Hypercalcemia causes: Difference between revisions

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**Tertiary hyperparathyroidism<ref name="pmid9780988">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kilgo MS, Pirsch JD, Warner TF, Starling JR |title=Tertiary hyperparathyroidism after renal transplantation: surgical strategy |journal=Surgery |volume=124 |issue=4 |pages=677–83; discussion 683–4 |year=1998 |pmid=9780988 |doi=10.1067/msy.1998.91483 |url=}}</ref>
**Tertiary hyperparathyroidism<ref name="pmid9780988">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kilgo MS, Pirsch JD, Warner TF, Starling JR |title=Tertiary hyperparathyroidism after renal transplantation: surgical strategy |journal=Surgery |volume=124 |issue=4 |pages=677–83; discussion 683–4 |year=1998 |pmid=9780988 |doi=10.1067/msy.1998.91483 |url=}}</ref>
**Neonatal severe hyperparathyroidism
**Neonatal severe hyperparathyroidism
*[[Hypercalcemia]] of [[malignancy]]
*[[Hypercalcemia]] of [[malignancy]]<ref name="pmid26713296">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mirrakhimov AE |title=Hypercalcemia of Malignancy: An Update on Pathogenesis and Management |journal=N Am J Med Sci |volume=7 |issue=11 |pages=483–93 |year=2015 |pmid=26713296 |pmc=4683803 |doi=10.4103/1947-2714.170600 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15673803">{{cite journal| author=Stewart AF| title=Clinical practice. Hypercalcemia associated with cancer. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2005 | volume= 352 | issue= 4 | pages= 373-9 | pmid=15673803 | doi=10.1056/NEJMcp042806 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15673803  }} </ref>
*[[Hyperthyroidism]]
*[[Hyperthyroidism]]
*Hypervitaminosis D
*Hypervitaminosis D<ref name="pmid8120527">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hoeck HC, Laurberg G, Laurberg P |title=Hypercalcaemic crisis after excessive topical use of a vitamin D derivative |journal=J. Intern. Med. |volume=235 |issue=3 |pages=281–2 |year=1994 |pmid=8120527 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid1313547">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jacobus CH, Holick MF, Shao Q, Chen TC, Holm IA, Kolodny JM, Fuleihan GE, Seely EW |title=Hypervitaminosis D associated with drinking milk |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=326 |issue=18 |pages=1173–7 |year=1992 |pmid=1313547 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199204303261801 |url=}}</ref>
*Increased calcium intake
*Increased calcium intake
*Chronic kidney disease
*Chronic kidney disease
*Milk-alkali syndrome
*Milk-alkali syndrome
*[[Hypokalaemic distal renal tubular acidosis]]
*[[Hypokalaemic distal renal tubular acidosis]]
*[[Sarcoidosis]]
*[[Sarcoidosis]]<ref name="pmid9215298">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dusso AS, Kamimura S, Gallieni M, Zhong M, Negrea L, Shapiro S, Slatopolsky E |title=gamma-Interferon-induced resistance to 1,25-(OH)2 D3 in human monocytes and macrophages: a mechanism for the hypercalcemia of various granulomatoses |journal=J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. |volume=82 |issue=7 |pages=2222–32 |year=1997 |pmid=9215298 |doi=10.1210/jcem.82.7.4074 |url=}}</ref>
*Post renal transplantation
*Post renal transplantation


Revision as of 20:06, 5 June 2018

Hypercalcemia Microchapters

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Anmol Pitliya, M.B.B.S. M.D.[2], Luke Rusowicz-Orazem, B.S.

Overview

Hypercalcemia is most commonly caused by hyperparathyroisism and malignancy. Other causes of hypercalcemia include hyperthyroidism, vitamin D toxicity, increased calcium intake, granulomatous diseases ( such sarcoidosis), and various renal disorders.

Causes

Life-Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. Severity of hypercalcemia is more related to life-threatening situations rather that particular cause.

Common Causes

Less Common Cause

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Beuren-williams syndrome, Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-producing tumor
Chemical / poisoning Aluminium antacid overuse, Aluminum intoxication, Calcium acetate, Caspofungin acetate, Cefepime, Chlortalidone, Theophylline toxicity
Dermatologic Leprosy, Subcutaneous fat necrosis of newborn
Drug Side Effect Cidofovir, Danazol, Dexlansoprazole, Diuretics, Fluoxymesterone, Gestrinone, Lithium, Nandrolone, Paricalcitol, Tamoxifen, Teriparatide, Thiazide, Toremifene
Ear Nose Throat Oral candidiasis, Sjogren's syndrome
Endocrine Abnormal parathyroid gland function, Acromegaly, Addison's disease, Adenoma, Adrenal cortex insufficiency, Adrenal insufficiency, Adult t-cell lymphoma  , Bartter's syndrome, Cushing's syndrome, Familial hypocalcuric hypercalcemia, Familial isolated hyperparathyroidism, Growth hormone secreting pituitary adenoma, Hypercalcemia of malignancy, Hyperparathyroidism  , Hyperthyroidism, Hypoparathyroidism, Multiple endocrine neoplasia, Neonatal severe primary hyperparathyroidism, Non-parathyroid mediated, Paget's disease of bone, Parathyroid carcinoma, Parathyroid hormone related peptide, Parathyroid hyperplasia, Parathyroid mediated, Pituitary tumour , Pthrp, Tryptophan malabsorption syndrome
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic Hepatocellular carcinoma, Vipoma
Genetic Activation of extrarenal 1 alpha-hydroxylase , Beuren-williams syndrome, Familial isolated hyperparathyroidism, Inherited variants, Metaphyseal chondrodysplasia, Phosphoethanolaminuria, Pseudophosphatasia  , William's syndrome
Hematologic Acute adult t-cell leukemia  , Adult t-cell leukemia, Chronic adult t-cell leukemia  , Cuffed blood sample, Cushing's syndrome, Familial hypocalcuric hypercalcemia, Hematologic malignancy, Hodgkin's lymphoma, Hypervitaminosis a, Hypervitaminosis d, Hypokalaemic distal renal tubular acidosis, Hypophosphataemia, Hypophosphatasia  , Leukemia, Lymphoma, Multiple myeloma, Plasma cell granuloma, Polycythemia, Pseudophosphatasia  , Pthrp, Smoldering adult t-cell leukemia 
Iatrogenic Kidney transplant
Infectious Disease Coccidioidomycosis, Histoplasmosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Oral candidiasis, Tuberculosis
Musculoskeletal / Ortho Bone cancer, Bone fracture, Immobilization, Osteolytic bone metastases and local cytokines, Osteomalacia, Osteoporosis, Paget's disease of bone, Paraplegia
Neurologic Adrenal cortex insufficiency, Brown-sequard syndrome 
Nutritional / Metabolic Milk-alkali syndrome, Parenteral nutrition
Obstetric/Gynecologic Breast cancer, Ovarian cancer, Subcutaneous fat necrosis of newborn
Oncologic Acute adult t-cell leukemia  , Adenoma, Adult t-cell leukemia, Adult t-cell lymphoma  , Bone cancer, Breast cancer, Bronchial carcinoma, Chronic adult t-cell leukemia  , Growth hormone secreting pituitary adenoma, Hematologic malignancy, Hepatocellular carcinoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, Hypercalcemia of malignancy, Kidney cancer, Lymphoma, Metastatic neoplasm, Multiple endocrine neoplasia, Multiple myeloma, Osteolytic bone metastases and local cytokines, Osteomalacia, Ovarian cancer, Paraneoplastic syndrome, Parathyroid carcinoma, Parathyroid hyperplasia, Pheochromocytoma, Pituitary tumour , Plasma cell granuloma, Silicone-induced granuloma, Smoldering adult t-cell leukemia  , Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-producing tumor
Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity , Aluminum intoxication, Aspirin (in large amounts), Drugs, Hypervitaminosis D, Vitamin A intoxication, Vitamin D intoxication
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary Berylliosis, Bronchial carcinoma, Coccidioidomycosis, Histoplasmosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Sarcoidosis, Tuberculosis
Renal / Electrolyte Acute renal failure, Bartter's syndrome, Gitelman syndrome, Hypokalaemic distal renal tubular acidosis, Hypophosphataemia, Hypophosphatasia  , Kidney cancer, Kidney transplant, Milk-alkali syndrome, Renal failure, Rhabdomyolysis
Rheum / Immune / Allergy Chronic granulomatous disorders
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma Bone fracture, Dehydration
Urologic Acute renal failure, Chronic renal failure, Milk-alkali syndrome, Renal failure
Miscellaneous Idiopathic hypercalcemia (in infants), Immobilization, Paraplegia

Causes in Alphabetical Order

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3

References

  1. ↑ Wieneke JA, Smith A (2008). "Parathyroid adenoma". Head Neck Pathol. 2 (4): 305–8. doi:10.1007/s12105-008-0088-8. PMC 2807581. PMID 20614300.
  2. ↑ Rodriguez M, Nemeth E, Martin D (2005). "The calcium-sensing receptor: a key factor in the pathogenesis of secondary hyperparathyroidism". Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 288 (2): F253–64. doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00302.2004. PMID 15507543.
  3. ↑ Kilgo MS, Pirsch JD, Warner TF, Starling JR (1998). "Tertiary hyperparathyroidism after renal transplantation: surgical strategy". Surgery. 124 (4): 677–83, discussion 683–4. doi:10.1067/msy.1998.91483. PMID 9780988.
  4. ↑ Mirrakhimov AE (2015). "Hypercalcemia of Malignancy: An Update on Pathogenesis and Management". N Am J Med Sci. 7 (11): 483–93. doi:10.4103/1947-2714.170600. PMC 4683803. PMID 26713296.
  5. ↑ Stewart AF (2005). "Clinical practice. Hypercalcemia associated with cancer". N Engl J Med. 352 (4): 373–9. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp042806. PMID 15673803.
  6. ↑ Hoeck HC, Laurberg G, Laurberg P (1994). "Hypercalcaemic crisis after excessive topical use of a vitamin D derivative". J. Intern. Med. 235 (3): 281–2. PMID 8120527.
  7. ↑ Jacobus CH, Holick MF, Shao Q, Chen TC, Holm IA, Kolodny JM, Fuleihan GE, Seely EW (1992). "Hypervitaminosis D associated with drinking milk". N. Engl. J. Med. 326 (18): 1173–7. doi:10.1056/NEJM199204303261801. PMID 1313547.
  8. ↑ Dusso AS, Kamimura S, Gallieni M, Zhong M, Negrea L, Shapiro S, Slatopolsky E (1997). "gamma-Interferon-induced resistance to 1,25-(OH)2 D3 in human monocytes and macrophages: a mechanism for the hypercalcemia of various granulomatoses". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 82 (7): 2222–32. doi:10.1210/jcem.82.7.4074. PMID 9215298.

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