Oliguria with edema: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
VisualWikitext
(Created page with "__NOTOC__ {{CMG}}; {{AE}}{{EG}} '''Abbreviations:''' ABG = Arterial blood gases, BUN = Blood urea nitrogen, Complete b...")
 
No edit summary
Line 1: Line 1:
__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
{{CMG}}; {{AE}}{{EG}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}}{{EG}}


'''Abbreviations:''' [[Arterial blood gas|ABG]] = [[Arterial blood gas|Arterial blood gases]], [[BUN]] = [[Blood urea nitrogen]], [[Complete blood count|CBC]] = [[Complete blood count]], [[Computed tomography|CT]] = [[Computed tomography]], CRP = C - reactive protein, [[ECG]] = [[Electrocardiogram]], ESR = [[Erythrocyte sedimentation rate]], IVP  = Intravenous pyelography, [[Renal function|KFT]] = [[Renal function tests|Kidney function test]], GI = Gastrointestinal, GFR = [[Glomerular filtration rate]], [[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]] = [[Magnetic resonance imaging]], [[PT]] = [[Prothrombin time]]
'''Abbreviations:''' [[Arterial blood gas|ABG]] = [[Arterial blood gas|Arterial blood gases]], [[BUN]] = [[Blood urea nitrogen]], [[Complete blood count|CBC]] = [[Complete blood count]], [[Computed tomography|CT]] = [[Computed tomography]], CRP = C - reactive protein, [[ECG]] = [[Electrocardiogram]], ESR = [[Erythrocyte sedimentation rate]], IVP  = Intravenous pyelography, [[Renal function|KFT]] = [[Renal function tests|Kidney function test]], GI = Gastrointestinal, GFR = [[Glomerular filtration rate]], [[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]] = [[Magnetic resonance imaging]], [[PT]] = [[Prothrombin time]]
 
<small>
{|  
{|  
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Etiology
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Etiology
Line 39: Line 40:
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Other
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Other
|-
|-
! rowspan="22" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Prerenal causes
! rowspan="7" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Prerenal causes
! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Alcohol poisoning]]<ref name="pmid15589492">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pletcher MJ, Maselli J, Gonzales R |title=Uncomplicated alcohol intoxication in the emergency department: an analysis of the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey |journal=Am. J. Med. |volume=117 |issue=11 |pages=863–7 |date=December 2004 |pmid=15589492 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.07.042 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2927129">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cherpitel CJ |title=Breath analysis and self-reports as measures of alcohol-related emergency room admissions |journal=J. Stud. Alcohol |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=155–61 |date=March 1989 |pmid=2927129 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +/-
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +/-
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +/-
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[PT]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]] (isopropyl [[alcohol]])
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Sodium|Na]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Bicarbonate|HCO3]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Liver function tests|LFT]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Thiamine]] must be given to prevent [[Wernicke's encephalopathy]]
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Aspergillosis|'''Aspergillosis''']]<ref name="pmid11880955">{{cite journal |vauthors=Marr KA, Carter RA, Crippa F, Wald A, Corey L |title=Epidemiology and outcome of mould infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=34 |issue=7 |pages=909–17 |date=April 2002 |pmid=11880955 |doi=10.1086/339202 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16886149">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cornillet A, Camus C, Nimubona S, Gandemer V, Tattevin P, Belleguic C, Chevrier S, Meunier C, Lebert C, Aupée M, Caulet-Maugendre S, Faucheux M, Lelong B, Leray E, Guiguen C, Gangneux JP |title=Comparison of epidemiological, clinical, and biological features of invasive aspergillosis in neutropenic and nonneutropenic patients: a 6-year survey |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=43 |issue=5 |pages=577–84 |date=September 2006 |pmid=16886149 |doi=10.1086/505870 |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Allergy test]], ↑[[IgE]] (>1000 IU/dl), Direct visualization of [[Hyphae|fungal hyphae]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Pulmonary infiltrates, [[Mucus|Mucus plug]], Mass in the upper lobe surrounded by a crescent of air, Solitary or multiple cavities
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Halo sign, Wedge-shaped pulmonary [[infarction]], [[Granuloma]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Polymerase chain reaction|Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)]]
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Cholera|'''Cholera''']]<ref name="pmid19842974">{{cite journal |vauthors=Weil AA, Khan AI, Chowdhury F, Larocque RC, Faruque AS, Ryan ET, Calderwood SB, Qadri F, Harris JB |title=Clinical outcomes in household contacts of patients with cholera in Bangladesh |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=49 |issue=10 |pages=1473–9 |date=November 2009 |pmid=19842974 |pmc=2783773 |doi=10.1086/644779 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid4809112">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cash RA, Music SI, Libonati JP, Snyder MJ, Wenzel RP, Hornick RB |title=Response of man to infection with Vibrio cholerae. I. Clinical, serologic, and bacteriologic responses to a known inoculum |journal=J. Infect. Dis. |volume=129 |issue=1 |pages=45–52 |date=January 1974 |pmid=4809112 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid4809112">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cash RA, Music SI, Libonati JP, Snyder MJ, Wenzel RP, Hornick RB |title=Response of man to infection with Vibrio cholerae. I. Clinical, serologic, and bacteriologic responses to a known inoculum |journal=J. Infect. Dis. |volume=129 |issue=1 |pages=45–52 |date=January 1974 |pmid=4809112 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21696312">{{cite journal |vauthors=Harris JB, Ivers LC, Ferraro MJ |title=Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Case 19-2011. A 4-year-old Haitian boy with vomiting and diarrhea |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=364 |issue=25 |pages=2452–61 |date=June 2011 |pmid=21696312 |doi=10.1056/NEJMcpc1100927 |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Leukocytosis]], ↑[[Hematocrit|HCT]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Sodium|Na]], ↑[[Ca]], ↑[[Mg]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Lactate]], ↓[[Bicarbonate|HCO3]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Stool PCR, Stool culture, Serotyping
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Congestive heart failure]] (CHF)<ref name="pmid17724259">{{cite journal |vauthors=Solomon SD, Dobson J, Pocock S, Skali H, McMurray JJ, Granger CB, Yusuf S, Swedberg K, Young JB, Michelson EL, Pfeffer MA |title=Influence of nonfatal hospitalization for heart failure on subsequent mortality in patients with chronic heart failure |journal=Circulation |volume=116 |issue=13 |pages=1482–7 |date=September 2007 |pmid=17724259 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.696906 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15687312">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fonarow GC, Adams KF, Abraham WT, Yancy CW, Boscardin WJ |title=Risk stratification for in-hospital mortality in acutely decompensated heart failure: classification and regression tree analysis |journal=JAMA |volume=293 |issue=5 |pages=572–80 |date=February 2005 |pmid=15687312 |doi=10.1001/jama.293.5.572 |url=}}</ref>
! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Congestive heart failure]] (CHF)<ref name="pmid17724259">{{cite journal |vauthors=Solomon SD, Dobson J, Pocock S, Skali H, McMurray JJ, Granger CB, Yusuf S, Swedberg K, Young JB, Michelson EL, Pfeffer MA |title=Influence of nonfatal hospitalization for heart failure on subsequent mortality in patients with chronic heart failure |journal=Circulation |volume=116 |issue=13 |pages=1482–7 |date=September 2007 |pmid=17724259 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.696906 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15687312">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fonarow GC, Adams KF, Abraham WT, Yancy CW, Boscardin WJ |title=Risk stratification for in-hospital mortality in acutely decompensated heart failure: classification and regression tree analysis |journal=JAMA |volume=293 |issue=5 |pages=572–80 |date=February 2005 |pmid=15687312 |doi=10.1001/jama.293.5.572 |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
Line 130: Line 62:
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Valvular heart disease]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Valvular heart disease]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Decreased [[ejection fraction]] in [[echocardiography]], Heart function and damage in nuclear imaging
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Decreased [[ejection fraction]] in [[echocardiography]], Heart function and damage in nuclear imaging
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Dehydration]]<ref name="pmid15187057">{{cite journal |vauthors=Steiner MJ, DeWalt DA, Byerley JS |title=Is this child dehydrated? |journal=JAMA |volume=291 |issue=22 |pages=2746–54 |date=June 2004 |pmid=15187057 |doi=10.1001/jama.291.22.2746 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9220501">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vega RM, Avner JR |title=A prospective study of the usefulness of clinical and laboratory parameters for predicting percentage of dehydration in children |journal=Pediatr Emerg Care |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=179–82 |date=June 1997 |pmid=9220501 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Sodium|Na]], ↑[[Potassium|K]], ↓[[Chloride|Cl]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Ketone]]s and [[glucose]], ↑Urine specific gravity
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Lactate]], ↓[[Bicarbonate|HCO3]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hypoglycemia]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Diarrhea]] and/or [[vomiting]]<ref name="pmid2178747">{{cite journal |vauthors=Carpenter DO |title=Neural mechanisms of emesis |journal=Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. |volume=68 |issue=2 |pages=230–6 |date=February 1990 |pmid=2178747 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22454468">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bresee JS, Marcus R, Venezia RA, Keene WE, Morse D, Thanassi M, Brunett P, Bulens S, Beard RS, Dauphin LA, Slutsker L, Bopp C, Eberhard M, Hall A, Vinje J, Monroe SS, Glass RI |title=The etiology of severe acute gastroenteritis among adults visiting emergency departments in the United States |journal=J. Infect. Dis. |volume=205 |issue=9 |pages=1374–81 |date=May 2012 |pmid=22454468 |doi=10.1093/infdis/jis206 |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Leukocytosis]] with predominant [[neutrophilia]], ↑ [[ESR]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Ketones]], Organic acids, [[Porphobilinogen]], [[Aminolevulinic acid]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Stool [[anion gap]], Stool pH < 5.5, Stool culture, Serotyping, Enzyme immunoassay ([[rotavirus]] or [[adenovirus]]), [[Liver function tests|LFT]], [[Amylase]], [[Lipase]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
|-
|-
Line 200: Line 86:
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Esophageal varices|'''Esophageal varices bleeding''']]<ref name="pmid6970703">{{cite journal |vauthors=Graham DY, Smith JL |title=The course of patients after variceal hemorrhage |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=80 |issue=4 |pages=800–9 |date=April 1981 |pmid=6970703 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20638742">{{cite journal |vauthors=de Franchis R |title=Revising consensus in portal hypertension: report of the Baveno V consensus workshop on methodology of diagnosis and therapy in portal hypertension |journal=J. Hepatol. |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=762–8 |date=October 2010 |pmid=20638742 |doi=10.1016/j.jhep.2010.06.004 |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Normocytic normochromic anemia]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Velocity and direction of [[portal]] flow
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Abnormal opacities  outside of[[esophageal]] wall, Posterior [[mediastinal]] or intraparenchymal mass, Dilated [[azygous vein]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Entire portal venous system
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Portrays [[esophageal varices]] as flow voids
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Portal hypertension and [[esophageal varices]] in [[positron emission tomography]], Flexible [[endoscope]], [[Barium swallow]] of snake-like filling defects
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
|-
|-
Line 247: Line 110:
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Ventricular dysfunction]], Left and right ventricular [[hypertrophy]], Valvular disease in [[echocardiography]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Ventricular dysfunction]], Left and right ventricular [[hypertrophy]], Valvular disease in [[echocardiography]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hemorrhage]]<ref name="pmid21098468">{{cite journal |vauthors=Achneck HE, Sileshi B, Parikh A, Milano CA, Welsby IJ, Lawson JH |title=Pathophysiology of bleeding and clotting in the cardiac surgery patient: from vascular endothelium to circulatory assist device surface |journal=Circulation |volume=122 |issue=20 |pages=2068–77 |date=November 2010 |pmid=21098468 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.936773 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3487361">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gralnick HR, Rick ME, McKeown LP, Williams SB, Parker RI, Maisonneuve P, Jenneau C, Sultan Y |title=Platelet von Willebrand factor: an important determinant of the bleeding time in type I von Willebrand's disease |journal=Blood |volume=68 |issue=1 |pages=58–61 |date=July 1986 |pmid=3487361 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Normocytic normochromic anemia]], ↑[[PT]], ↑[[PTT]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Sodium|Na]], ↑[[Chloride|Cl]], ↓[[Ca]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Metabolic acidosis]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Peritoneal cavity fluid in [[FAST]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Bilateral opacities in the lung field, [[Hemothorax]], Hemoperitoneum, Ruptured [[abdominal aortic aneurysm]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Intrathoracic, intra-abdominal, and retroperitoneal [[bleeding]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Source of [[bleeding]] in the upper GI in [[Esophagogastroduodenoscopy|EGD]], [[Angiography]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hemolysis]]<ref name="pmid3814817">{{cite journal |vauthors=Liesveld JL, Rowe JM, Lichtman MA |title=Variability of the erythropoietic response in autoimmune hemolytic anemia: analysis of 109 cases |journal=Blood |volume=69 |issue=3 |pages=820–6 |date=March 1987 |pmid=3814817 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7365971">{{cite journal |vauthors=Marchand A, Galen RS, Van Lente F |title=The predictive value of serum haptoglobin in hemolytic disease |journal=JAMA |volume=243 |issue=19 |pages=1909–11 |date=May 1980 |pmid=7365971 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Thrombocytopenia|Thrombocytopenia,]] [[Microcytic anemia|Microcytic hypochromic anemia]], ↑RDW, ↑[[Reticulocyte|Retic]] count
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[LDH]], ↓[[Haptoglobin]], ↑Unconjugated [[bilirubin]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hepatomegaly]],[[Splenomegaly]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
|-
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Etiology
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Fatigue/
Lethargy
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Thirst
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Dizziness/
Confusion
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Muscle weakness/
cramp
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Somatic/
visceral pain
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Vomiting
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Diarrhea
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Tachypnea
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Edema
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Blood indices
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Renal Funtion test
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Electrolytes
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Urine analysis
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |ABG
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Other
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Ultrasound
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |X-ray
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |CT
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |MRI
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Other
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Comments
|-
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hepatorenal syndrome]]<ref name="pmid19776409">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ginès P, Schrier RW |title=Renal failure in cirrhosis |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=361 |issue=13 |pages=1279–90 |date=September 2009 |pmid=19776409 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra0809139 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8550036">{{cite journal |vauthors=Arroyo V, Ginès P, Gerbes AL, Dudley FJ, Gentilini P, Laffi G, Reynolds TB, Ring-Larsen H, Schölmerich J |title=Definition and diagnostic criteria of refractory ascites and hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis. International Ascites Club |journal=Hepatology |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=164–76 |date=January 1996 |pmid=8550036 |doi=10.1002/hep.510230122 |url=}}</ref>
! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hepatorenal syndrome]]<ref name="pmid19776409">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ginès P, Schrier RW |title=Renal failure in cirrhosis |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=361 |issue=13 |pages=1279–90 |date=September 2009 |pmid=19776409 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra0809139 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8550036">{{cite journal |vauthors=Arroyo V, Ginès P, Gerbes AL, Dudley FJ, Gentilini P, Laffi G, Reynolds TB, Ring-Larsen H, Schölmerich J |title=Definition and diagnostic criteria of refractory ascites and hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis. International Ascites Club |journal=Hepatology |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=164–76 |date=January 1996 |pmid=8550036 |doi=10.1002/hep.510230122 |url=}}</ref>
Line 412: Line 202:
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Left atrial enlargement and left ventricular [[hypertrophy|hypertrophy in]] [[echocardiography]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Left atrial enlargement and left ventricular [[hypertrophy|hypertrophy in]] [[echocardiography]]
| -
| -
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Myocarditis]]<ref name="pmid39746742">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dec GW, Palacios IF, Fallon JT, Aretz HT, Mills J, Lee DC, Johnson RA |title=Active myocarditis in the spectrum of acute dilated cardiomyopathies. Clinical features, histologic correlates, and clinical outcome |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=312 |issue=14 |pages=885–90 |date=April 1985 |pmid=3974674 |doi=10.1056/NEJM198504043121404 |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Leukocytosis]] ([[eosinophilia]]),↑[[ESR]] and [[CRP]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Cardiac enzymes]], Viral antibodies
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Inflammatory [[edema]], Degree of scarring
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Endomyocardial biopsy]], [[Echocardiography]], [[Scintigraphy]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Peritonitis]]<ref name="pmid97980132">{{cite journal |vauthors=Such J, Runyon BA |title=Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=669–74; quiz 675–6 |date=October 1998 |pmid=9798013 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22106722">{{cite journal |vauthors=Runyon BA |title=Monomicrobial nonneutrocytic bacterascites: a variant of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis |journal=Hepatology |volume=12 |issue=4 Pt 1 |pages=710–5 |date=October 1990 |pmid=2210672 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Leukocytosis]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Ascitic fluid [[neutrophil]] count > 500 cells/µL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Polycythemia]]<ref name="pmid90251652">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gregg XT, Prchal JT |title=Erythropoietin receptor mutations and human disease |journal=Semin. Hematol. |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=70–6 |date=January 1997 |pmid=9025165 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid92925432">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kralovics R, Indrak K, Stopka T, Berman BW, Prchal JF, Prchal JT |title=Two new EPO receptor mutations: truncated EPO receptors are most frequently associated with primary familial and congenital polycythemias |journal=Blood |volume=90 |issue=5 |pages=2057–61 |date=September 1997 |pmid=9292543 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[RBC]], ↑[[Hematocrit|HCT]], ↑[[Hemoglobin|HGB]], [[Thrombocytosis]], [[Leukocytosis]], ↑[[PT]] and [[aPTT]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Erythropoietin]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hyperuricemia]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Splenomegaly]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Phlebotomy]] is the usual treatment
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Respiratory distress syndrome]]<ref name="pmid265428772">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hooper SB, Te Pas AB, Kitchen MJ |title=Respiratory transition in the newborn: a three-phase process |journal=Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed. |volume=101 |issue=3 |pages=F266–71 |date=May 2016 |pmid=26542877 |doi=10.1136/archdischild-2013-305704 |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Metabolic acidosis|Metabolic]] and [[Metabolic acidosis|respiratory acidosis]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Pulse oximetry]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Bilateral, diffuse, reticular granular or ground-glass appearance +/- [[Cardiomegaly]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Patent ductus arteriosus]] [[hypertrophy|in]] [[echocardiography]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Shock]]<ref name="pmid24171518">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vincent JL, De Backer D |title=Circulatory shock |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=369 |issue=18 |pages=1726–34 |date=October 2013 |pmid=24171518 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra1208943 |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Hematocrit|HCT]], ↑[[PT]] and [[aPTT]], [[Eosinophilia]], [[Leukocytosis]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Glomerular filtration rate|GFR]], ↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Lactate]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Liver function tests|LFT]],  ↑[[BNP]], ↑[[Troponin]], [[D-dimer]], [[Fibrinogen]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Pulmonary embolism]], [[Pericardial effusion]], [[Cardiac tamponade]], [[Pneumothorax]], Thoracic or [[abdominal aortic aneurysm]] in RUSH (Rapid Ultrasound for Shock and Hypotension)
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Pneumonia]], [[Pneumothorax]], [[Pulmonary edema]], Widened [[mediastinum]], Free air under the [[diaphragm]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Traumatic brain injury, [[Stroke]], Spinal injury, [[Pneumonia]], [[Pneumothorax]], Ruptured [[aneurysm]], [[Aortic dissection]], [[Pulmonary embolism]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Toxic megacolon]]<ref name="pmid5305933">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jalan KN, Sircus W, Card WI, Falconer CW, Bruce CB, Crean GP, McManus JP, Small WP, Smith AN |title=An experience of ulcerative colitis. I. Toxic dilation in 55 cases |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=68–82 |date=July 1969 |pmid=5305933 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Leukocytosis]], [[Anemia]], ↑[[ESR]] and [[CRP]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Sodium|Na]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Loss of haustra, Hypoechoic and thick bowel walls, Dilated [[colon]] > 6cm, Dilatation of ileal loops
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Dilated [[colon]], Free intraperitoneal air
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Bowel perforation]], [[Abscess]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Endoscopy]] and [[colonoscopy]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
|-
|-
! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Etiology
! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Etiology
Line 578: Line 230:
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Comments
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Comments
|-
|-
! rowspan="10" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Renal causes
! rowspan="9" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Renal causes
! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Acute interstitial nephritis]]<ref name="pmid11020015">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schwarz A, Krause PH, Kunzendorf U, Keller F, Distler A |title=The outcome of acute interstitial nephritis: risk factors for the transition from acute to chronic interstitial nephritis |journal=Clin. Nephrol. |volume=54 |issue=3 |pages=179–90 |date=September 2000 |pmid=11020015 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20336051">{{cite journal |vauthors=Praga M, González E |title=Acute interstitial nephritis |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=77 |issue=11 |pages=956–61 |date=June 2010 |pmid=20336051 |doi=10.1038/ki.2010.89 |url=}}</ref>
! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Acute interstitial nephritis]]<ref name="pmid11020015">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schwarz A, Krause PH, Kunzendorf U, Keller F, Distler A |title=The outcome of acute interstitial nephritis: risk factors for the transition from acute to chronic interstitial nephritis |journal=Clin. Nephrol. |volume=54 |issue=3 |pages=179–90 |date=September 2000 |pmid=11020015 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20336051">{{cite journal |vauthors=Praga M, González E |title=Acute interstitial nephritis |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=77 |issue=11 |pages=956–61 |date=June 2010 |pmid=20336051 |doi=10.1038/ki.2010.89 |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
Line 798: Line 450:
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Diffuse thickening of the [[glomerular]] capillary wall, Swelling of [[endothelial cells]], [[Fibrin]] [[thrombi]] in renal [[biopsy]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Diffuse thickening of the [[glomerular]] capillary wall, Swelling of [[endothelial cells]], [[Fibrin]] [[thrombi]] in renal [[biopsy]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Nephrolithiasis]]<ref name="pmid23283137">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fwu CW, Eggers PW, Kimmel PL, Kusek JW, Kirkali Z |title=Emergency department visits, use of imaging, and drugs for urolithiasis have increased in the United States |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=83 |issue=3 |pages=479–86 |date=March 2013 |pmid=23283137 |pmc=3587650 |doi=10.1038/ki.2012.419 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26349951">{{cite journal |vauthors=Singh P, Enders FT, Vaughan LE, Bergstralh EJ, Knoedler JJ, Krambeck AE, Lieske JC, Rule AD |title=Stone Composition Among First-Time Symptomatic Kidney Stone Formers in the Community |journal=Mayo Clin. Proc. |volume=90 |issue=10 |pages=1356–65 |date=October 2015 |pmid=26349951 |pmc=4593754 |doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.07.016 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid14960744">{{cite journal |vauthors=Teichman JM |title=Clinical practice. Acute renal colic from ureteral calculus |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=350 |issue=7 |pages=684–93 |date=February 2004 |pmid=14960744 |doi=10.1056/NEJMcp030813 |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Mild [[leukocytosis]], ↑[[CRP]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Sodium|Na]], ↑[[Potassium|K]], ↑[[Phosphate|P]], ↑[[Calcium|Ca]],  ↑[[Urate]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Gross or [[microscopic hematuria]], [[Red blood cell]]s, Urinary crystals of [[calcium oxalate]], [[uric acid]], or [[cystine]], [[Hypercalciuria]], Urinary pH > 7 in [[Struvite|struvite stones]] ([[Proteus]], [[Pseudomonas]], [[Klebsiella]]), Urinary pH < 5 in [[uric acid]] stones
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Bicarbonate|HCO3]], [[Renal tubular acidosis]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |All types of stones are visible, [[Hydronephrosis]], [[Abdominal aortic aneurysm]], [[Cholelithiasis]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Calcium]] - containing stones, [[Uric acid]] or [[cystine]] stones, Stone movement
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Stone density, size and composition, [[Hydronephrosis]], Nephromegaly, Perinephric fat streaking
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Intravenous pyelogram|Intravenous pyelography (IVP)]], [[Tomography|Renal tomography]], Nuclear renal scan
| -
|}
|}
</small>
==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}

Revision as of 20:13, 14 May 2018


Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Eiman Ghaffarpasand, M.D. [2]

Abbreviations: ABG = Arterial blood gases, BUN = Blood urea nitrogen, CBC = Complete blood count, CT = Computed tomography, CRP = C - reactive protein, ECG = Electrocardiogram, ESR = Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, IVP = Intravenous pyelography, KFT = Kidney function test, GI = Gastrointestinal, GFR = Glomerular filtration rate, MRI = Magnetic resonance imaging, PT = Prothrombin time

Etiology Clinical manifestations Paraclinical findings Comments
Symptoms and signs Lab findings Imaging
Fatigue/

Lethargy

Thirst Dizziness/

Confusion

Muscle weakness/

cramp

Somatic/

visceral pain

Vomiting Diarrhea Tachypnea Edema Blood indices Renal Funtion test Electrolytes Urine analysis ABG Other Ultrasound X-ray CT MRI Other
Prerenal causes Congestive heart failure (CHF)[1][2] + - - - - - + - + Anemia, Leukocytosis ↑BUN, ↑Cr ↓Na, ↑K Not applicable ↑Lactate, ↓HCO3, ↑BNP, ↑Troponin Cardiomegaly, Pulmonary hypertension, Pleural effusions Pulmonary edema Not applicable Valvular heart disease Decreased ejection fraction in echocardiography, Heart function and damage in nuclear imaging -
Drugs/toxins[3][4] +/- +/- +/- +/- +/- +/- +/- +/- +/- Not applicable ↑BUN, ↑Cr, ↑CK ↑K, ↓Mg, ↓Ca, ↓P Ingested drug, Glucose, Aminoacid, Phosphate, Ketone, Hyaline cast, RBC ↑Lactate, Metabolic acidosis Toxicology, Rapid immunoassay Nephropathy Radioopaque substances, Ingested drug packets Not applicable Not applicable - -
Heart disease[5][6] +/- - - - - - - +/- +/- ↑ESR and CRP ↑BUN, ↑Cr Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Throat culture, Rapid streptococcal antigen test, Hyperoxia test, Pulse oximetry Not applicable Cardiomegaly, Dextrocardia Not applicable Not applicable Ventricular dysfunction, Left and right ventricular hypertrophy, Valvular disease in echocardiography -
Hepatorenal syndrome[7][8] +/- - - - +/- +/- - - +/- Leukocytosis, ↑PT ↓GFR, ↑BUN, ↑Cr ↓Na Proteinuria, Na < 10 mEq/L, Urine osmolality > plasma osmolality Not applicable Alpha feto-protein, Cryoglobulinemia Exclude hydronephrosis and intrinsic renal disease Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Right ventricular preload, ventricular filling pressures, and cardiac function in echocardiography -
Ischemic cardiomyopathy[9][10] +/- - - - - - - +/- +/- Anemia ↑Cr ↓Na, ↓K, ↓Mg Not applicable Not applicable Troponin, Creatine kinase, Creatine kinase - MB, BNP Not applicable Abnormal cardiac silhouette Biventricular volume, Wall motion abnormality, Myocardial perfusion, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Mid-wall fibrosis in MRI Ejection fraction ≤35%, Pulmonary embolism, Right ventricular dilation or pericardial effusion with tamponade in echocardiography -
Liver cirrhosis[11][12] +/- - +/- +/- +/- - - - +/- Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable LFT, Aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio, FibroTest/FibroSure, Hepascore, FibroSpectatio Portal blood flow velocity, Hepatic artery enlargement, Multifocal lesions or masses, Hepatic contour, Ascites, Splenomegaly Bowel perforation, Gynecomastia, Azygos vein enlargement, Pleural effusion Morphologic changes in the liver, Collaterals and shunts, Hyperattenuating nodule of hepatocellular carcinoma, Portal vein thrombosis Vacular patency, Tumor invasion, Portal vein thrombosis, Steatosis Hepatic function and portal hypertension in nuclear imaging, Hepatic perfusion and the development of shunts and tumors in angiography Irreversible and a transplant is usually needed
Malignant hypertension[13][14] +/- - + - - +/- - +/- +/- Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia ↑BUN, ↑Cr ↑Na, ↑K, ↑P Proteinuria, Microscopic hematuria Acidosis Cardiac enzymes, Urinary catecholamines, TSH, ↑Renin Not applicable Cardiomegaly, Pulmonary edema, Rib notching, Aortic coarctation, Mediastinal widening, Aortic dissection Not applicable Not applicable Left atrial enlargement and left ventricular hypertrophy in echocardiography -
Etiology Fatigue/

Lethargy

Thirst Dizziness/

Confusion

Muscle weakness/

cramp

Somatic/

visceral pain

Vomiting Diarrhea Tachypnea Edema Blood indices Renal Funtion test Electrolytes Urine analysis ABG Other Ultrasound X-ray CT MRI Other Comments
Renal causes Acute interstitial nephritis[15][16] +/- - +/- - +/- +/- +/- +/- +/- Eosinophilia ↑BUN, ↑Cr, ↑FENa Not applicable Eosinophiluria, Sterile pyuria, Microscopic hematuria, Proteinuria Not applicable ↑Total IgG, ↑IgG4 Normal-sized kidneys Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable - History of long term analgesic use
Acute tubular necrosis[17][18] +/- - - - - +/- - - +/- Anemia ↑BUN, ↑Cr, ↑FENa ↓Na, ↑K, ↑Mg, ↑P, ↓Ca Pigmented, muddy brown, granular casts Not applicable Not applicable Obstructive uropathy, Renal size, Cortical thickness, Hydronephrosis Nephrolithiasis Nephrolithiasis, Area of obstruction Nephrolithiasis, Area of obstruction Loss of tubular cells or the denuded tubules, Swollen tubular cells, Loss of the cell brush border in renal biopsy Furosemide stress testing for staging
Cancer[19][20] + - - - +/- +/- - - +/- Normocytic or microcytic anemia, Leukocytosis or lymphocytosis, ↑Reticulocytes, Thrombocytopenia ↓GFR, ↑BUN, ↑Cr, ↓Erythropoietin ↓Na, ↑K, ↓Mg, ↑P, ↓Ca Gross hematuria Not applicable LFT Fluid collection and morphological change, Flank mass Calcification and widened mediastinum, Filling defects in barium contrast Metastasis and staging, Cystic and solid masses, Lymph node, renal vein, and inferior vena cava involvement Soft tissue invasion and staging Malignant cystic lesions percutaneous cyst puncture Renal cell carcinoma types: Clear cell (75%), Chromophilic (15%), Chromophobic (5%), Oncocytoma (3%), Collecting duct (2%)
Congenital kidney disease[21][22][23]

- Agenesis

- Dysplasia

- Hypoplasia

- Polycystic

+/- - - - +/- +/- - - +/- ↑HCT ↓GFR ↓P, ↓Ca Microalbuminuria, Uricosuria Not applicable Genetic testing forADPKD2 Visualization of kidney cysts Small kidney cysts (0.5 cm) Kidney size, Intracranial aneurysms Not applicable - -
End stage renal disease[24][25] + - - - +/- - - - + Anemia ↓GFR, ↑BUN, ↑Cr ↑K Hypoalbuminuria ↓HCO3 Phosphate, 25-hydroxy vitamin D, Alkaline phosphatase, Parathyroid hormone Hydronephrosis, Retroperitoneal fibrosis, Enlarged or shrunken kidneys Renal masses, stones, and cysts Renal vein thrombosis, Renal artery stenosis in magnetic resonance angiography Percutaneous renal biopsy -
Endogenous toxins[26][27][28][29][30]

- Hemoglobin

- Myoglobin

- Uric acid

+/- - +/- + - +/- - - +/- Anemia, Thrombocytopenia ↓GFR, ↑BUN, ↑Cr ↑K, ↑Urate, ↓Ca Uricosuria, Hematuria, Myoglobinuria, Casts Not applicable Creatine kinase > 1000 U/L Malignant or cystic lesions, Hydronephrosis, Nephrocalcinosis, Urolithiasis Not applicable Urolithiasis, Wilms tumor, Polycystic kidney disease Not applicable Ureter or bladder abnormality in voiding cystourethrography -
Glomerulonephritis[31][32][33] +/- - - - - - - - + Pleocytosis, Anemia, Leukocytosis, ↑ESR ↑BUN, ↑Cr Not applicable Specific gravity > 1.020, Proteinuria, Hematuria, Red blood cell casts, White blood cell casts, Cellular casts, Oval fat bodies Not applicable Not applicable ↑C3, ↑C4, ↑CH50, Blood and tissue culture, Antinuclear antibodies, Cryoglobulins,Hepatitis B and C serologies, Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) Kidney size, Echogenicity of the renal cortex, Obstruction, Degree of fibrosis Pulmonary congestion Visceral abscesses - Renal biopsy, Light and electron microscopy, Immunofluorescence aid diagnosis
Goodpasture syndrome[34][35][36] +/- - - - - - - +/- +/- Anemia, Leukocytosis, ↑ESR ↑BUN, ↑Cr Not applicable Low-grade proteinuria, Gross or microscopic hematuria, RBC casts Not applicable Anti– glomerular basement membrane antibody Antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibody Not applicable Bilateral, basal, patchy parenchymal consolidations Not applicable Not applicable Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage in pulmonary biopsy -
Hemolytic uremic syndrome[37][38][39] +/- - +/- +/- +/- + + - +/- Severe anemia, Thrombocytopenia, ↑ aPTT ↑BUN, ↑Cr Not applicable Mild proteinuria, Red blood cells, Red blood cell casts Not applicable Schistocytes, ↑FDP and D-dimer, ↑ Bilirubin, ↑LDH, ↓Haptoglobin, Stool culture (for E coli 0157:H7 or shigella), ↓ADAMTS-13 activity Ruling out obstruction Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Diffuse thickening of the glomerular capillary wall, Swelling of endothelial cells, Fibrin thrombi in renal biopsy -

References

  1. ↑ Solomon SD, Dobson J, Pocock S, Skali H, McMurray JJ, Granger CB, Yusuf S, Swedberg K, Young JB, Michelson EL, Pfeffer MA (September 2007). "Influence of nonfatal hospitalization for heart failure on subsequent mortality in patients with chronic heart failure". Circulation. 116 (13): 1482–7. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.696906. PMID 17724259.
  2. ↑ Fonarow GC, Adams KF, Abraham WT, Yancy CW, Boscardin WJ (February 2005). "Risk stratification for in-hospital mortality in acutely decompensated heart failure: classification and regression tree analysis". JAMA. 293 (5): 572–80. doi:10.1001/jama.293.5.572. PMID 15687312.
  3. ↑ Toto RD, Mitchell HC, Lee HC, Milam C, Pettinger WA (October 1991). "Reversible renal insufficiency due to angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in hypertensive nephrosclerosis". Ann. Intern. Med. 115 (7): 513–9. PMID 1883120.
  4. ↑ Bismuth C, Gaultier M, Conso F, Efthymiou ML (1973). "Hyperkalemia in acute digitalis poisoning: prognostic significance and therapeutic implications". Clin. Toxicol. 6 (2): 153–62. doi:10.3109/15563657308990513. PMID 4715199.
  5. ↑ LaCroix AZ, Lang J, Scherr P, Wallace RB, Cornoni-Huntley J, Berkman L, Curb JD, Evans D, Hennekens CH (June 1991). "Smoking and mortality among older men and women in three communities". N. Engl. J. Med. 324 (23): 1619–25. doi:10.1056/NEJM199106063242303. PMID 2030718.
  6. ↑ Mahle WT, Newburger JW, Matherne GP, Smith FC, Hoke TR, Koppel R, Gidding SS, Beekman RH, Grosse SD (August 2009). "Role of pulse oximetry in examining newborns for congenital heart disease: a scientific statement from the AHA and AAP". Pediatrics. 124 (2): 823–36. doi:10.1542/peds.2009-1397. PMID 19581259.
  7. ↑ Ginès P, Schrier RW (September 2009). "Renal failure in cirrhosis". N. Engl. J. Med. 361 (13): 1279–90. doi:10.1056/NEJMra0809139. PMID 19776409.
  8. ↑ Arroyo V, Ginès P, Gerbes AL, Dudley FJ, Gentilini P, Laffi G, Reynolds TB, Ring-Larsen H, Schölmerich J (January 1996). "Definition and diagnostic criteria of refractory ascites and hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis. International Ascites Club". Hepatology. 23 (1): 164–76. doi:10.1002/hep.510230122. PMID 8550036.
  9. ↑ Maron BJ, Towbin JA, Thiene G, Antzelevitch C, Corrado D, Arnett D, Moss AJ, Seidman CE, Young JB (April 2006). "Contemporary definitions and classification of the cardiomyopathies: an American Heart Association Scientific Statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Heart Failure and Transplantation Committee; Quality of Care and Outcomes Research and Functional Genomics and Translational Biology Interdisciplinary Working Groups; and Council on Epidemiology and Prevention". Circulation. 113 (14): 1807–16. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.174287. PMID 16567565.
  10. ↑ Corrado D, Pelliccia A, Bjørnstad HH, Vanhees L, Biffi A, Borjesson M, Panhuyzen-Goedkoop N, Deligiannis A, Solberg E, Dugmore D, Mellwig KP, Assanelli D, Delise P, van-Buuren F, Anastasakis A, Heidbuchel H, Hoffmann E, Fagard R, Priori SG, Basso C, Arbustini E, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, McKenna WJ, Thiene G (March 2005). "Cardiovascular pre-participation screening of young competitive athletes for prevention of sudden death: proposal for a common European protocol. Consensus Statement of the Study Group of Sport Cardiology of the Working Group of Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology and the Working Group of Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology". Eur. Heart J. 26 (5): 516–24. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehi108. PMID 15689345.
  11. ↑ Ge PS, Runyon BA (March 2014). "The changing role of beta-blocker therapy in patients with cirrhosis". J. Hepatol. 60 (3): 643–53. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2013.09.016. PMID 24076364.
  12. ↑ Becker CD, Scheidegger J, Marincek B (1986). "Hepatic vein occlusion: morphologic features on computed tomography and ultrasonography". Gastrointest Radiol. 11 (4): 305–11. PMID 3533689.
  13. ↑ Johnson W, Nguyen ML, Patel R (November 2012). "Hypertension crisis in the emergency department". Cardiol Clin. 30 (4): 533–43. doi:10.1016/j.ccl.2012.07.011. PMID 23102030.
  14. ↑ Elliott WJ (2006). "Clinical features in the management of selected hypertensive emergencies". Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 48 (5): 316–25. doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2006.02.004. PMID 16627047.
  15. ↑ Schwarz A, Krause PH, Kunzendorf U, Keller F, Distler A (September 2000). "The outcome of acute interstitial nephritis: risk factors for the transition from acute to chronic interstitial nephritis". Clin. Nephrol. 54 (3): 179–90. PMID 11020015.
  16. ↑ Praga M, González E (June 2010). "Acute interstitial nephritis". Kidney Int. 77 (11): 956–61. doi:10.1038/ki.2010.89. PMID 20336051.
  17. ↑ Khwaja A (2012). "KDIGO clinical practice guidelines for acute kidney injury". Nephron Clin Pract. 120 (4): c179–84. doi:10.1159/000339789. PMID 22890468.
  18. ↑ Lameire N, Van Biesen W, Vanholder R (2005). "Acute renal failure". Lancet. 365 (9457): 417–30. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)17831-3. PMID 15680458.
  19. ↑ Gudbjartsson T, Thoroddsen A, Petursdottir V, Hardarson S, Magnusson J, Einarsson GV (December 2005). "Effect of incidental detection for survival of patients with renal cell carcinoma: results of population-based study of 701 patients". Urology. 66 (6): 1186–91. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2005.07.009. PMID 16360438.
  20. ↑ Skinner DG, Colvin RB, Vermillion CD, Pfister RC, Leadbetter WF (November 1971). "Diagnosis and management of renal cell carcinoma. A clinical and pathologic study of 309 cases". Cancer. 28 (5): 1165–77. PMID 5125665.
  21. ↑ Queisser-Luft A, Stolz G, Wiesel A, Schlaefer K, Spranger J (July 2002). "Malformations in newborn: results based on 30,940 infants and fetuses from the Mainz congenital birth defect monitoring system (1990-1998)". Arch. Gynecol. Obstet. 266 (3): 163–7. PMID 12197558.
  22. ↑ Sanna-Cherchi S, Ravani P, Corbani V, Parodi S, Haupt R, Piaggio G, Innocenti ML, Somenzi D, Trivelli A, Caridi G, Izzi C, Scolari F, Mattioli G, Allegri L, Ghiggeri GM (September 2009). "Renal outcome in patients with congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract". Kidney Int. 76 (5): 528–33. doi:10.1038/ki.2009.220. PMID 19536081.
  23. ↑ Glassberg KI (June 2002). "Normal and abnormal development of the kidney: a clinician's interpretation of current knowledge". J. Urol. 167 (6): 2339–50, discussion 2350–1. PMID 11992035.
  24. ↑ Abboud H, Henrich WL (January 2010). "Clinical practice. Stage IV chronic kidney disease". N. Engl. J. Med. 362 (1): 56–65. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp0906797. PMID 20054047.
  25. ↑ Denic A, Mathew J, Lerman LO, Lieske JC, Larson JJ, Alexander MP, Poggio E, Glassock RJ, Rule AD (June 2017). "Single-Nephron Glomerular Filtration Rate in Healthy Adults". N. Engl. J. Med. 376 (24): 2349–2357. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1614329. PMC 5664219. PMID 28614683.
  26. ↑ Borowitz MJ, Craig FE, Digiuseppe JA, Illingworth AJ, Rosse W, Sutherland DR, Wittwer CT, Richards SJ (July 2010). "Guidelines for the diagnosis and monitoring of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and related disorders by flow cytometry". Cytometry B Clin Cytom. 78 (4): 211–30. doi:10.1002/cyto.b.20525. PMID 20533382.
  27. ↑ Knochel JP (1982). "Rhabdomyolysis and myoglobinuria". Annu. Rev. Med. 33: 435–43. doi:10.1146/annurev.me.33.020182.002251. PMID 6282181.
  28. ↑ Giannoglou GD, Chatzizisis YS, Misirli G (March 2007). "The syndrome of rhabdomyolysis: Pathophysiology and diagnosis". Eur. J. Intern. Med. 18 (2): 90–100. doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2006.09.020. PMID 17338959.
  29. ↑ Coe FL (September 1983). "Uric acid and calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis". Kidney Int. 24 (3): 392–403. PMID 6645213.
  30. ↑ Maalouf NM, Cameron MA, Moe OW, Sakhaee K (March 2004). "Novel insights into the pathogenesis of uric acid nephrolithiasis". Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens. 13 (2): 181–9. PMID 15202612.
  31. ↑ Ellis EN, Mauer SM, Sutherland DE, Steffes MW (February 1989). "Glomerular capillary morphology in normal humans". Lab. Invest. 60 (2): 231–6. PMID 2915517.
  32. ↑ Dickinson BL (August 2016). "Unraveling the immunopathogenesis of glomerular disease". Clin. Immunol. 169: 89–97. doi:10.1016/j.clim.2016.06.011. PMID 27373970.
  33. ↑ Trachtman H, Bergwerk A, Gauthier B (August 1994). "Isolated proteinuria in children. Natural history and indications for renal biopsy". Clin Pediatr (Phila). 33 (8): 468–72. doi:10.1177/000992289403300804. PMID 7955787.
  34. ↑ Pusey CD (October 2003). "Anti-glomerular basement membrane disease". Kidney Int. 64 (4): 1535–50. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00241.x. PMID 12969182.
  35. ↑ Bolton WK (November 1996). "Goodpasture's syndrome". Kidney Int. 50 (5): 1753–66. PMID 8914046.
  36. ↑ Kalluri R, Wilson CB, Weber M, Gunwar S, Chonko AM, Neilson EG, Hudson BG (October 1995). "Identification of the alpha 3 chain of type IV collagen as the common autoantigen in antibasement membrane disease and Goodpasture syndrome". J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 6 (4): 1178–85. PMID 8589284.
  37. ↑ Noris M, Remuzzi G (April 2005). "Hemolytic uremic syndrome". J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 16 (4): 1035–50. doi:10.1681/ASN.2004100861. PMID 15728781.
  38. ↑ Goodship TH, Cook HT, Fakhouri F, Fervenza FC, Frémeaux-Bacchi V, Kavanagh D, Nester CM, Noris M, Pickering MC, Rodríguez de Córdoba S, Roumenina LT, Sethi S, Smith RJ (March 2017). "Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome and C3 glomerulopathy: conclusions from a "Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes" (KDIGO) Controversies Conference". Kidney Int. 91 (3): 539–551. doi:10.1016/j.kint.2016.10.005. PMID 27989322.
  39. ↑ Loirat C, Fakhouri F, Ariceta G, Besbas N, Bitzan M, Bjerre A, Coppo R, Emma F, Johnson S, Karpman D, Landau D, Langman CB, Lapeyraque AL, Licht C, Nester C, Pecoraro C, Riedl M, van de Kar NC, Van de Walle J, Vivarelli M, Frémeaux-Bacchi V (January 2016). "An international consensus approach to the management of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome in children". Pediatr. Nephrol. 31 (1): 15–39. doi:10.1007/s00467-015-3076-8. PMID 25859752.
Retrieved from "https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Oliguria_with_edema&oldid=1470719"