Hypernatremia physical examination

Hypernatremia Microchapters
Home
Patient Information
Overview
Historical perspective
Classification
Pathophysiology
Causes
Differentiating Hypernatremia from other Diseases
Epidemiology and Demographics
Risk Factors
Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
Diagnosis
History and Symptoms
Physical Examination
Laboratory Findings
Electrocardiogram
CT
MRI
Other Diagnostic Studies
Other Imaging Findings
Treatment
Medical Therapy
Surgery
Primary Prevention
Secondary Prevention
Case Studies
Case #1
Hypernatremia physical examination On the Web
Most recent articles
Most cited articles
Review articles
CME Programs
Powerpoint slides
Images
American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Hypernatremia physical examination All Images X-rays Echo & Ultrasound CT Images MRI
Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov
US National Guidelines Clearinghouse
NICE Guidance
FDA on Hypernatremia physical examination
CDC on Hypernatremia physical examination
Hypernatremia physical examination in the news
Blogs on Hypernatremia physical examination
Directions to Hospitals Treating Hypernatremia
Risk calculators and risk factors for Hypernatremia physical examination

Hypernatremia physical examination

• Physical examination of patients with [disease name] is usually normal.

OR

• Physical examination of patients with [disease name] is usually remarkable for:[finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
• The presence of [finding(s)] on physical examination is diagnostic of [disease name].
• The presence of [finding(s)] on physical examination is highly suggestive of [disease name].

Appearance of the Patient

• Patients with [disease name] usually appear [general appearance].

Vital Signs

The vital signs in hypernatremia are as follows:

• Orthostatic blood pressure changes
• Tachycardia

Skin

• Skin examination of patients with [disease name] is usually normal.

OR

• Cyanosis
• Jaundice
• Pallor
• Bruises

• Description (Adapted from Dermatology Atlas)

  Description (Adapted from Dermatology Atlas)

• 

  Description (Adapted from Dermatology Atlas)

HEENT

• HEENT examination of patients with [disease name] is usually normal.

OR

• Abnormalities of the head/hair may include ___
• Evidence of trauma
• Icteric sclera
• Nystagmus
• Extra-ocular movements may be abnormal
• Pupils non-reactive to light / non-reactive to accommodation / non-reactive to neither light nor accommodation
• Ophthalmoscopic exam may be abnormal with findings of ___
• Hearing acuity may be reduced
• Weber test may be abnormal (Note: A positive Weber test is considered a normal finding / A negative Weber test is considered an abnormal finding. To avoid confusion, you may write "abnormal Weber test".)
• Rinne test may be positive (Note: A positive Rinne test is considered a normal finding / A negative Rinne test is considered an abnormal finding. To avoid confusion, you may write "abnormal Rinne test".)
• Exudate from the ear canal
• Tenderness upon palpation of the ear pinnae/tragus (anterior to ear canal)
• Inflamed nares / congested nares
• Purulent exudate from the nares
• Facial tenderness
• Erythematous throat with/without tonsillar swelling, exudates, and/or petechiae

Neck

• Neck examination of patients with [disease name] is usually normal.

OR

• Jugular venous distension
• Carotid bruits may be auscultated unilaterally/bilaterally using the bell/diaphragm of the otoscope
• Lymphadenopathy (describe location, size, tenderness, mobility, and symmetry)
• Thyromegaly / thyroid nodules
• Hepatojugular reflux

Lungs

• Pulmonary examination of patients with [disease name] is usually normal.

OR

• Asymmetric chest expansion / Decreased chest expansion
• Lungs are hypo/hyperresonant
• Fine/coarse crackles upon auscultation of the lung bases/apices unilaterally/bilaterally
• Rhonchi
• Vesicular breath sounds / Distant breath sounds
• Expiratory/inspiratory wheezing with normal / delayed expiratory phase
• Wheezing may be present
• Egophony present/absent
• Bronchophony present/absent
• Normal/reduced tactile fremitus

Heart

• Cardiovascular examination of patients with [disease name] is usually normal.

OR

• Chest tenderness upon palpation
• PMI within 2 cm of the sternum (PMI) / Displaced point of maximal impulse (PMI) suggestive of ____
• Heave / thrill
• Friction rub
• S1
• S2
• S3
• S4
• Gallops
• A high/low grade early/late systolic murmur / diastolic murmur best heard at the base/apex/(specific valve region) may be heard using the bell/diaphgram of the otoscope

Abdomen

• Abdominal examination of patients with hypernatremia is usually normal.

Back

• Back examination of patients with hypernatremia is usually normal.

Genitourinary

• Genitourinary examination of patients with hypernatremia is usually normal.

Neuromuscular

The neuromuscular physical exam findigs appear as a result of neuronal cell shrinkage and is positive for the following findings:

• Irritability
• Confusion
• Nystagmus
• Lethargy
• Obtundation
• Abnormal speech
• Myoclonic jerks
• Seizures

Extremities

• Extremities examination of patients with [disease name] is usually normal.

OR

• Clubbing
• Cyanosis
• Pitting/non-pitting edema of the upper/lower extremities
• Muscle atrophy
• Fasciculations in the upper/lower extremity