Electrolyte disturbance: Difference between revisions

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!Normal limits (mg/dl)
!Normal limits (mg/dl)
!Disturbance
!Disturbance
!
! colspan="2" |Common causes
! colspan="2" |Common causes
!
!
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| rowspan="5" |135-145
| rowspan="5" |135-145
| rowspan="3" |[[Hyponatremia]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Hyponatremia]]
| rowspan="3" |
|Hypovolemic<ref name="pmid10440307">{{cite journal |vauthors=Alam NH, Majumder RN, Fuchs GJ |title=Efficacy and safety of oral rehydration solution with reduced osmolarity in adults with cholera: a randomised double-blind clinical trial. CHOICE study group |journal=Lancet |volume=354 |issue=9175 |pages=296–9 |date=July 1999 |pmid=10440307 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
|Hypovolemic<ref name="pmid10440307">{{cite journal |vauthors=Alam NH, Majumder RN, Fuchs GJ |title=Efficacy and safety of oral rehydration solution with reduced osmolarity in adults with cholera: a randomised double-blind clinical trial. CHOICE study group |journal=Lancet |volume=354 |issue=9175 |pages=296–9 |date=July 1999 |pmid=10440307 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
|
|
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|-
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Hypernatremia]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Hypernatremia]]
| rowspan="2" |
|Extrarenal loss<ref name="pmid3799631">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rose BD |title=New approach to disturbances in the plasma sodium concentration |journal=Am. J. Med. |volume=81 |issue=6 |pages=1033–40 |date=December 1986 |pmid=3799631 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15765239">{{cite journal |vauthors=Shamsuddin AK, Yanagimoto S, Kuwahara T, Zhang Y, Nomura C, Kondo N |title=Changes in the index of sweat ion concentration with increasing sweat during passive heat stress in humans |journal=Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. |volume=94 |issue=3 |pages=292–7 |date=June 2005 |pmid=15765239 |doi=10.1007/s00421-005-1314-7 |url=}}</ref>
|Extrarenal loss<ref name="pmid3799631">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rose BD |title=New approach to disturbances in the plasma sodium concentration |journal=Am. J. Med. |volume=81 |issue=6 |pages=1033–40 |date=December 1986 |pmid=3799631 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15765239">{{cite journal |vauthors=Shamsuddin AK, Yanagimoto S, Kuwahara T, Zhang Y, Nomura C, Kondo N |title=Changes in the index of sweat ion concentration with increasing sweat during passive heat stress in humans |journal=Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. |volume=94 |issue=3 |pages=292–7 |date=June 2005 |pmid=15765239 |doi=10.1007/s00421-005-1314-7 |url=}}</ref>
|[[Vomiting]], [[diarrhea]], [[Insensible water loss|insensible loss]]
|[[Vomiting]], [[diarrhea]], [[Insensible water loss|insensible loss]]
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| rowspan="4" |3.5-5
| rowspan="4" |3.5-5
| rowspan="3" |[[Hypokalemia]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Hypokalemia]]
| rowspan="3" |
|Transcellular shifts<ref name="pmid3084904">{{cite journal |vauthors=Adrogué HJ, Lederer ED, Suki WN, Eknoyan G |title=Determinants of plasma potassium levels in diabetic ketoacidosis |journal=Medicine (Baltimore) |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=163–72 |date=May 1986 |pmid=3084904 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7025622">{{cite journal |vauthors=Adrogué HJ, Madias NE |title=Changes in plasma potassium concentration during acute acid-base disturbances |journal=Am. J. Med. |volume=71 |issue=3 |pages=456–67 |date=September 1981 |pmid=7025622 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
|Transcellular shifts<ref name="pmid3084904">{{cite journal |vauthors=Adrogué HJ, Lederer ED, Suki WN, Eknoyan G |title=Determinants of plasma potassium levels in diabetic ketoacidosis |journal=Medicine (Baltimore) |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=163–72 |date=May 1986 |pmid=3084904 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7025622">{{cite journal |vauthors=Adrogué HJ, Madias NE |title=Changes in plasma potassium concentration during acute acid-base disturbances |journal=Am. J. Med. |volume=71 |issue=3 |pages=456–67 |date=September 1981 |pmid=7025622 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
|[[Insulin]] therapy, [[alkalosis]]
|[[Insulin]] therapy, [[alkalosis]]
Line 74: Line 78:
|-
|-
|[[Hyperkalemia]]<ref name="pmid17395950">{{cite journal |vauthors=Smellie WS |title=Spurious hyperkalaemia |journal=BMJ |volume=334 |issue=7595 |pages=693–5 |date=March 2007 |pmid=17395950 |pmc=1839224 |doi=10.1136/bmj.39119.607986.47 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid5092154">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gonick HC, Kleeman CR, Rubini ME, Maxwell MH |title=Functional impairment in chronic renal disease. 3. Studies of potassium excretion |journal=Am. J. Med. Sci. |volume=261 |issue=5 |pages=281–90 |date=May 1971 |pmid=5092154 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2376088">{{cite journal |vauthors=Arthur S, Greenberg A |title=Hyperkalemia associated with intravenous labetalol therapy for acute hypertension in renal transplant recipients |journal=Clin. Nephrol. |volume=33 |issue=6 |pages=269–71 |date=June 1990 |pmid=2376088 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
|[[Hyperkalemia]]<ref name="pmid17395950">{{cite journal |vauthors=Smellie WS |title=Spurious hyperkalaemia |journal=BMJ |volume=334 |issue=7595 |pages=693–5 |date=March 2007 |pmid=17395950 |pmc=1839224 |doi=10.1136/bmj.39119.607986.47 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid5092154">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gonick HC, Kleeman CR, Rubini ME, Maxwell MH |title=Functional impairment in chronic renal disease. 3. Studies of potassium excretion |journal=Am. J. Med. Sci. |volume=261 |issue=5 |pages=281–90 |date=May 1971 |pmid=5092154 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2376088">{{cite journal |vauthors=Arthur S, Greenberg A |title=Hyperkalemia associated with intravenous labetalol therapy for acute hypertension in renal transplant recipients |journal=Clin. Nephrol. |volume=33 |issue=6 |pages=269–71 |date=June 1990 |pmid=2376088 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
|
| colspan="2" |[[ACE inhibitors]], [[acidosis]], [[Addison's disease|addisonian crisis]], [[beta blockers]], [[blood transfusion]], [[cirrhosis]], [[diabetic nephropathy]], high potassium diet, [[malnutrition]], [[renal tubular acidosis]] type IV, [[Renal insufficiency|renal failure]]
| colspan="2" |[[ACE inhibitors]], [[acidosis]], [[Addison's disease|addisonian crisis]], [[beta blockers]], [[blood transfusion]], [[cirrhosis]], [[diabetic nephropathy]], high potassium diet, [[malnutrition]], [[renal tubular acidosis]] type IV, [[Renal insufficiency|renal failure]]
|
|
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| rowspan="2" |8.9-10.1
| rowspan="2" |8.9-10.1
|[[Hypocalcemia]]<ref name="pmid19923405">{{cite journal |vauthors=Riccardi D, Brown EM |title=Physiology and pathophysiology of the calcium-sensing receptor in the kidney |journal=Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. |volume=298 |issue=3 |pages=F485–99 |date=March 2010 |pmid=19923405 |pmc=2838589 |doi=10.1152/ajprenal.00608.2009 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7024719">{{cite journal |vauthors=Neufeld M, Maclaren NK, Blizzard RM |title=Two types of autoimmune Addison's disease associated with different polyglandular autoimmune (PGA) syndromes |journal=Medicine (Baltimore) |volume=60 |issue=5 |pages=355–62 |date=September 1981 |pmid=7024719 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid6709029">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cholst IN, Steinberg SF, Tropper PJ, Fox HE, Segre GV, Bilezikian JP |title=The influence of hypermagnesemia on serum calcium and parathyroid hormone levels in human subjects |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=310 |issue=19 |pages=1221–5 |date=May 1984 |pmid=6709029 |doi=10.1056/NEJM198405103101904 |url=}}</ref>
|[[Hypocalcemia]]<ref name="pmid19923405">{{cite journal |vauthors=Riccardi D, Brown EM |title=Physiology and pathophysiology of the calcium-sensing receptor in the kidney |journal=Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. |volume=298 |issue=3 |pages=F485–99 |date=March 2010 |pmid=19923405 |pmc=2838589 |doi=10.1152/ajprenal.00608.2009 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7024719">{{cite journal |vauthors=Neufeld M, Maclaren NK, Blizzard RM |title=Two types of autoimmune Addison's disease associated with different polyglandular autoimmune (PGA) syndromes |journal=Medicine (Baltimore) |volume=60 |issue=5 |pages=355–62 |date=September 1981 |pmid=7024719 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid6709029">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cholst IN, Steinberg SF, Tropper PJ, Fox HE, Segre GV, Bilezikian JP |title=The influence of hypermagnesemia on serum calcium and parathyroid hormone levels in human subjects |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=310 |issue=19 |pages=1221–5 |date=May 1984 |pmid=6709029 |doi=10.1056/NEJM198405103101904 |url=}}</ref>
|
| colspan="2" |[[Hypoparathyroidism]], [[pseudohypoparathyroidism]], [[hypomagnesemia]], [[Vitamin D deficiency|hypovitaminosis D]],
| colspan="2" |[[Hypoparathyroidism]], [[pseudohypoparathyroidism]], [[hypomagnesemia]], [[Vitamin D deficiency|hypovitaminosis D]],


Line 89: Line 95:
|-
|-
|[[Hypercalcemia]]<ref name="pmid2239937">{{cite journal |vauthors=Meric F, Yap P, Bia MJ |title=Etiology of hypercalcemia in hemodialysis patients on calcium carbonate therapy |journal=Am. J. Kidney Dis. |volume=16 |issue=5 |pages=459–64 |date=November 1990 |pmid=2239937 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9612524">{{cite journal |vauthors=Glendenning P, Gutteridge DH, Retallack RW, Stuckey BG, Kermode DG, Kent GN |title=High prevalence of normal total calcium and intact PTH in 60 patients with proven primary hyperparathyroidism: a challenge to current diagnostic criteria |journal=Aust N Z J Med |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=173–8 |date=April 1998 |pmid=9612524 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8865795">{{cite journal |vauthors=Alikhan Z, Singh A |title=Hyperthyroidism manifested as hypercalcemia |journal=South. Med. J. |volume=89 |issue=10 |pages=997–8 |date=October 1996 |pmid=8865795 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2679445">{{cite journal |vauthors=Distler W |title=[The climacteric--physiology or pathology?] |language=German |journal=Arch. Gynecol. Obstet. |volume=245 |issue=1-4 |pages=947–52 |date=1989 |pmid=2679445 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
|[[Hypercalcemia]]<ref name="pmid2239937">{{cite journal |vauthors=Meric F, Yap P, Bia MJ |title=Etiology of hypercalcemia in hemodialysis patients on calcium carbonate therapy |journal=Am. J. Kidney Dis. |volume=16 |issue=5 |pages=459–64 |date=November 1990 |pmid=2239937 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9612524">{{cite journal |vauthors=Glendenning P, Gutteridge DH, Retallack RW, Stuckey BG, Kermode DG, Kent GN |title=High prevalence of normal total calcium and intact PTH in 60 patients with proven primary hyperparathyroidism: a challenge to current diagnostic criteria |journal=Aust N Z J Med |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=173–8 |date=April 1998 |pmid=9612524 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8865795">{{cite journal |vauthors=Alikhan Z, Singh A |title=Hyperthyroidism manifested as hypercalcemia |journal=South. Med. J. |volume=89 |issue=10 |pages=997–8 |date=October 1996 |pmid=8865795 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2679445">{{cite journal |vauthors=Distler W |title=[The climacteric--physiology or pathology?] |language=German |journal=Arch. Gynecol. Obstet. |volume=245 |issue=1-4 |pages=947–52 |date=1989 |pmid=2679445 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
|
| colspan="2" |[[Hyperparathyroidism]], [[familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia]], [[Cancer|malignancy]], [[Milk-alkali syndrome]],
| colspan="2" |[[Hyperparathyroidism]], [[familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia]], [[Cancer|malignancy]], [[Milk-alkali syndrome]],


Line 99: Line 106:
| rowspan="2" |2.5-4.5
| rowspan="2" |2.5-4.5
|[[Hypophosphatemia]]<ref name="pmid15888903">{{cite journal |vauthors=Marinella MA |title=Refeeding syndrome and hypophosphatemia |journal=J Intensive Care Med |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=155–9 |date=2005 |pmid=15888903 |doi=10.1177/0885066605275326 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid14105225">{{cite journal |vauthors=MOSTELLAR ME, TUTTLE EP |title=EFFECTS OF ALKALOSIS ON PLASMA CONCENTRATION AND URINARY EXCRETION OF INORGANIC PHOSPHATE IN MAN |journal=J. Clin. Invest. |volume=43 |issue= |pages=138–49 |date=January 1964 |pmid=14105225 |pmc=289504 |doi=10.1172/JCI104888 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8743494">{{cite journal |vauthors=Murer H, Lötscher M, Kaissling B, Levi M, Kempson SA, Biber J |title=Renal brush border membrane Na/Pi-cotransport: molecular aspects in PTH-dependent and dietary regulation |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=49 |issue=6 |pages=1769–73 |date=June 1996 |pmid=8743494 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
|[[Hypophosphatemia]]<ref name="pmid15888903">{{cite journal |vauthors=Marinella MA |title=Refeeding syndrome and hypophosphatemia |journal=J Intensive Care Med |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=155–9 |date=2005 |pmid=15888903 |doi=10.1177/0885066605275326 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid14105225">{{cite journal |vauthors=MOSTELLAR ME, TUTTLE EP |title=EFFECTS OF ALKALOSIS ON PLASMA CONCENTRATION AND URINARY EXCRETION OF INORGANIC PHOSPHATE IN MAN |journal=J. Clin. Invest. |volume=43 |issue= |pages=138–49 |date=January 1964 |pmid=14105225 |pmc=289504 |doi=10.1172/JCI104888 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8743494">{{cite journal |vauthors=Murer H, Lötscher M, Kaissling B, Levi M, Kempson SA, Biber J |title=Renal brush border membrane Na/Pi-cotransport: molecular aspects in PTH-dependent and dietary regulation |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=49 |issue=6 |pages=1769–73 |date=June 1996 |pmid=8743494 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
|
| colspan="2" |[[Refeeding syndrome]], [[respiratory alkalosis]], [[Alcoholism|alcohol abuse]], [[malabsorption]]
| colspan="2" |[[Refeeding syndrome]], [[respiratory alkalosis]], [[Alcoholism|alcohol abuse]], [[malabsorption]]
|
|
Line 104: Line 112:
|-
|-
|[[Hyperphosphatemia]]<ref name="pmid6894477">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tsokos GC, Balow JE, Spiegel RJ, Magrath IT |title=Renal and metabolic complications of undifferentiated and lymphoblastic lymphomas |journal=Medicine (Baltimore) |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=218–29 |date=May 1981 |pmid=6894477 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid4423658">{{cite journal |vauthors=Grossman RA, Hamilton RW, Morse BM, Penn AS, Goldberg M |title=Nontraumatic rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=291 |issue=16 |pages=807–11 |date=October 1974 |pmid=4423658 |doi=10.1056/NEJM197410172911601 |url=}}</ref>
|[[Hyperphosphatemia]]<ref name="pmid6894477">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tsokos GC, Balow JE, Spiegel RJ, Magrath IT |title=Renal and metabolic complications of undifferentiated and lymphoblastic lymphomas |journal=Medicine (Baltimore) |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=218–29 |date=May 1981 |pmid=6894477 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid4423658">{{cite journal |vauthors=Grossman RA, Hamilton RW, Morse BM, Penn AS, Goldberg M |title=Nontraumatic rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=291 |issue=16 |pages=807–11 |date=October 1974 |pmid=4423658 |doi=10.1056/NEJM197410172911601 |url=}}</ref>
|
| colspan="2" |Transcellular shift, [[tumor lysis syndrome]] , [[rhabdomyolysis]], [[hypoparathyroidism]], [[pseudohypoparathyroidism]], [[acute kidney injury]], [[Chronic renal failure|chronic kidney disease]]
| colspan="2" |Transcellular shift, [[tumor lysis syndrome]] , [[rhabdomyolysis]], [[hypoparathyroidism]], [[pseudohypoparathyroidism]], [[acute kidney injury]], [[Chronic renal failure|chronic kidney disease]]
|
|
Line 112: Line 121:
| rowspan="2" |1.5-2.5
| rowspan="2" |1.5-2.5
|[[Hypomagnesemia]]<ref name="pmid1722865">{{cite journal |vauthors=Shah GM, Kirschenbaum MA |title=Renal magnesium wasting associated with therapeutic agents |journal=Miner Electrolyte Metab |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=58–64 |date=1991 |pmid=1722865 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8808192">{{cite journal |vauthors=Elisaf M, Merkouropoulos M, Tsianos EV, Siamopoulos KC |title=Pathogenetic mechanisms of hypomagnesemia in alcoholic patients |journal=J Trace Elem Med Biol |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=210–4 |date=December 1995 |pmid=8808192 |doi=10.1016/S0946-672X(11)80026-X |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8639008">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tosiello L |title=Hypomagnesemia and diabetes mellitus. A review of clinical implications |journal=Arch. Intern. Med. |volume=156 |issue=11 |pages=1143–8 |date=June 1996 |pmid=8639008 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
|[[Hypomagnesemia]]<ref name="pmid1722865">{{cite journal |vauthors=Shah GM, Kirschenbaum MA |title=Renal magnesium wasting associated with therapeutic agents |journal=Miner Electrolyte Metab |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=58–64 |date=1991 |pmid=1722865 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8808192">{{cite journal |vauthors=Elisaf M, Merkouropoulos M, Tsianos EV, Siamopoulos KC |title=Pathogenetic mechanisms of hypomagnesemia in alcoholic patients |journal=J Trace Elem Med Biol |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=210–4 |date=December 1995 |pmid=8808192 |doi=10.1016/S0946-672X(11)80026-X |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8639008">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tosiello L |title=Hypomagnesemia and diabetes mellitus. A review of clinical implications |journal=Arch. Intern. Med. |volume=156 |issue=11 |pages=1143–8 |date=June 1996 |pmid=8639008 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
|
| colspan="2" |[[Alcohol]] use, uncontrolled [[diabetes mellitus]], [[hypercalcemia]], [[Gitelman syndrome]], [[Loop diuretic|loop]] and [[Thiazide|thiazide diuretics]]
| colspan="2" |[[Alcohol]] use, uncontrolled [[diabetes mellitus]], [[hypercalcemia]], [[Gitelman syndrome]], [[Loop diuretic|loop]] and [[Thiazide|thiazide diuretics]]
|
|
Line 117: Line 127:
|-
|-
|[[Hypermagnesemia]]<ref name="pmid14178364">{{cite journal |vauthors=RANDALL RE, COHEN MD, SPRAY CC, ROSSMEISL EC |title=HYPERMAGNESEMIA IN RENAL FAILURE. ETIOLOGY AND TOXIC MANIFESTATIONS |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=61 |issue= |pages=73–88 |date=July 1964 |pmid=14178364 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid1489003">{{cite journal |vauthors=Clark BA, Brown RS |title=Unsuspected morbid hypermagnesemia in elderly patients |journal=Am. J. Nephrol. |volume=12 |issue=5 |pages=336–43 |date=1992 |pmid=1489003 |doi=10.1159/000168469 |url=}}</ref>
|[[Hypermagnesemia]]<ref name="pmid14178364">{{cite journal |vauthors=RANDALL RE, COHEN MD, SPRAY CC, ROSSMEISL EC |title=HYPERMAGNESEMIA IN RENAL FAILURE. ETIOLOGY AND TOXIC MANIFESTATIONS |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=61 |issue= |pages=73–88 |date=July 1964 |pmid=14178364 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid1489003">{{cite journal |vauthors=Clark BA, Brown RS |title=Unsuspected morbid hypermagnesemia in elderly patients |journal=Am. J. Nephrol. |volume=12 |issue=5 |pages=336–43 |date=1992 |pmid=1489003 |doi=10.1159/000168469 |url=}}</ref>
|
| colspan="2" |[[Renal insufficiency|Renal failure]], massive oral ingestion
| colspan="2" |[[Renal insufficiency|Renal failure]], massive oral ingestion
|
|

Revision as of 17:01, 30 May 2018


For patient information, click here

Electrolyte Disturbance Main Page

Patient Information

Overview

Classification

Hyponatremia
Hypernatremia
Hypokalemia
Hyperkalemia
Hypocalcemia
Hypercalcemia
Hypophosphatemia
Hyperphosphatemia
Hypomagnesemia
Hypermagnesemia

Causes

Diagnosis

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Seyedmahdi Pahlavani, M.D. [2]

Synonyms and keywords: abnormal electrolytes, abnormal lytes, lytes

Overview

Electrolytes are electrically charged solutes necessary to maintain body homeostasis. The main electrolytes include Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Chloride (Cl), Calcium (Ca), Phosphorus (P), and Magnesium (Mg). These electrolytes are involved in multiple physiologic and neurohormonal reactions necessary to maintain neuromuscular, neuronal, myocardial, and acid-base balance. Their balance are mainly regulated by renal and endocrine systems, any changes in their balance may be life threatening. Electrolytes are in balance to achieve neutral electrical charges. Electrolytes could be classified based on their electrical charge to anions and cations. Anions include bicarbonate, chloride, and phosphorus. Cations are calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium. Sodium and chloride are the major extracellular ions that has the greatest impact on serum osmolality (solute concentration in 1 liter of water). Calcium and bicarbonate are the other major extracellular electrolytes. Main intracellular electrolytes are potassium, phosphorus, and magnesium.

Causes

Electrolyte Ionic formula Normal limits (mg/dl) Disturbance Common causes
Sodium Na+ 135-145 Hyponatremia Hypovolemic[1]
Euvolemic[2][3][4] SIADH, glucocorticoid deficiency, psychogenic polydipsia
Hypervolemic[5][6][7] CHF, cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome, renal failure
Hypernatremia Extrarenal loss[8][9] Vomiting, diarrhea, insensible loss
Renal loss[10] Diuretics, diabetes insipidus (central and nephrogenic)
Potassium K+ 3.5-5 Hypokalemia Transcellular shifts[11][12] Insulin therapy, alkalosis
GI loss[13][14] Diarrhea, laxative abuse, vomiting
Renal loss[15][16][17][18]
Hyperkalemia[19][20][21] ACE inhibitors, acidosis, addisonian crisis, beta blockers, blood transfusion, cirrhosis, diabetic nephropathy, high potassium diet, malnutrition, renal tubular acidosis type IV, renal failure
Calcium Ca2+ 8.9-10.1 Hypocalcemia[22][23][24] Hypoparathyroidism, pseudohypoparathyroidism, hypomagnesemia, hypovitaminosis D,

chronic kidney disease, hypoalbuminemia

Hypercalcemia[25][26][27][28] Hyperparathyroidism, familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia, malignancy, Milk-alkali syndrome,

vitamin D toxicity, sarcoidosis, diuretics, lithium

Phosphate PO43- 2.5-4.5 Hypophosphatemia[29][30][31] Refeeding syndrome, respiratory alkalosis, alcohol abuse, malabsorption
Hyperphosphatemia[32][33] Transcellular shift, tumor lysis syndrome , rhabdomyolysis, hypoparathyroidism, pseudohypoparathyroidism, acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease
Magnesium Mg2+ 1.5-2.5 Hypomagnesemia[34][35][36] Alcohol use, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, hypercalcemia, Gitelman syndrome, loop and thiazide diuretics
Hypermagnesemia[37][38] Renal failure, massive oral ingestion

Table of common electrolyte disturbances

Electrolyte Abnormalities and ECG Changes

The most notable feature of hyperkalemia is the "tent shaped" or "peaked" T wave. Delayed ventricular depolarization leads to a widened QRS complex and the P wave becomes wider and flatter. When hyperkalemia becomes severe, the ECG resembles a sine wave as the P wave disappears from view. In contrast, hypokalemia is associated with flattenting of the T wave and the appearance of a U wave. When untreated, hypokalemia may lead to severe arrhythmias.

The fast ventricular depolarization and repolarization associated with hypercalcemia lead to a characteristic shortening of the QT interval. Hypocalcemia has the opposite effect, lengthening the QT interval.

Differentiating electrolyte disturbances from other diseases

Electrolyte disturbance must be differentiated from other causes of headache, altered mental status and seizures such as brain tumors and delirium trmemns.

References

  1. ↑ Alam NH, Majumder RN, Fuchs GJ (July 1999). "Efficacy and safety of oral rehydration solution with reduced osmolarity in adults with cholera: a randomised double-blind clinical trial. CHOICE study group". Lancet. 354 (9175): 296–9. PMID 10440307.
  2. ↑ Pham PC, Pham PM, Pham PT (May 2006). "Vasopressin excess and hyponatremia". Am. J. Kidney Dis. 47 (5): 727–37. doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2006.01.020. PMID 16632011.
  3. ↑ Ellison DH, Berl T (May 2007). "Clinical practice. The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis". N. Engl. J. Med. 356 (20): 2064–72. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp066837. PMID 17507705.
  4. ↑ Oelkers W (August 1989). "Hyponatremia and inappropriate secretion of vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) in patients with hypopituitarism". N. Engl. J. Med. 321 (8): 492–6. doi:10.1056/NEJM198908243210802. PMID 2548097.
  5. ↑ Leier CV, Dei Cas L, Metra M (September 1994). "Clinical relevance and management of the major electrolyte abnormalities in congestive heart failure: hyponatremia, hypokalemia, and hypomagnesemia". Am. Heart J. 128 (3): 564–74. PMID 8074021.
  6. ↑ Rodríguez-Iturbe B, Colic D, Parra G, Gutkowska J (September 1990). "Atrial natriuretic factor in the acute nephritic and nephrotic syndromes". Kidney Int. 38 (3): 512–7. PMID 2146429.
  7. ↑ Ginès P, Guevara M (September 2008). "Hyponatremia in cirrhosis: pathogenesis, clinical significance, and management". Hepatology. 48 (3): 1002–10. doi:10.1002/hep.22418. PMID 18671303.
  8. ↑ Rose BD (December 1986). "New approach to disturbances in the plasma sodium concentration". Am. J. Med. 81 (6): 1033–40. PMID 3799631.
  9. ↑ Shamsuddin AK, Yanagimoto S, Kuwahara T, Zhang Y, Nomura C, Kondo N (June 2005). "Changes in the index of sweat ion concentration with increasing sweat during passive heat stress in humans". Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 94 (3): 292–7. doi:10.1007/s00421-005-1314-7. PMID 15765239.
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  37. ↑ RANDALL RE, COHEN MD, SPRAY CC, ROSSMEISL EC (July 1964). "HYPERMAGNESEMIA IN RENAL FAILURE. ETIOLOGY AND TOXIC MANIFESTATIONS". Ann. Intern. Med. 61: 73–88. PMID 14178364.
  38. ↑ Clark BA, Brown RS (1992). "Unsuspected morbid hypermagnesemia in elderly patients". Am. J. Nephrol. 12 (5): 336–43. doi:10.1159/000168469. PMID 1489003.

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