|
|
| Line 11: |
Line 11: |
|
| |
|
| ===Common Causes=== | | ===Common Causes=== |
| *[[Hyperparathyroidism ]] | | *[[Hyperparathyroidism ]] |
| | **Primary hyperparathyroidism |
| | **Secondary hyperparathyroidism (long standing) |
| | **Tertiary hyperparathyroidism |
| *[[Hypercalcemia]] of [[malignancy]] | | *[[Hypercalcemia]] of [[malignancy]] |
| *[[Hyperthyroidism]] | | *[[Hyperthyroidism]] |
| *[[Hypervitaminosis a]] | | *Hypervitaminosis D |
| *[[Hypervitaminosis d]] | | *Increased calcium intake |
| | *Chronic kidney disease |
| | *Milk-alkali syndrome |
| *[[Hypokalaemic distal renal tubular acidosis]] | | *[[Hypokalaemic distal renal tubular acidosis]] |
| *[[Immobilization]]
| |
| *[[Lithium]]
| |
| *[[Sarcoidosis]] | | *[[Sarcoidosis]] |
| *[[Teriparatide]]
| |
| *[[Thiazide]]
| |
|
| |
|
| === Less Common Cause === | | === Less Common Cause === |
| | * Immobilization |
| | * Pagets disease of bone |
| | * Hypervitaminosis A |
| | * [[Lithium]] |
| | * Pheochromocytome |
| | * Adrenal insufficiency |
| | * Rhabdomyolysis |
| | * Acute renal failure |
| | * Theophylline toxicity |
| | * Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia |
| | * Methphysial chondrodysplasia |
| | * Conenital lactase deficienccy |
| | * [[Teriparatide]] |
| | *[[Thiazide]] |
| | * Estrogen |
| * [[Cidofovir]] | | * [[Cidofovir]] |
| *[[Danazol]] | | *[[Danazol]] |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Luke Rusowicz-Orazem, B.S.
Overview
Causes
Life-Threatening Causes
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. Severity of hypercalcemia is more related to life-threatening situations rather that particular causes.
Common Causes
Less Common Cause
Causes by Organ System
| Cardiovascular
|
Beuren-williams syndrome, Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-producing tumor
|
| Chemical / poisoning
|
Aluminium antacid overuse, Aluminum intoxication, Calcium acetate, Caspofungin acetate, Cefepime, Chlortalidone, Theophylline toxicity
|
| Dermatologic
|
Leprosy, Subcutaneous fat necrosis of newborn
|
| Drug Side Effect
|
Cidofovir, Danazol, Dexlansoprazole, Diuretics, Fluoxymesterone, Gestrinone, Lithium, Nandrolone, Paricalcitol, Tamoxifen, Teriparatide, Thiazide, Toremifene
|
| Ear Nose Throat
|
Oral candidiasis, Sjogren's syndrome
|
| Endocrine
|
Abnormal parathyroid gland function, Acromegaly, Addison's disease, Adenoma, Adrenal cortex insufficiency, Adrenal insufficiency, Adult t-cell lymphoma , Bartter's syndrome, Cushing's syndrome, Familial hypocalcuric hypercalcemia, Familial isolated hyperparathyroidism, Growth hormone secreting pituitary adenoma, Hypercalcemia of malignancy, Hyperparathyroidism , Hyperthyroidism, Hypoparathyroidism, Multiple endocrine neoplasia, Neonatal severe primary hyperparathyroidism, Non-parathyroid mediated, Paget's disease of bone, Parathyroid carcinoma, Parathyroid hormone related peptide, Parathyroid hyperplasia, Parathyroid mediated, Pituitary tumour , Pthrp, Tryptophan malabsorption syndrome
|
| Environmental
|
No underlying causes
|
| Gastroenterologic
|
Hepatocellular carcinoma, Vipoma
|
| Genetic
|
Activation of extrarenal 1 alpha-hydroxylase , Beuren-williams syndrome, Familial isolated hyperparathyroidism, Inherited variants, Metaphyseal chondrodysplasia, Phosphoethanolaminuria, Pseudophosphatasia , William's syndrome
|
| Hematologic
|
Acute adult t-cell leukemia , Adult t-cell leukemia, Chronic adult t-cell leukemia , Cuffed blood sample, Cushing's syndrome, Familial hypocalcuric hypercalcemia, Hematologic malignancy, Hodgkin's lymphoma, Hypervitaminosis a, Hypervitaminosis d, Hypokalaemic distal renal tubular acidosis, Hypophosphataemia, Hypophosphatasia , Leukemia, Lymphoma, Multiple myeloma, Plasma cell granuloma, Polycythemia, Pseudophosphatasia , Pthrp, Smoldering adult t-cell leukemia
|
| Iatrogenic
|
Kidney transplant
|
| Infectious Disease
|
Coccidioidomycosis, Histoplasmosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Oral candidiasis, Tuberculosis
|
| Musculoskeletal / Ortho
|
Bone cancer, Bone fracture, Immobilization, Osteolytic bone metastases and local cytokines, Osteomalacia, Osteoporosis, Paget's disease of bone, Paraplegia
|
| Neurologic
|
Adrenal cortex insufficiency, Brown-sequard syndrome
|
| Nutritional / Metabolic
|
Milk-alkali syndrome, Parenteral nutrition
|
| Obstetric/Gynecologic
|
Breast cancer, Ovarian cancer, Subcutaneous fat necrosis of newborn
|
| Oncologic
|
Acute adult t-cell leukemia , Adenoma, Adult t-cell leukemia, Adult t-cell lymphoma , Bone cancer, Breast cancer, Bronchial carcinoma, Chronic adult t-cell leukemia , Growth hormone secreting pituitary adenoma, Hematologic malignancy, Hepatocellular carcinoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, Hypercalcemia of malignancy, Kidney cancer, Lymphoma, Metastatic neoplasm, Multiple endocrine neoplasia, Multiple myeloma, Osteolytic bone metastases and local cytokines, Osteomalacia, Ovarian cancer, Paraneoplastic syndrome, Parathyroid carcinoma, Parathyroid hyperplasia, Pheochromocytoma, Pituitary tumour , Plasma cell granuloma, Silicone-induced granuloma, Smoldering adult t-cell leukemia , Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-producing tumor
|
| Ophthalmologic
|
No underlying causes
|
| Overdose / Toxicity
|
, Aluminum intoxication, Aspirin (in large amounts), Drugs, Hypervitaminosis D, Vitamin A intoxication, Vitamin D intoxication
|
| Psychiatric
|
No underlying causes
|
| Pulmonary
|
Berylliosis, Bronchial carcinoma, Coccidioidomycosis, Histoplasmosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Sarcoidosis, Tuberculosis
|
| Renal / Electrolyte
|
Acute renal failure, Bartter's syndrome, Gitelman syndrome, Hypokalaemic distal renal tubular acidosis, Hypophosphataemia, Hypophosphatasia , Kidney cancer, Kidney transplant, Milk-alkali syndrome, Renal failure, Rhabdomyolysis
|
| Rheum / Immune / Allergy
|
Chronic granulomatous disorders
|
| Sexual
|
No underlying causes
|
| Trauma
|
Bone fracture, Dehydration
|
| Urologic
|
Acute renal failure, Chronic renal failure, Milk-alkali syndrome, Renal failure
|
| Miscellaneous
|
Idiopathic hypercalcemia (in infants), Immobilization, Paraplegia
|
Causes in Alphabetical Order
The unnamed parameter 2= is no longer supported. Please see the documentation for {{
columns-list}}.
3
References
Template:WS
Template:WH