virus infection associated with Gianotti-Crosti syndrome and Bell's palsy. | journal=Pediatr Int | year= 1999 | volume= 41 | issue= 3 | pages= 315-7 | pmid=10365586 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10365586 }} </ref> | ||
**[[Rubella]] virus<ref name="pmid6886708">{{cite journal| author=Jamal GA, Al-Husaini A| title=Bell's palsy and infection with rubella virus. | journal=J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry | year= 1983 | volume= 46 | issue= 7 | pages= 678-80 | pmid=6886708 | doi= | pmc=1027493 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6886708 }} </ref> | |||
**[[Rubella]] virus | **[[Mumps]]<ref name="pmid24653846">{{cite journal| author=Kondo K, Kanaya K, Baba S, Yamasoba T| title=Mumps, cervical zoster, and facial paralysis: coincidence or association? | journal=Case Rep Otolaryngol | year= 2014 | volume= 2014 | issue= | pages= 289687 | pmid=24653846 | doi=10.1155/2014/289687 | pmc=3933221 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24653846 }} </ref> | ||
**[[Mumps]] | **[[Influenza B]]<ref name="pmid28467420">{{cite journal| author=Wijnans L, Dodd CN, Weibel D, Sturkenboom M| title=Bell's palsy and influenza(H1N1)pdm09 containing vaccines: A self-controlled case series. | journal=PLoS One | year= 2017 | volume= 12 | issue= 5 | pages= e0175539 | pmid=28467420 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0175539 | pmc=5414992 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28467420 }} </ref> | ||
**[[Influenza B]] | **[[Coxsackievirus]]<ref name="pmid19561942">{{cite journal| author=McFarlin A, Peckler B| title=An unusual presentation of Bell's palsy: A case report and review of literature. | journal=J Emerg Trauma Shock | year= 2008 | volume= 1 | issue= 1 | pages= 50-2 | pmid=19561942 | doi=10.4103/0974-2700.40574 | pmc=2700557 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19561942 }} </ref> | ||
**[[Coxsackievirus]] | **[[Rickettsia|Rickettsial]] infection <ref name="pmid11420202">{{cite journal| author=Bitsori M, Galanakis E, Papadakis CE, Sbyrakis S| title=Facial nerve palsy associated with Rickettsia conorii infection. | journal=Arch Dis Child | year= 2001 | volume= 85 | issue= 1 | pages= 54-5 | pmid=11420202 | doi= | pmc=1718833 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11420202 }} </ref> | ||
**[[Rickettsia|Rickettsial]] infection | **[[Borrelia burgdorferi]]<ref name="pmid3912092">{{cite journal| author=Schmutzhard E, Stanek G| title=Borrelia burgdorferi, a possible cause of Bell's palsy? | journal=Clin Neurol Neurosurg | year= 1985 | volume= 87 | issue= 4 | pages= 255-7 | pmid=3912092 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3912092 }} </ref> | ||
**[[ | **Acute [[HIV]] infection<ref name="pmid3361335">{{cite journal| author=Brown MM, Thompson A, Goh BT, Forster GE, Swash M| title=Bell's palsy and HIV infection. | journal=J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry | year= 1988 | volume= 51 | issue= 3 | pages= 425-6 | pmid=3361335 | doi= | pmc=1032872 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3361335 }} </ref> | ||
*Ischemic [[mononeuropathy]]<ref name="pmid23891413">{{cite journal| author=Fahimi J, Navi BB, Kamel H| title=Potential misdiagnoses of Bell's palsy in the emergency department. | journal=Ann Emerg Med | year= 2014 | volume= 63 | issue= 4 | pages= 428-34 | pmid=23891413 | doi=10.1016/j.annemergmed.2013.06.022 | pmc=3940662 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23891413 }} </ref> | |||
**Acute [[HIV]] infection | *[[Diabetes mellitus]]<ref name="pmid7119834">{{cite journal| author=Pecket P, Schattner A| title=Concurrent Bell's palsy and diabetes mellitus: a diabetic mononeuropathy? | journal=J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry | year= 1982 | volume= 45 | issue= 7 | pages= 652-5 | pmid=7119834 | doi= | pmc=491483 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7119834 }} </ref> | ||
*[[Thyroid]] disorders<ref name="pmid4015946">{{cite journal| author=Cox NH, Chew D, Williams JG, Morris AI| title=Bell's Palsy associated with hypothyroidism. | journal=Br J Clin Pract | year= 1985 | volume= 39 | issue= 4 | pages= 158-9 | pmid=4015946 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4015946 }} </ref> | |||
*Ischemic [[mononeuropathy]] | *Compression of the [[facial nerve]]<ref name="pmid889228">{{cite journal| author=Gussen R| title=Pathogenesis of Bell's palsy. Retrograde epineurial edema and postedematous fibrous compression neuropathy of the facial nerve. | journal=Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol | year= 1977 | volume= 86 | issue= 4 Pt 1 | pages= 549-58 | pmid=889228 | doi=10.1177/000348947708600416 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=889228 }} </ref> | ||
*[[Diabetes mellitus]] | |||
*[[Thyroid]] disorders | |||
*Compression of the [[facial nerve]] | |||
===Causes by Organ System=== | ===Causes by Organ System=== | ||
Revision as of 22:40, 26 April 2018
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mohamadmostafa Jahansouz M.D.[2]
Overview
Causes
Common Causes
The exact cause of Bell's palsy is unknown but there are some evidences which implies Bell's palsy may be caused by:
- Viral infections:
- Herpes simplex virus reactivation[1]
- Herpes Zoster[2]
- Cytomegalovirus[3]
- Epstein Barr virus[4]
- Rubella virus[5]
- Mumps[6]
- Influenza B[7]
- Coxsackievirus[8]
- Rickettsial infection [9]
- Borrelia burgdorferi[10]
- Acute HIV infection[11]
- Ischemic mononeuropathy[12]
- Diabetes mellitus[13]
- Thyroid disorders[14]
- Compression of the facial nerve[15]
Causes by Organ System
| Cardiovascular | Arteriosclerosis, Ischemic mononeuropathy |
| Chemical/Poisoning | No underlying causes |
| Dental | No underlying causes |
| Dermatologic | No underlying causes |
| Drug Side Effect | No underlying causes |
| Ear Nose Throat | No underlying causes |
| Endocrine | Diabetes mellitus, Thyroid disorders |
| Environmental | No underlying causes |
| Gastroenterologic | No underlying causes |
| Genetic | No underlying causes |
| Hematologic | No underlying causes |
| Iatrogenic | Inactivated intranasal influenza vaccine |
| Infectious Disease | Acute HIV infection, Adenovirus, Coxsackievirus, Cytomegalovirus, Ehrlichiosis, Epstein-Barr virus, Herpes simplex virus, Herpes zoster, Inactivated intranasal influenza vaccine, Influenza B, Mumps, Rickettsial infection, Rubella, Varicella-zoster virus, *Borrelia burgdorferi |
| Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic | No underlying causes |
| Neurologic | Compression of the facial nerve, Facial nerve inflammation, Ischemic mononeuropathy, Tumors of the facial nerve |
| Nutritional/Metabolic | No underlying causes |
| Obstetric/Gynecologic | No underlying causes |
| Oncologic | Tumors of the facial nerve |
| Ophthalmologic | No underlying causes |
| Overdose/Toxicity | No underlying causes |
| Psychiatric | No underlying causes |
| Pulmonary | No underlying causes |
| Renal/Electrolyte | No underlying causes |
| Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy | Inactivated intranasal influenza vaccine |
| Sexual | No underlying causes |
| Trauma | No underlying causes |
| Urologic | No underlying causes |
| Miscellaneous | Compression of the facial nerve, Facial nerve inflammation, Idiopathic |
Causes in Alphabetical Order
Causes by Etiology
Infectious Causes
- Herpes simplex virus reactivation is the most likely cause of Bell's Palsy.
- Herpes Zoster may be the second most common viral infection.
- Cytomegalovirus
- Epstein Barr virus
- Adenovirus
- Rubella virus
- Mumps
- Influenza B
- Coxsackievirus
- Rickettsial infection
- Ehrlichiosis
- Borrelia burgdorferi
- Acute HIV infection
Non-Infectious Causes
- Facial nerve inflammation
- Tumors and compression of the facial nerve
- Ischemic mononeuropathy
References
- ↑ Furuta Y, Fukuda S, Chida E, Takasu T, Ohtani F, Inuyama Y; et al. (1998). "Reactivation of herpes simplex virus type 1 in patients with Bell's palsy". J Med Virol. 54 (3): 162–6. PMID 9515763.
- ↑ Morrow MJ (2000). "Bell's Palsy and Herpes Zoster Oticus". Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2 (5): 407–416. PMID 11096766.
- ↑ Walters BN, Redman CW (1984). "Bell's palsy and cytomegalovirus mononucleosis in pregnancy". J R Soc Med. 77 (5): 429–30. PMC 1439928. PMID 6327983.
- ↑ Maeda S, Tsuda H, Haruki S, Mitsuto I (1999). "Atypical Epstein-Barr virus infection associated with Gianotti-Crosti syndrome and Bell's palsy". Pediatr Int. 41 (3): 315–7. PMID 10365586.
- ↑ Jamal GA, Al-Husaini A (1983). "Bell's palsy and infection with rubella virus". J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 46 (7): 678–80. PMC 1027493. PMID 6886708.
- ↑ Kondo K, Kanaya K, Baba S, Yamasoba T (2014). "Mumps, cervical zoster, and facial paralysis: coincidence or association?". Case Rep Otolaryngol. 2014: 289687. doi:10.1155/2014/289687. PMC 3933221. PMID 24653846.
- ↑ Wijnans L, Dodd CN, Weibel D, Sturkenboom M (2017). "Bell's palsy and influenza(H1N1)pdm09 containing vaccines: A self-controlled case series". PLoS One. 12 (5): e0175539. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0175539. PMC 5414992. PMID 28467420.
- ↑ McFarlin A, Peckler B (2008). "An unusual presentation of Bell's palsy: A case report and review of literature". J Emerg Trauma Shock. 1 (1): 50–2. doi:10.4103/0974-2700.40574. PMC 2700557. PMID 19561942.
- ↑ Bitsori M, Galanakis E, Papadakis CE, Sbyrakis S (2001). "Facial nerve palsy associated with Rickettsia conorii infection". Arch Dis Child. 85 (1): 54–5. PMC 1718833. PMID 11420202.
- ↑ Schmutzhard E, Stanek G (1985). "Borrelia burgdorferi, a possible cause of Bell's palsy?". Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 87 (4): 255–7. PMID 3912092.
- ↑ Brown MM, Thompson A, Goh BT, Forster GE, Swash M (1988). "Bell's palsy and HIV infection". J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 51 (3): 425–6. PMC 1032872. PMID 3361335.
- ↑ Fahimi J, Navi BB, Kamel H (2014). "Potential misdiagnoses of Bell's palsy in the emergency department". Ann Emerg Med. 63 (4): 428–34. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2013.06.022. PMC 3940662. PMID 23891413.
- ↑ Pecket P, Schattner A (1982). "Concurrent Bell's palsy and diabetes mellitus: a diabetic mononeuropathy?". J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 45 (7): 652–5. PMC 491483. PMID 7119834.
- ↑ Cox NH, Chew D, Williams JG, Morris AI (1985). "Bell's Palsy associated with hypothyroidism". Br J Clin Pract. 39 (4): 158–9. PMID 4015946.
- ↑ Gussen R (1977). "Pathogenesis of Bell's palsy. Retrograde epineurial edema and postedematous fibrous compression neuropathy of the facial nerve". Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 86 (4 Pt 1): 549–58. doi:10.1177/000348947708600416. PMID 889228.