Sandbox:Eiman: Difference between revisions
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! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Other | ! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Other | ||
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! rowspan=" | ! rowspan="21" |Prerenal causes | ||
! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Alcohol poisoning]]<ref name="pmid15589492">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pletcher MJ, Maselli J, Gonzales R |title=Uncomplicated alcohol intoxication in the emergency department: an analysis of the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey |journal=Am. J. Med. |volume=117 |issue=11 |pages=863–7 |date=December 2004 |pmid=15589492 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.07.042 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2927129">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cherpitel CJ |title=Breath analysis and self-reports as measures of alcohol-related emergency room admissions |journal=J. Stud. Alcohol |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=155–61 |date=March 1989 |pmid=2927129 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Alcohol poisoning]]<ref name="pmid15589492">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pletcher MJ, Maselli J, Gonzales R |title=Uncomplicated alcohol intoxication in the emergency department: an analysis of the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey |journal=Am. J. Med. |volume=117 |issue=11 |pages=863–7 |date=December 2004 |pmid=15589492 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.07.042 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2927129">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cherpitel CJ |title=Breath analysis and self-reports as measures of alcohol-related emergency room admissions |journal=J. Stud. Alcohol |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=155–61 |date=March 1989 |pmid=2927129 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | + | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | + | ||
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| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Anemia]] | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Anemia]] | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Cr]] | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Cr]] | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Sodium|Na]], | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Sodium|Na]], ↓[[Potassium|K]], ↓[[Magnesium|Mg]] | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable | ||
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|[[Myocarditis|'''Myocarditis''']]<ref name="pmid39746742">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dec GW, Palacios IF, Fallon JT, Aretz HT, Mills J, Lee DC, Johnson RA |title=Active myocarditis in the spectrum of acute dilated cardiomyopathies. Clinical features, histologic correlates, and clinical outcome |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=312 |issue=14 |pages=885–90 |date=April 1985 |pmid=3974674 |doi=10.1056/NEJM198504043121404 |url=}}</ref> | |[[Myocarditis|'''Myocarditis''']]<ref name="pmid39746742">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dec GW, Palacios IF, Fallon JT, Aretz HT, Mills J, Lee DC, Johnson RA |title=Active myocarditis in the spectrum of acute dilated cardiomyopathies. Clinical features, histologic correlates, and clinical outcome |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=312 |issue=14 |pages=885–90 |date=April 1985 |pmid=3974674 |doi=10.1056/NEJM198504043121404 |url=}}</ref> | ||
|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki> | |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki> | ||
| Line 452: | Line 422: | ||
|Not applicable | |Not applicable | ||
|- | |- | ||
|[[Peritonitis|'''Peritonitis''']]<ref name="pmid97980132">{{cite journal |vauthors=Such J, Runyon BA |title=Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=669–74; quiz 675–6 |date=October 1998 |pmid=9798013 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22106722">{{cite journal |vauthors=Runyon BA |title=Monomicrobial nonneutrocytic bacterascites: a variant of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis |journal=Hepatology |volume=12 |issue=4 Pt 1 |pages=710–5 |date=October 1990 |pmid=2210672 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | |[[Peritonitis|'''Peritonitis''']]<ref name="pmid97980132">{{cite journal |vauthors=Such J, Runyon BA |title=Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=669–74; quiz 675–6 |date=October 1998 |pmid=9798013 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22106722">{{cite journal |vauthors=Runyon BA |title=Monomicrobial nonneutrocytic bacterascites: a variant of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis |journal=Hepatology |volume=12 |issue=4 Pt 1 |pages=710–5 |date=October 1990 |pmid=2210672 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki> | |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki> | ||
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| - | | - | ||
|- | |- | ||
|[[Polycythemia|'''Polycythemia''']]<ref name="pmid90251652">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gregg XT, Prchal JT |title=Erythropoietin receptor mutations and human disease |journal=Semin. Hematol. |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=70–6 |date=January 1997 |pmid=9025165 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid92925432">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kralovics R, Indrak K, Stopka T, Berman BW, Prchal JF, Prchal JT |title=Two new EPO receptor mutations: truncated EPO receptors are most frequently associated with primary familial and congenital polycythemias |journal=Blood |volume=90 |issue=5 |pages=2057–61 |date=September 1997 |pmid=9292543 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | |[[Polycythemia|'''Polycythemia''']]<ref name="pmid90251652">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gregg XT, Prchal JT |title=Erythropoietin receptor mutations and human disease |journal=Semin. Hematol. |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=70–6 |date=January 1997 |pmid=9025165 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid92925432">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kralovics R, Indrak K, Stopka T, Berman BW, Prchal JF, Prchal JT |title=Two new EPO receptor mutations: truncated EPO receptors are most frequently associated with primary familial and congenital polycythemias |journal=Blood |volume=90 |issue=5 |pages=2057–61 |date=September 1997 |pmid=9292543 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki> | |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki> | ||
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|[[Phlebotomy]] is the usual treatment | |[[Phlebotomy]] is the usual treatment | ||
|- | |- | ||
|[[Respiratory distress syndrome|'''Respiratory distress syndrome''']]<ref name="pmid265428772">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hooper SB, Te Pas AB, Kitchen MJ |title=Respiratory transition in the newborn: a three-phase process |journal=Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed. |volume=101 |issue=3 |pages=F266–71 |date=May 2016 |pmid=26542877 |doi=10.1136/archdischild-2013-305704 |url=}}</ref> | |[[Respiratory distress syndrome|'''Respiratory distress syndrome''']]<ref name="pmid265428772">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hooper SB, Te Pas AB, Kitchen MJ |title=Respiratory transition in the newborn: a three-phase process |journal=Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed. |volume=101 |issue=3 |pages=F266–71 |date=May 2016 |pmid=26542877 |doi=10.1136/archdischild-2013-305704 |url=}}</ref> | ||
|<nowiki>+</nowiki> | |<nowiki>+</nowiki> | ||
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|[[Shock|'''Shock''']]<ref name="pmid24171518">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vincent JL, De Backer D |title=Circulatory shock |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=369 |issue=18 |pages=1726–34 |date=October 2013 |pmid=24171518 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra1208943 |url=}}</ref> | |[[Shock|'''Shock''']]<ref name="pmid24171518">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vincent JL, De Backer D |title=Circulatory shock |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=369 |issue=18 |pages=1726–34 |date=October 2013 |pmid=24171518 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra1208943 |url=}}</ref> | ||
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|'''[[Toxic megacolon]]<ref name="pmid5305933">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jalan KN, Sircus W, Card WI, Falconer CW, Bruce CB, Crean GP, McManus JP, Small WP, Smith AN |title=An experience of ulcerative colitis. I. Toxic dilation in 55 cases |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=68–82 |date=July 1969 |pmid=5305933 |doi= |url=}}</ref>''' | |'''[[Toxic megacolon]]<ref name="pmid5305933">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jalan KN, Sircus W, Card WI, Falconer CW, Bruce CB, Crean GP, McManus JP, Small WP, Smith AN |title=An experience of ulcerative colitis. I. Toxic dilation in 55 cases |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=68–82 |date=July 1969 |pmid=5305933 |doi= |url=}}</ref>''' | ||
|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki> | |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki> | ||
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|[[Endoscopy]] and [[colonoscopy]] | |[[Endoscopy]] and [[colonoscopy]] | ||
| - | | - | ||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" |Etiology | |||
!Fatigue/ | |||
Lethargy | |||
!Thirst | |||
!Dizziness/ | |||
Confusion | |||
!Muscle weakness/ | |||
cramp | |||
!Somatic/ | |||
visceral pain | |||
!Vomiting | |||
!Diarrhea | |||
!Tachypnea | |||
!Hematuria/ | |||
Proteinuria | |||
!Edema | |||
!Blood indices | |||
!Renal Funtion test | |||
!Electrolytes | |||
!Urine analysis | |||
!ABG | |||
!Other | |||
!Ultrasound | |||
!X-ray | |||
!CT | |||
!MRI | |||
!Other | |||
!Comments | |||
|- | |||
!Renal causes | |||
|[[Acute interstitial nephritis|'''Acute interstitial nephritis''']]<ref name="pmid11020015">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schwarz A, Krause PH, Kunzendorf U, Keller F, Distler A |title=The outcome of acute interstitial nephritis: risk factors for the transition from acute to chronic interstitial nephritis |journal=Clin. Nephrol. |volume=54 |issue=3 |pages=179–90 |date=September 2000 |pmid=11020015 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20336051">{{cite journal |vauthors=Praga M, González E |title=Acute interstitial nephritis |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=77 |issue=11 |pages=956–61 |date=June 2010 |pmid=20336051 |doi=10.1038/ki.2010.89 |url=}}</ref> | |||
|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki> | |||
|<nowiki>-</nowiki> | |||
|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki> | |||
|<nowiki>-</nowiki> | |||
|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki> | |||
|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki> | |||
|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki> | |||
|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki> | |||
|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki> | |||
|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki> | |||
|[[Eosinophilia]] | |||
|↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]], ↑[[Fractional sodium excretion|FENa]] | |||
|Not applicable | |||
|Eosinophiluria, [[Pyuria|Sterile pyuria]], [[Microscopic hematuria]], [[Proteinuria]] | |||
|Not applicable | |||
|↑Total [[IgG]], ↑[[IgG4-related systemic disease|IgG4]] | |||
|Normal-sized [[Kidney|kidneys]] | |||
|Not applicable | |||
|Not applicable | |||
|Not applicable | |||
| - | |||
|History of long term [[analgesic]] use | |||
|- | |||
! | |||
|[[Acute tubular necrosis|'''Acute tubular necrosis''']]<ref name="pmid22890468">{{cite journal |vauthors=Khwaja A |title=KDIGO clinical practice guidelines for acute kidney injury |journal=Nephron Clin Pract |volume=120 |issue=4 |pages=c179–84 |date=2012 |pmid=22890468 |doi=10.1159/000339789 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15680458">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lameire N, Van Biesen W, Vanholder R |title=Acute renal failure |journal=Lancet |volume=365 |issue=9457 |pages=417–30 |date=2005 |pmid=15680458 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)17831-3 |url=}}</ref> | |||
|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki> | |||
|<nowiki>-</nowiki> | |||
|<nowiki>-</nowiki> | |||
|<nowiki>-</nowiki> | |||
|<nowiki>-</nowiki> | |||
|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki> | |||
|<nowiki>-</nowiki> | |||
|<nowiki>-</nowiki> | |||
|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki> | |||
|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki> | |||
|[[Anemia]] | |||
|↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]], ↑[[Fractional sodium excretion|FENa]] | |||
|↓[[Sodium|Na]], ↑[[Potassium|K]], ↑[[Magnesium|Mg]], ↑[[Phosphate|P]], ↓[[Calcium|Ca]] | |||
|Pigmented, muddy brown, granular casts | |||
|Not applicable | |||
|Not applicable | |||
|[[Obstructive uropathy]], Renal size, Cortical thickness, [[Hydronephrosis]] | |||
|[[Nephrolithiasis]] | |||
|[[Nephrolithiasis]], Area of [[obstruction]] | |||
|[[Nephrolithiasis]], Area of [[obstruction]] | |||
|Loss of [[Tubular|tubular cells]] or the denuded tubules, Swollen [[Tubular|tubular cells]], Loss of the cell brush border in [[Kidney|renal biopsy]] | |||
|[[Furosemide]] stress testing for staging | |||
|- | |||
! | |||
|[[Cancer|'''Cancer''']]<ref name="pmid16360438">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gudbjartsson T, Thoroddsen A, Petursdottir V, Hardarson S, Magnusson J, Einarsson GV |title=Effect of incidental detection for survival of patients with renal cell carcinoma: results of population-based study of 701 patients |journal=Urology |volume=66 |issue=6 |pages=1186–91 |date=December 2005 |pmid=16360438 |doi=10.1016/j.urology.2005.07.009 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid5125665">{{cite journal |vauthors=Skinner DG, Colvin RB, Vermillion CD, Pfister RC, Leadbetter WF |title=Diagnosis and management of renal cell carcinoma. A clinical and pathologic study of 309 cases |journal=Cancer |volume=28 |issue=5 |pages=1165–77 |date=November 1971 |pmid=5125665 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | |||
|<nowiki>+</nowiki> | |||
|<nowiki>-</nowiki> | |||
|<nowiki>-</nowiki> | |||
|<nowiki>-</nowiki> | |||
|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki> | |||
|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki> | |||
|<nowiki>-</nowiki> | |||
|<nowiki>-</nowiki> | |||
|<nowiki>+</nowiki> | |||
|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki> | |||
|[[Normocytic anemia|Normocytic]] or [[microcytic anemia]], [[Leukocytosis]] or [[lymphocytosis]], ↑[[Reticulocytes]], [[Thrombocytopenia]] | |||
|↓[[Glomerular filtration rate|GFR]], ↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]], ↓[[Erythropoietin]] | |||
|↓[[Sodium|Na]], ↑[[Potassium|K]], ↓[[Magnesium|Mg]], ↑[[Phosphate|P]], ↓[[Calcium|Ca]] | |||
|Gross [[hematuria]] | |||
|Not applicable | |||
|[[Liver function tests|LFT]] | |||
|Fluid collection and morphological change, Flank mass | |||
|[[Calcification]] and widened mediastinum, Filling defects in [[Barium|barium contrast]] | |||
|Metastasis and [[Cancer staging|staging]], Cystic and solid masses, [[Lymph node]], [[renal vein]], and [[inferior vena cava]] involvement | |||
|[[Soft tissue]] invasion and [[Cancer staging|staging]] | |||
|[[Malignant]] cystic lesions [[percutaneous]] cyst puncture | |||
|[[Renal cell carcinoma]] types: [[Clear cell]] (75%), Chromophilic (15%), [[Chromophobic]] (5%), [[Oncocytoma]] (3%), [[Collecting duct]] (2%) | |||
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<references /> | <references /> | ||
Revision as of 18:22, 11 May 2018
| Etiology | Clinical manifestations | Paraclinical findings | Comments | ||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Symptoms and signs | Lab findings | Imaging | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Fatigue/
Lethargy |
Thirst | Dizziness/
Confusion |
Muscle weakness/
cramp |
Somatic/
visceral pain |
Vomiting | Diarrhea | Tachypnea | Hematuria/
Proteinuria |
Edema | Blood indices | Renal Funtion test | Electrolytes | Urine analysis | ABG | Other | Ultrasound | X-ray | CT | MRI | Other | |||
| Prerenal causes | Alcohol poisoning[1][2] | + | - | +/- | - | +/- | + | +/- | - | - | - | ↑PT | ↑BUN, ↑Cr (isopropyl alcohol) | ↓Na | Not applicable | ↓HCO3 | LFT | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | - | Thiamine must be given to prevent Wernicke's encephalopathy |
| Aspergillosis[3][4] | +/- | - | - | - | - | - | - | +/- | - | - | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Allergy test, ↑IgE (>1000 IU/dl), Direct visualization of fungal hyphae | Not applicable | Pulmonary infiltrates, Mucus plug, Mass in the upper lobe surrounded by a crescent of air, Solitary or multiple cavities | Halo sign, Wedge-shaped pulmonary infarction, Granuloma | Not applicable | - | Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) | |
| Cholera[5][6][6][7] | +/- | + | - | - | - | +/- | + | - | - | - | Leukocytosis, ↑HCT | ↑BUN, ↑Cr | ↓Na, ↑Ca, ↑Mg | Not applicable | ↑Lactate, ↓HCO3 | Stool PCR, Stool culture, Serotyping | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | - | - | |
| Congestive heart failure (CHF)[8][9] | + | - | - | - | - | - | + | - | - | + | Anemia, Leukocytosis | ↑BUN, ↑Cr | ↓Na, ↑K | Not applicable | ↑Lactate, ↓HCO3, | ↑BNP, ↑Troponin | Cardiomegaly, Pulmonary hypertension, Pleural effusions | Pulmonary edema | Not applicable | Valvular heart disease | Decreased ejection fraction in echocardiography, Heart function and damage in nuclear imaging | - | |
| Dehydration[10][11] | + | + | - | +/- | - | +/- | +/- | - | - | - | Not applicable | ↑BUN, ↑Cr | ↓Na, ↑K, ↓Cl | Ketones and glucose, ↑Urine specific gravity | ↑Lactate, ↓HCO3 | Hypoglycemia | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | - | - | |
| Diarrhea and/or vomiting[12][13] | +/- | +/- | - | - | - | + | + | - | - | - | Leukocytosis with predominant neutrophilia, ↑ ESR | Not applicable | Not applicable | Ketones, Organic acids, Porphobilinogen, Aminolevulinic acid | Not applicable | Stool anion gap, Stool pH < 5.5, Stool culture, Serotyping, Enzyme immunoassay (rotavirus or adenovirus), LFT, Amylase, Lipase | Normal | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | - | - | |
| Drugs/toxins[14][15] | +/- | +/- | +/- | +/- | +/- | +/- | +/- | +/- | +/- | +/- | Not applicable | ↑BUN, ↑Cr, ↑CK | ↑K, ↓Mg, ↓Ca, ↓P | Ingested drug, Glucose, Aminoacid, Phosphate, Ketone, Hyaline cast, RBC | ↑Lactate, Metabolic acidosis | Toxicology, Rapid immunoassay | Nephropathy | Radioopaque substances, Ingested drug packets | Not applicable | Not applicable | - | - | |
| Esophageal varices bleeding[16][17] | +/- | - | - | - | +/- | - | - | - | - | - | Normocytic normochromic anemia | ↑BUN, ↑Cr | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Velocity and direction of portal flow | Abnormal opacities outside ofesophageal wall, Posterior mediastinal or intraparenchymal mass, Dilated azygous vein | Entire portal venous system | Portrays esophageal varices as flow voids | Portal hypertension and esophageal varices in positron emission tomography, Flexible endoscope, Barium swallow of snake-like filling defects | - | |
| Heart disease[18][19] | +/- | - | - | - | - | - | - | +/- | - | +/- | ↑ESR and CRP | ↑BUN, ↑Cr | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Throat culture, Rapid streptococcal antigen test, Hyperoxia test, Pulse oximetry | Not applicable | Cardiomegaly, Dextrocardia | Not applicable | Not applicable | Ventricular dysfunction, Left and right ventricular hypertrophy, Valvular disease in echocardiography | - | |
| Hemorrhage[20][21] | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Normocytic normochromic anemia, ↑PT, ↑PTT | ↑BUN, ↑Cr | ↑Na, ↑Cl, ↓Ca | Not applicable | Metabolic acidosis | Not applicable | Peritoneal cavity fluid in FAST | Bilateral opacities in the lung field, Hemothorax, Hemoperitoneum, Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm | Intrathoracic, intra-abdominal, and retroperitoneal bleeding | Not applicable | Source of bleeding in the upper GI in EGD, Angiography | - | |
| Hemolysis[22][23] | +/- | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | +/- | - | Thrombocytopenia, Microcytic hypochromic anemia, ↑RDW, ↑Retic count | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | ↑LDH, ↓Haptoglobin, ↑Unconjugated bilirubin | Hepatomegaly,Splenomegaly | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | - | - | |
| Hepatorenal syndrome[24][25] | +/- | - | - | - | +/- | +/- | - | - | +/- | +/- | Leukocytosis, ↑PT | ↓GFR, ↑BUN, ↑Cr | ↓Na | Proteinuria, Na < 10 mEq/L, Urine osmolality > plasma osmolality | Not applicable | Alpha feto-protein, Cryoglobulinemia | Exclude hydronephrosis and intrinsic renal disease | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Right ventricular preload, ventricular filling pressures, and cardiac function in echocardiography | - | |
| Ischemic cardiomyopathy[26][27] | +/- | - | - | - | - | - | - | +/- | - | +/- | Anemia | ↑Cr | ↓Na, ↓K, ↓Mg | Not applicable | Not applicable | Troponin, Creatine kinase, Creatine kinase - MB, BNP | Not applicable | Abnormal cardiac silhouette | Biventricular volume, Wall motion abnormality, Myocardial perfusion, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy | Mid-wall fibrosis in MRI | Ejection fraction ≤35%, Pulmonary embolism, Right ventricular dilation or pericardial effusion with tamponade in echocardiography | - | |
| Liver cirrhosis[28][29] | +/- | - | +/- | +/- | +/- | - | - | - | - | +/- | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | LFT, Aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio, FibroTest/FibroSure, Hepascore, FibroSpectatio | Portal blood flow velocity, Hepatic artery enlargement, Multifocal lesions or masses, Hepatic contour, Ascites, Splenomegaly | Bowel perforation, Gynecomastia, Azygos vein enlargement, Pleural effusion | Morphologic changes in the liver, Collaterals and shunts, Hyperattenuating nodule of hepatocellular carcinoma, Portal vein thrombosis | Vacular patency, Tumor invasion, Portal vein thrombosis, Steatosis | Hepatic function and portal hypertension in nuclear imaging, Hepatic perfusion and the development of shunts and tumors in angiography | Irreversible and a transplant is usually needed | |
| Malignant hypertension[30][31] | +/- | - | + | - | - | +/- | - | +/- | - | +/- | Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia | ↑BUN, ↑Cr | ↑Na, ↑K, ↑P | Proteinuria, Microscopic hematuria | Acidosis | Cardiac enzymes, Urinary catecholamines, TSH, ↑Renin | Not applicable | Cardiomegaly, Pulmonary edema, Rib notching, Aortic coarctation, Mediastinal widening, Aortic dissection | Not applicable | Not applicable | Left atrial enlargement and left ventricular hypertrophy in echocardiography | - | |
| Myocarditis[32] | +/- | - | - | - | +/- | - | - | +/- | - | - | Leukocytosis (eosinophilia),↑ESR and CRP | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Cardiac enzymes, Viral antibodies | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Inflammatory edema, Degree of scarring | Endomyocardial biopsy, Echocardiography, Scintigraphy | Not applicable | |
| Peritonitis[33][34] | +/- | - | +/- | - | +/- | +/- | +/- | - | - | - | Leukocytosis | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Ascitic fluid neutrophil count > 500 cells/µL | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | - | - | |
| Polycythemia[35][36] | +/- | - | - | - | - | - | - | +/- | - | - | ↑RBC, ↑HCT, ↑HGB, Thrombocytosis, Leukocytosis, ↑PT and aPTT | ↓Erythropoietin | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Hyperuricemia | Splenomegaly | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | - | Phlebotomy is the usual treatment | |
| Respiratory distress syndrome[37] | + | - | +/- | - | - | - | - | + | - | - | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Metabolic and respiratory acidosis | Pulse oximetry | Not applicable | Bilateral, diffuse, reticular granular or ground-glass appearance +/- Cardiomegaly | Not applicable | Not applicable | Patent ductus arteriosus in echocardiography | - | |
| Shock[38] | +/- | +/- | +/- | +/- | +/- | +/- | - | +/- | +/- | - | ↑HCT, ↑PT and aPTT, Eosinophilia, Leukocytosis | ↓GFR, ↑BUN, ↑Cr | Not applicable | Not applicable | ↑Lactate | LFT, ↑BNP, ↑Troponin, D-dimer, Fibrinogen | Pulmonary embolism, Pericardial effusion, Cardiac tamponade, Pneumothorax, Thoracic or abdominal aortic aneurysm in RUSH (Rapid Ultrasound for Shock and Hypotension) | Pneumonia, Pneumothorax, Pulmonary edema, Widened mediastinum, Free air under the diaphragm | Traumatic brain injury, Stroke, Spinal injury, Pneumonia, Pneumothorax, Ruptured aneurysm, Aortic dissection, Pulmonary embolism | Not applicable | - | - | |
| Toxic megacolon[39] | +/- | +/- | +/- | - | + | + | +/- | - | - | - | Leukocytosis, Anemia, ↑ESR and CRP | ↑BUN, ↑Cr | ↓Na | Not applicable | Not applicable | Loss of haustra, Hypoechoic and thick bowel walls, Dilated colon > 6cm, Dilatation of ileal loops | Dilated colon, Free intraperitoneal air | Bowel perforation, Abscess | Not applicable | Not applicable | Endoscopy and colonoscopy | - | |
| Etiology | Fatigue/
Lethargy |
Thirst | Dizziness/
Confusion |
Muscle weakness/
cramp |
Somatic/
visceral pain |
Vomiting | Diarrhea | Tachypnea | Hematuria/
Proteinuria |
Edema | Blood indices | Renal Funtion test | Electrolytes | Urine analysis | ABG | Other | Ultrasound | X-ray | CT | MRI | Other | Comments | |
| Renal causes | Acute interstitial nephritis[40][41] | +/- | - | +/- | - | +/- | +/- | +/- | +/- | +/- | +/- | Eosinophilia | ↑BUN, ↑Cr, ↑FENa | Not applicable | Eosinophiluria, Sterile pyuria, Microscopic hematuria, Proteinuria | Not applicable | ↑Total IgG, ↑IgG4 | Normal-sized kidneys | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | - | History of long term analgesic use |
| Acute tubular necrosis[42][43] | +/- | - | - | - | - | +/- | - | - | +/- | +/- | Anemia | ↑BUN, ↑Cr, ↑FENa | ↓Na, ↑K, ↑Mg, ↑P, ↓Ca | Pigmented, muddy brown, granular casts | Not applicable | Not applicable | Obstructive uropathy, Renal size, Cortical thickness, Hydronephrosis | Nephrolithiasis | Nephrolithiasis, Area of obstruction | Nephrolithiasis, Area of obstruction | Loss of tubular cells or the denuded tubules, Swollen tubular cells, Loss of the cell brush border in renal biopsy | Furosemide stress testing for staging | |
| Cancer[44][45] | + | - | - | - | +/- | +/- | - | - | + | +/- | Normocytic or microcytic anemia, Leukocytosis or lymphocytosis, ↑Reticulocytes, Thrombocytopenia | ↓GFR, ↑BUN, ↑Cr, ↓Erythropoietin | ↓Na, ↑K, ↓Mg, ↑P, ↓Ca | Gross hematuria | Not applicable | LFT | Fluid collection and morphological change, Flank mass | Calcification and widened mediastinum, Filling defects in barium contrast | Metastasis and staging, Cystic and solid masses, Lymph node, renal vein, and inferior vena cava involvement | Soft tissue invasion and staging | Malignant cystic lesions percutaneous cyst puncture | Renal cell carcinoma types: Clear cell (75%), Chromophilic (15%), Chromophobic (5%), Oncocytoma (3%), Collecting duct (2%) | |
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