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Revision as of 20:09, 4 June 2018

Pyuria Differential Diagnosis

Differentiating the diseases that can cause pyuria:^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]

Category	Disease			Clinical manifestations										Para−clinical findings										Gold standard for diagnosis	Associated findings
				Symptoms							Physical examination			Para−clinical findings
				Symptoms							Physical examination			Lab Findings							Imaging
				Pain	Fever	N/V	Urinary symptoms				BP	Edema	Other	CBC	Electrolytes	Urinalysis					Ultrasound	CT scan	Other
				Pain	Fever	N/V	Dysuria	Frequency	Urgency	Gross hematuria	BP	Edema	Other	CBC	Electrolytes	Cell	Cast	Bacteriuria	Culture	Other	Ultrasound	CT scan	Other
Infectious diseases	UTI^[5]	Bacterial	Asymptomatic bacteriuria^[6]^[7]	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	Nl	−	−	Nl	Nl	±	−	+	−	−	−	−	−	Urinalysis	Increased risk in pregnancy Must be treated prior to an invasive urologic procedure
			Cystitis^[8]	−	−	−	+	+	+	−	Nl	−	−	Nl	Nl	+	−	+	+	Nitrite + Leukocyte esterase +	−	−	−	Urinalysis
			Pyelonephritis^[9]	+	+	+	+	+	+	−	Nl	−	−	WBC ↑	Nl	+	WBC cast	+	+	Nitrite + Leukocyte esterase +	−	−	−	Clinical manifestation + urinalysis
		Viral^[10]^[11]		−	−	+	+	+	+	±	Nl	−	−	Nl	Nl	+	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	PCR viral load	Increased risk in immunosuppressed kidney transplant patients CMV, EBV, BK virus, adenovirus might be seen
		Tuberculosis^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15]		−	±	−	+	+	+	+	Nl	−	−	Nl	Nl	±	−	−	Positive mycobacterial urine culture	Microscopic hematuria +	−	Pulmonary TB on chest CT	−	Urine mycobacterial PCR	Past history of pulmonary TB
		Fungal^[16]^[17]		−	−	−	+	+	−	−	Nl	−	−	Nl	Nl	±	−	−	+ after several weeks of follow up	−	Hydronephrosis	−	−	Urine culture	Increased risk in patients with long−term foley catheters Candida as the most prevalent fungus
		STD	Chlamydia^[18]^[19]	Chronic pelvic pain	−	−	+	+	−	−	Nl	−	Abdominal tenderness Adnexal motion tenderness	Nl	Nl	+	−	−	+	−	−	−	−	PCR	Females might have concurrent chlamydial cervicitis Must be considered in young, sexually active males
			Gonococcus^[20]^[21]^[22]	Chronic pelvic pain	−	−	+	+	−	−	Nl	−	Abdominal tenderness Adnexal motion tenderness	Nl	Nl	+	−	−	+ High false negative result	Intracellular gram−negative diplococci on gram stain	−	−	−	Nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT)	Females might have concurrent cervical gonococcal infection Must be considered in young, sexually active males
			Ureaplasma urealyticum^[23]	−	−	−	+	+	−	−	Nl	−	−	Nl	Nl	+	−	−	−	Gram stain −	−	−	−	PCR	Associated with complications of pregnancy
			Herpes simplex virus^[24]	+	+	−	+	+	−	−	Nl	−	Painful genital ulcers Tender local inguinal lymphadenopathy Acute urinary retention Loss of sacral sensation	Nl	Nl	+	−	−	Viral culture +	−	−	−	−	Clinical manifestation + PCR	Associated with extragenital complications, like aseptic meningitis High risk of recurrence
			Herpes zoster^[25]	−	−	−	+	+	−	−	Nl	−	Rash Acute neuritis	Nl	Nl	+	−	−		Microscopic hematuria					Associated with lumbosacral dermatome involvement
			HPV
			HIV
		Prostatitis
	Balanitis
	Appendicitis
Category	Disease			Pain	Fever	N/V	Dysuria	Frequency	Urgency	Gross hematuria	BP	Edema	Other PE	CBC	Electrolytes	Cell	Cast	Bacteriuria	Culture	Other UA findings	Ultrasound	CT scan	Other imaging	Gold standard for diagnosis	Associated findings
Non−infectious diseases	Urinary tract disorders	Urinary catheterization^[26]		−	−	−	+	+	−	−	Nl	−	−	Leukocytosis ±	Nl	↑	−	+	+	Leukocyte esterase ±	−	−	−	Clinical manifestation + urinalysis	Predicting UTI in children who required clean intermittent catheterization by routine urinalysis
		Urinary tract stone
		Urinary tract neoplasm
		Urinary fistula
		Interstitial cystitis
		Vesicoureteral reflux
		Hydronephrosis
	Renal diseases	Polycystic kidney disease
		Renal vein thrombosis
		Interstitial nephritis
		Papillary necrosis
		IgA nephropathy
		Renal transplant rejection
	Disease			Pain	Fever	N/V	Dysuria	Frequency	Urgency	Gross hematuria	BP	Edema	Other PE	CBC	Electrolytes	Cell	Cast	Bacteriuria	Culture	Other UA findings	Ultrasound	CT scan	Other imaging	Gold standard for diagnosis	Associated findings
	Systemic disease	Malignant hypertension
		Diabetic nephropathy
		Sickle cell disease
		Sarcoidosis
		Systemic lupus erythematosus
		Sjögren’s syndrome
		Kawasaki's disease^[27]		−	+	−	+	+	+	−	Nl	−				+	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	Clinical manifestation
		Henoch−Schönlein purpura								+						+	+	+		Proteinuria
		Graft versus host disease (GVHD)
	Medication/toxin	Analgesic nephropathy
		Contrast−induced nephropathy
		Glucocorticoids
		Toluene
		Lead poisoning
Category	Disease			Pain	Fever	N/V	Dysuria	Frequency	Urgency	Gross hematuria	BP	Edema	Other PE	CBC	Electrolytes	Cell	Cast	Bacteriuria	Culture	Other UA findings	Ultrasound	CT scan	Other imaging	Gold standard for diagnosis	Associated findings

↑ Wise, Gilbert J.; Longo, Dan L.; Schlegel, Peter N. (2015). "Sterile Pyuria". New England Journal of Medicine. 372 (11): 1048–1054. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1410052. ISSN 0028-4793.
↑ Stamm, Walter E. (1983). "Measurement of pyuria and its relation to bacteriuria". The American Journal of Medicine. 75 (1): 53–58. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(83)90073-6. ISSN 0002-9343.
↑ Groah, Suzanne; Perez-Losada, Marcos; Caldovic, Ljubica; Ljungberg, Inger; Sprague, Bruce; Castro-Nallar, Eduardo; Shah, Neel; Hsieh, Michael; Pohl, Hans (2015). "MP20-08 PYURIA AND ASYMPTOMATIC BACTERIURIA IS ASSOCIATED WITH NOVEL AND SPECIFIC URINE MICROBIOMES". The Journal of Urology. 193 (4): e226. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2015.02.980. ISSN 0022-5347.
↑ Shaikh, N.; Shope, T. R.; Hoberman, A.; Vigliotti, A.; Kurs-Lasky, M.; Martin, J. M. (2016). "Association Between Uropathogen and Pyuria". PEDIATRICS. 138 (1): e20160087–e20160087. doi:10.1542/peds.2016-0087. ISSN 0031-4005.
↑ Neal DE (February 2008). "Complicated urinary tract infections". Urol. Clin. North Am. 35 (1): 13–22, v. doi:10.1016/j.ucl.2007.09.010. PMID 18061020.
↑ Nicolle, Lindsay E. (2014). "Asymptomatic bacteriuria". Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases. 27 (1): 90–96. doi:10.1097/QCO.0000000000000019. ISSN 0951-7375.
↑ Nicolle, Lindsay E. (2015). "Asymptomatic Bacteriuria and Bacterial Interference". Microbiology Spectrum. 3 (5). doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.UTI-0001-2012. ISSN 2165-0497.
↑ Sabih A, Leslie SW. PMID 28613784. Missing or empty |title= (help)
↑ Pietrucha-Dilanchian P, Hooton TM (December 2016). "Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention of Urinary Tract Infection". Microbiol Spectr. 4 (6). doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.UTI-0021-2015. PMID 28087935.
↑ Aboumohamed A, Flechner SM, Chiesa-Vottero A, Srinivas TR, Mossad SB (November 2014). "Disseminated adenoviral infection masquerading as lower urinary tract voiding dysfunction in a kidney transplant recipient". Clin. Nephrol. 82 (5): 332–6. doi:10.5414/CN107977. PMID 23816478.
↑ Santiago-Rodriguez TM, Ly M, Bonilla N, Pride DT (2015). "The human urine virome in association with urinary tract infections". Front Microbiol. 6: 14. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2015.00014. PMC 4304238. PMID 25667584.
↑ Altiparmak MR, Trabulus S, Balkan II, Yalin SF, Denizli N, Aslan G, Doruk HE, Engin A, Tekin R, Birengel S, Cetin BD, Arslan F, Turhan V, Mert A (August 2015). "Urinary tuberculosis: a cohort of 79 adult cases". Ren Fail. 37 (7): 1157–63. doi:10.3109/0886022X.2015.1057460. PMID 26123266.
↑ Verma AK, Mishra AK, Kumar M, Kant S, Singh A, Singh A (July 2016). "Renal tuberculosis presenting as acute pyelonephritis - A rarity". Indian J Tuberc. 63 (3): 210–213. doi:10.1016/j.ijtb.2015.07.010. PMID 27865246.
↑ Daher Ede F, da Silva GB, Barros EJ (January 2013). "Renal tuberculosis in the modern era". Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 88 (1): 54–64. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2013.12-0413. PMC 3541747. PMID 23303798.
↑ Czapka M, Shukla S, Slosar-Cheah M (August 2017). "Urine trouble: genitourinary tuberculosis and subsequent DRESS syndrome". BMJ Case Rep. 2017. doi:10.1136/bcr-2017-220440. PMID 28784884.
↑ Kim J, Kim DS, Lee YS, Choi NG (September 2011). "Fungal urinary tract infection in burn patients with long-term foley catheterization". Korean J Urol. 52 (9): 626–31. doi:10.4111/kju.2011.52.9.626. PMC 3198237. PMID 22025959.
↑ Carvalho M, Guimarães CM, Mayer JR, Bordignon GP, Queiroz-Telles F (December 2001). "Hospital-associated funguria: analysis of risk factors, clinical presentation and outcome". Braz J Infect Dis. 5 (6): 313–8. PMID 11980593.
↑ Matthews, R.S.; Bonigal, S.D.; Wise, R. (1990). "Sterile pyuria and Chlamydia trachomatis". The Lancet. 336 (8711): 385. doi:10.1016/0140-6736(90)91936-5. ISSN 0140-6736.
↑ Tayal SC, Pattman RS (1996). "Sterile pyuria: consider chlamydial infection". Br J Clin Pract. 50 (3): 166–7. PMID 8733337.
↑ Clarke M, Maskell R (December 1981). "Gonorrhoea presenting as "sterile" pyuria". Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 283 (6305): 1546. PMC 1507898. PMID 6799059.
↑ Jephcott AE (August 1997). "Microbiological diagnosis of gonorrhoea". Genitourin Med. 73 (4): 245–52. PMC 1195851. PMID 9389943.
↑ Tomas ME, Getman D, Donskey CJ, Hecker MT (August 2015). "Overdiagnosis of Urinary Tract Infection and Underdiagnosis of Sexually Transmitted Infection in Adult Women Presenting to an Emergency Department". J. Clin. Microbiol. 53 (8): 2686–92. doi:10.1128/JCM.00670-15. PMC 4508438. PMID 26063863.
↑ Nassar FA, Abu-Elamreen FH, Shubair ME, Sharif FA (2008). "Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma hominis, genitalium and Ureaplasma urealyticum by polymerase chain reaction in patients with sterile pyuria". Adv Med Sci. 53 (1): 80–6. doi:10.2478/v10039-008-0020-1. PMID 18614434.
↑ Xu F, Sternberg MR, Kottiri BJ, McQuillan GM, Lee FK, Nahmias AJ, Berman SM, Markowitz LE (August 2006). "Trends in herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 seroprevalence in the United States". JAMA. 296 (8): 964–73. doi:10.1001/jama.296.8.964. PMID 16926356.
↑ Chen, Po-Hong; Hsueh, Hsiu-Fang; Hong, Chang-Zern (2002). "Herpes zoster–associated voiding dysfunction: A retrospective study and literature review". Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 83 (11): 1624–1628. doi:10.1053/apmr.2002.34602. ISSN 0003-9993.
↑ Forster, C.S.; Haslam, D.B.; Jackson, E.; Goldstein, S.L. (2017). "Utility of a routine urinalysis in children who require clean intermittent catheterization". Journal of Pediatric Urology. 13 (5): 488.e1–488.e5. doi:10.1016/j.jpurol.2017.01.016. ISSN 1477-5131.
↑ Wirojanan J, Sopontammarak S, Vachvanichsanong P (March 2004). "Sterile pyuria in Kawasaki disease". Pediatr. Nephrol. 19 (3): 363. doi:10.1007/s00467-003-1394-8. PMID 14745638.

[WiseLongo2015-1] Wise, Gilbert J.; Longo, Dan L.; Schlegel, Peter N. (2015). "Sterile Pyuria". New England Journal of Medicine. 372 (11): 1048–1054. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1410052. ISSN 0028-4793.

[Stamm1983-2] Stamm, Walter E. (1983). "Measurement of pyuria and its relation to bacteriuria". The American Journal of Medicine. 75 (1): 53–58. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(83)90073-6. ISSN 0002-9343.

[GroahPerez-Losada2015-3] Groah, Suzanne; Perez-Losada, Marcos; Caldovic, Ljubica; Ljungberg, Inger; Sprague, Bruce; Castro-Nallar, Eduardo; Shah, Neel; Hsieh, Michael; Pohl, Hans (2015). "MP20-08 PYURIA AND ASYMPTOMATIC BACTERIURIA IS ASSOCIATED WITH NOVEL AND SPECIFIC URINE MICROBIOMES". The Journal of Urology. 193 (4): e226. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2015.02.980. ISSN 0022-5347.

[ShaikhShope2016-4] Shaikh, N.; Shope, T. R.; Hoberman, A.; Vigliotti, A.; Kurs-Lasky, M.; Martin, J. M. (2016). "Association Between Uropathogen and Pyuria". PEDIATRICS. 138 (1): e20160087–e20160087. doi:10.1542/peds.2016-0087. ISSN 0031-4005.

[pmid18061020-5] Neal DE (February 2008). "Complicated urinary tract infections". Urol. Clin. North Am. 35 (1): 13–22, v. doi:10.1016/j.ucl.2007.09.010. PMID 18061020.

[Nicolle2014-6] Nicolle, Lindsay E. (2014). "Asymptomatic bacteriuria". Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases. 27 (1): 90–96. doi:10.1097/QCO.0000000000000019. ISSN 0951-7375.

[Nicolle2015-7] Nicolle, Lindsay E. (2015). "Asymptomatic Bacteriuria and Bacterial Interference". Microbiology Spectrum. 3 (5). doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.UTI-0001-2012. ISSN 2165-0497.

[pmid28613784-8] Sabih A, Leslie SW. PMID 28613784. Missing or empty |title= (help)

[pmid28087935-9] Pietrucha-Dilanchian P, Hooton TM (December 2016). "Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention of Urinary Tract Infection". Microbiol Spectr. 4 (6). doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.UTI-0021-2015. PMID 28087935.

[pmid23816478-10] Aboumohamed A, Flechner SM, Chiesa-Vottero A, Srinivas TR, Mossad SB (November 2014). "Disseminated adenoviral infection masquerading as lower urinary tract voiding dysfunction in a kidney transplant recipient". Clin. Nephrol. 82 (5): 332–6. doi:10.5414/CN107977. PMID 23816478.

[pmid25667584-11] Santiago-Rodriguez TM, Ly M, Bonilla N, Pride DT (2015). "The human urine virome in association with urinary tract infections". Front Microbiol. 6: 14. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2015.00014. PMC 4304238. PMID 25667584.

[pmid26123266-12] Altiparmak MR, Trabulus S, Balkan II, Yalin SF, Denizli N, Aslan G, Doruk HE, Engin A, Tekin R, Birengel S, Cetin BD, Arslan F, Turhan V, Mert A (August 2015). "Urinary tuberculosis: a cohort of 79 adult cases". Ren Fail. 37 (7): 1157–63. doi:10.3109/0886022X.2015.1057460. PMID 26123266.

[pmid27865246-13] Verma AK, Mishra AK, Kumar M, Kant S, Singh A, Singh A (July 2016). "Renal tuberculosis presenting as acute pyelonephritis - A rarity". Indian J Tuberc. 63 (3): 210–213. doi:10.1016/j.ijtb.2015.07.010. PMID 27865246.

[pmid23303798-14] Daher Ede F, da Silva GB, Barros EJ (January 2013). "Renal tuberculosis in the modern era". Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 88 (1): 54–64. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2013.12-0413. PMC 3541747. PMID 23303798.

[pmid28784884-15] Czapka M, Shukla S, Slosar-Cheah M (August 2017). "Urine trouble: genitourinary tuberculosis and subsequent DRESS syndrome". BMJ Case Rep. 2017. doi:10.1136/bcr-2017-220440. PMID 28784884.

[pmid22025959-16] Kim J, Kim DS, Lee YS, Choi NG (September 2011). "Fungal urinary tract infection in burn patients with long-term foley catheterization". Korean J Urol. 52 (9): 626–31. doi:10.4111/kju.2011.52.9.626. PMC 3198237. PMID 22025959.

[pmid11980593-17] Carvalho M, Guimarães CM, Mayer JR, Bordignon GP, Queiroz-Telles F (December 2001). "Hospital-associated funguria: analysis of risk factors, clinical presentation and outcome". Braz J Infect Dis. 5 (6): 313–8. PMID 11980593.

[MatthewsBonigal1990-18] Matthews, R.S.; Bonigal, S.D.; Wise, R. (1990). "Sterile pyuria and Chlamydia trachomatis". The Lancet. 336 (8711): 385. doi:10.1016/0140-6736(90)91936-5. ISSN 0140-6736.

[pmid8733337-19] Tayal SC, Pattman RS (1996). "Sterile pyuria: consider chlamydial infection". Br J Clin Pract. 50 (3): 166–7. PMID 8733337.

[pmid6799059-20] Clarke M, Maskell R (December 1981). "Gonorrhoea presenting as "sterile" pyuria". Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 283 (6305): 1546. PMC 1507898. PMID 6799059.

[pmid9389943-21] Jephcott AE (August 1997). "Microbiological diagnosis of gonorrhoea". Genitourin Med. 73 (4): 245–52. PMC 1195851. PMID 9389943.

[pmid26063863-22] Tomas ME, Getman D, Donskey CJ, Hecker MT (August 2015). "Overdiagnosis of Urinary Tract Infection and Underdiagnosis of Sexually Transmitted Infection in Adult Women Presenting to an Emergency Department". J. Clin. Microbiol. 53 (8): 2686–92. doi:10.1128/JCM.00670-15. PMC 4508438. PMID 26063863.

[pmid18614434-23] Nassar FA, Abu-Elamreen FH, Shubair ME, Sharif FA (2008). "Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma hominis, genitalium and Ureaplasma urealyticum by polymerase chain reaction in patients with sterile pyuria". Adv Med Sci. 53 (1): 80–6. doi:10.2478/v10039-008-0020-1. PMID 18614434.

[pmid16926356-24] Xu F, Sternberg MR, Kottiri BJ, McQuillan GM, Lee FK, Nahmias AJ, Berman SM, Markowitz LE (August 2006). "Trends in herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 seroprevalence in the United States". JAMA. 296 (8): 964–73. doi:10.1001/jama.296.8.964. PMID 16926356.

[ChenHsueh2002-25] Chen, Po-Hong; Hsueh, Hsiu-Fang; Hong, Chang-Zern (2002). "Herpes zoster–associated voiding dysfunction: A retrospective study and literature review". Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 83 (11): 1624–1628. doi:10.1053/apmr.2002.34602. ISSN 0003-9993.

[ForsterHaslam2017-26] Forster, C.S.; Haslam, D.B.; Jackson, E.; Goldstein, S.L. (2017). "Utility of a routine urinalysis in children who require clean intermittent catheterization". Journal of Pediatric Urology. 13 (5): 488.e1–488.e5. doi:10.1016/j.jpurol.2017.01.016. ISSN 1477-5131.

[pmid14745638-27] Wirojanan J, Sopontammarak S, Vachvanichsanong P (March 2004). "Sterile pyuria in Kawasaki disease". Pediatr. Nephrol. 19 (3): 363. doi:10.1007/s00467-003-1394-8. PMID 14745638.

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@@ Line 66: / Line 66: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Urine|Urinalysis]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Increased risk in [[pregnancy]]
 * Must be treated prior to an invasive urologic procedure
@@ Line 171: / Line 171: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Urine mycobacterial [[Polymerase chain reaction|PCR]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Past history of [[Tuberculosis|pulmonary TB]]
 |-
@@ Line 196: / Line 196: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Urine culture]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Increased risk in patients with long−term foley [[Catheter|catheters]]
 * [[Candidiasis|Candida]] as the most prevalent fungus
@@ Line 211: / Line 211: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Tenderness (medicine)|Abdominal tenderness]]
 * [[Adnexa|Adnexal]] motion [[tenderness]]
@@ Line 225: / Line 225: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Polymerase chain reaction|PCR]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Females might have concurrent chlamydial [[cervicitis]]
 * Must be considered in young, sexually active males
@@ Line 239: / Line 239: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Tenderness (medicine)|Abdominal tenderness]]
 * [[Adnexa|Adnexal]] motion [[tenderness]]
@@ Line 249: / Line 249: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
 High false negative result
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Intracellular gram−negative [[Diplococcus|diplococci]] on [[Gram staining|gram stain]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
@@ Line 255: / Line 255: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Nucleic acid amplification technique|Nucleic acid amplification]] testing (NAAT)
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Females might have concurrent cervical [[Gonorrhea|gonococcal infection]]
 * Must be considered in young, sexually active males
@@ Line 276: / Line 276: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Gram stain −
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
@@ Line 282: / Line 282: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Polymerase chain reaction|PCR]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Associated with complications of pregnancy
 |-
@@ Line 295: / Line 295: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Painful [[Genital ulcer|genital ulcers]]
 * Tender local inguinal [[lymphadenopathy]]
@@ Line 311: / Line 311: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical manifestation + [[Polymerase chain reaction|PCR]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Associated with extragenital complications, like [[Meningitis|aseptic meningitis]]
 * High risk of recurrence
@@ Line 325: / Line 325: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Rash]]
 * Acute [[neuritis]]
@@ Line 334: / Line 334: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 *  [[Microscopic hematuria]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
@@ Line 340: / Line 340: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Associated with lumbosacral [[dermatome]] involvement
 |-
@@ Line 501: / Line 501: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Leukocytosis]] ±
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
@@ Line 508: / Line 508: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 *  [[Leukocyte esterase]] ±
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
@@ Line 514: / Line 514: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical manifestation + [[Urine|urinalysis]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Predicting [[Urinary tract infection|UTI]] in children who required clean intermittent [[Catheter|catheterization]] by routine [[Urine|urinalysis]]
 |-
@@ Line 999: / Line 999: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 |-
-! colspan="2" |Henoch−Schönlein purpura
+! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Henoch−Schönlein purpura
-!
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-!
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-!
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-!
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-!
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-!
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-!+
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |+
-!
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-!
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-!
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-!
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-!
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-!+
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |+
-!+
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |+
-!+
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |+
-!
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-!
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Proteinuria
-!
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-!
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-!
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-!
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-!
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 |-
 ! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Graft versus host disease|Graft versus host disease (GVHD)]]

Sandbox: sadaf: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 20:09, 4 June 2018

Pyuria Differential Diagnosis

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