Pyelonephritis causes: Difference between revisions

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{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{VSKP}},{{USAMA}}
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==Overview==
==Overview==
Causes of uncomplicated and complicated pyelonephritis are mostly similar. Common causes of complicated pyelonephritis include functional or anatomic abnormality of the urinary tract that leads to [[vesicoureteral reflux]], and infections such as [[Escherichia coli|E. coli]], [[Enterococcus faecalis]], [[Proteus]], [[Klebsiella]] and [[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]].<ref name="pmid15768623">{{cite journal| author=Ramakrishnan K, Scheid DC| title=Diagnosis and management of acute pyelonephritis in adults. | journal=Am Fam Physician | year= 2005 | volume= 71 | issue= 5 | pages= 933-42 | pmid=15768623 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15768623  }} </ref><ref name="pmid20121956">{{cite journal| author=Kofteridis DP, Papadimitraki E, Mantadakis E, Maraki S, Papadakis JA, Tzifa G et al.| title=Effect of diabetes mellitus on the clinical and microbiological features of hospitalized elderly patients with acute pyelonephritis. | journal=J Am Geriatr Soc | year= 2009 | volume= 57 | issue= 11 | pages= 2125-8 | pmid=20121956 | doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.2009.02550.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20121956  }} </ref>
Causes of uncomplicated and complicated pyelonephritis are mostly similar. Common causes of complicated pyelonephritis include functional or anatomic abnormality of the urinary tract that leads to [[vesicoureteral reflux]], and [[Infection|infections]] such as [[Escherichia coli|E. coli]], [[Enterococcus faecalis]], [[Proteus]], [[Klebsiella]], and [[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]].


== Causes ==
== Causes ==


===Common Causes===
===Common Causes===
Urinary tract infections causing organisms are most common cause of pyelonephritis.<ref name="pmid20121956">{{cite journal| author=Kofteridis DP, Papadimitraki E, Mantadakis E, Maraki S, Papadakis JA, Tzifa G et al.| title=Effect of diabetes mellitus on the clinical and microbiological features of hospitalized elderly patients with acute pyelonephritis. | journal=J Am Geriatr Soc | year= 2009 | volume= 57 | issue= 11 | pages= 2125-8 | pmid=20121956 | doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.2009.02550.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20121956  }} </ref><ref name="pmid12838910">{{cite journal| author=Bass PF, Jarvis JA, Mitchell CK| title=Urinary tract infections. | journal=Prim Care | year= 2003 | volume= 30 | issue= 1 | pages= 41-61, v-vi | pmid=12838910 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12838910  }} </ref><ref name="pmid10584616">{{cite journal| author=Roberts JA| title=Management of pyelonephritis and upper urinary tract infections. | journal=Urol Clin North Am | year= 1999 | volume= 26 | issue= 4 | pages= 753-63 | pmid=10584616 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10584616  }} </ref><ref name="pmid7752732">{{cite journal| author=Bergeron MG| title=Treatment of pyelonephritis in adults. | journal=Med Clin North Am | year= 1995 | volume= 79 | issue= 3 | pages= 619-49 | pmid=7752732 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7752732  }} </ref><ref name="pmid23917908">{{cite journal| author=Zilberberg MD, Shorr AF| title=Secular trends in gram-negative resistance among urinary tract infection hospitalizations in the United States, 2000-2009. | journal=Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol | year= 2013 | volume= 34 | issue= 9 | pages= 940-6 | pmid=23917908 | doi=10.1086/671740 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23917908  }} </ref>
Bacterial microorganisms are the most common cause of pyelonephritis.<ref name="pmid20121956">{{cite journal| author=Kofteridis DP, Papadimitraki E, Mantadakis E, Maraki S, Papadakis JA, Tzifa G et al.| title=Effect of diabetes mellitus on the clinical and microbiological features of hospitalized elderly patients with acute pyelonephritis. | journal=J Am Geriatr Soc | year= 2009 | volume= 57 | issue= 11 | pages= 2125-8 | pmid=20121956 | doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.2009.02550.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20121956  }} </ref><ref name="pmid12838910">{{cite journal| author=Bass PF, Jarvis JA, Mitchell CK| title=Urinary tract infections. | journal=Prim Care | year= 2003 | volume= 30 | issue= 1 | pages= 41-61, v-vi | pmid=12838910 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12838910  }} </ref><ref name="pmid10584616">{{cite journal| author=Roberts JA| title=Management of pyelonephritis and upper urinary tract infections. | journal=Urol Clin North Am | year= 1999 | volume= 26 | issue= 4 | pages= 753-63 | pmid=10584616 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10584616  }} </ref><ref name="pmid7752732">{{cite journal| author=Bergeron MG| title=Treatment of pyelonephritis in adults. | journal=Med Clin North Am | year= 1995 | volume= 79 | issue= 3 | pages= 619-49 | pmid=7752732 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7752732  }} </ref><ref name="pmid23917908">{{cite journal| author=Zilberberg MD, Shorr AF| title=Secular trends in gram-negative resistance among urinary tract infection hospitalizations in the United States, 2000-2009. | journal=Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol | year= 2013 | volume= 34 | issue= 9 | pages= 940-6 | pmid=23917908 | doi=10.1086/671740 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23917908  }} </ref>


* Most cases of "community-acquired" pyelonephritis are due to bowel organisms that enter the urinary tract. Common organisms are:<ref name="pmid15768623">{{cite journal| author=Ramakrishnan K, Scheid DC| title=Diagnosis and management of acute pyelonephritis in adults. | journal=Am Fam Physician | year= 2005 | volume= 71 | issue= 5 | pages= 933-42 | pmid=15768623 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15768623  }} </ref>
* Most cases of "community-acquired" pyelonephritis are due to bowel organisms that enter the urinary tract. Common organisms are:<ref name="pmid15768623">{{cite journal| author=Ramakrishnan K, Scheid DC| title=Diagnosis and management of acute pyelonephritis in adults. | journal=Am Fam Physician | year= 2005 | volume= 71 | issue= 5 | pages= 933-42 | pmid=15768623 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15768623  }} </ref>
Line 15: Line 15:
** [[Enterococcus faecalis]]
** [[Enterococcus faecalis]]


* Hospital-acquired infections may be due to [[coliform]]s and [[enterococci]], as well as other organisms uncommon in the community.<ref name="pmid27915241">{{cite journal| author=Yeow Y, Chong YL| title=Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis presenting as Proteus preperitoneal abscess. | journal=J Surg Case Rep | year= 2016 | volume= 2016 | issue= 12 | pages=  | pmid=27915241 | doi=10.1093/jscr/rjw211 | pmc=5159021 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27915241  }} </ref>
* Hospital-acquired infections may be due to [[coliform]]s and [[enterococci]], as well as other organisms uncommon in the community, such as:<ref name="pmid27915241">{{cite journal| author=Yeow Y, Chong YL| title=Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis presenting as Proteus preperitoneal abscess. | journal=J Surg Case Rep | year= 2016 | volume= 2016 | issue= 12 | pages=  | pmid=27915241 | doi=10.1093/jscr/rjw211 | pmc=5159021 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27915241  }} </ref>
** [[Klebsiella]]
** [[Klebsiella]]
** [[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]
** [[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]
Line 21: Line 21:
** [[Candida]]
** [[Candida]]


===Less Common Bacterial Causes===
===Less Common Causes===
Following are the pathogens less frequently involved in causing pyelonephritis.<ref name="pmid20121956">{{cite journal| author=Kofteridis DP, Papadimitraki E, Mantadakis E, Maraki S, Papadakis JA, Tzifa G et al.| title=Effect of diabetes mellitus on the clinical and microbiological features of hospitalized elderly patients with acute pyelonephritis. | journal=J Am Geriatr Soc | year= 2009 | volume= 57 | issue= 11 | pages= 2125-8 | pmid=20121956 | doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.2009.02550.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20121956  }} </ref><ref name="pmid28101501">{{cite journal| author=Alfouzan W, Al-Sahali S, Sultan H, Dhar R| title=Classical Presentation of Acute Pyelonephritis in a Case of Brucellosis. | journal=Case Rep Nephrol Dial | year= 2016 | volume= 6 | issue= 2 | pages= 83-88 | pmid=28101501 | doi=10.1159/000446393 | pmc=5216229 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28101501  }} </ref>
Following are the pathogens less frequently involved in causing pyelonephritis:<ref name="pmid20121956">{{cite journal| author=Kofteridis DP, Papadimitraki E, Mantadakis E, Maraki S, Papadakis JA, Tzifa G et al.| title=Effect of diabetes mellitus on the clinical and microbiological features of hospitalized elderly patients with acute pyelonephritis. | journal=J Am Geriatr Soc | year= 2009 | volume= 57 | issue= 11 | pages= 2125-8 | pmid=20121956 | doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.2009.02550.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20121956  }} </ref><ref name="pmid28101501">{{cite journal| author=Alfouzan W, Al-Sahali S, Sultan H, Dhar R| title=Classical Presentation of Acute Pyelonephritis in a Case of Brucellosis. | journal=Case Rep Nephrol Dial | year= 2016 | volume= 6 | issue= 2 | pages= 83-88 | pmid=28101501 | doi=10.1159/000446393 | pmc=5216229 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28101501  }} </ref>


*[[Morganella morganii]]  
*[[Morganella morganii]]  
Line 32: Line 32:


===Fungal Causes===
===Fungal Causes===
Fungi are rarely found as a cause of pyelonephritis.<ref name="pmid20121956">{{cite journal| author=Kofteridis DP, Papadimitraki E, Mantadakis E, Maraki S, Papadakis JA, Tzifa G et al.| title=Effect of diabetes mellitus on the clinical and microbiological features of hospitalized elderly patients with acute pyelonephritis. | journal=J Am Geriatr Soc | year= 2009 | volume= 57 | issue= 11 | pages= 2125-8 | pmid=20121956 | doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.2009.02550.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20121956  }} </ref>
Fungi are rarely found as a cause of pyelonephriti:<ref name="pmid20121956">{{cite journal| author=Kofteridis DP, Papadimitraki E, Mantadakis E, Maraki S, Papadakis JA, Tzifa G et al.| title=Effect of diabetes mellitus on the clinical and microbiological features of hospitalized elderly patients with acute pyelonephritis. | journal=J Am Geriatr Soc | year= 2009 | volume= 57 | issue= 11 | pages= 2125-8 | pmid=20121956 | doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.2009.02550.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20121956  }} </ref>
*[[Candida]] species
*[[Candida]] species


Line 48: Line 48:
===Causes by Organ System===
===Causes by Organ System===


{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
{| style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" |'''Cardiovascular'''
| style="width:25%" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" ; border="1" |'''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
| style="width:75%" bgcolor="Beige" ; border="1" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"| '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
| bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dental'''
| '''Dental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cyclophosphamide]], [[Indinavir]], [[Sirolimus]], [[Spermicide|Spermicide use]]  
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Cyclophosphamide]], [[Indinavir]], [[Sirolimus]], [[Spermicide|Spermicide use]]  
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|  [[Diabetes mellitus ]]  
| bgcolor="Beige" |  [[Diabetes mellitus ]]  
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Horseshoe kidney]], [[Polycystic kidney disease, adult (autosomal dominant)]], [[Scalp ear nipple syndrome]], [[Urinary tract malformation]], [[Urofacial syndrome]]  
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Horseshoe kidney]], [[Polycystic kidney disease, adult (autosomal dominant)]], [[Scalp ear nipple syndrome]], [[Urinary tract malformation]], [[Urofacial syndrome]]  
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|  No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |  No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|  [[Ureterosigmoidostomy]], [[Urethral catheterization]], [[Vesicovaginal fistula]]  
| bgcolor="Beige" |  [[Ureterosigmoidostomy]], [[Urethral catheterization]], [[Vesicovaginal fistula]]  
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|  [[E. coli ]], [[Enterococcus faecalis]], [[Klebsiella pneumoniae]], [[Proteus mirabilis ]], [[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]], [[Renal tuberculosis]], [[Staphylococcus saprophyticus]], [[Tiagabine]]  
| bgcolor="Beige" |  [[E. coli ]] , [[Enterococcus faecalis]], [[Klebsiella pneumoniae]], [[Proteus mirabilis ]] , [[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]], [[Renal tuberculosis]], [[Staphylococcus saprophyticus]], [[Tiagabine]]  
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|  No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |  No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|  No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |  No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes  
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes  
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Pregnancy]]  
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Pregnancy]]  
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| Abdominal or pelvic masses  
| bgcolor="Beige" | Abdominal or pelvic masses  
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ophthalmologic'''
| '''Ophthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
| '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Fanconi disease]], [[Horseshoe kidney]], [[Medullary sponge kidney]], [[Polycystic kidney disease, adult (autosomal dominant)]]  
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Fanconi disease]], [[Horseshoe kidney]], [[Medullary sponge kidney]], [[Polycystic kidney disease, adult (autosomal dominant)]]  
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|  No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |  No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
| '''Sexual'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Neurogenic bladder]], [[Urethral stricture]]  
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Neurogenic bladder]], [[Urethral stricture]]  
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
| '''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Benign prostatic hyperplasia]], [[Cystitis]], [[Nephrolithiasis]], [[Neurogenic bladder]], [[Prostatitis]], [[Urethral stricture]], [[Urinary tract malformation]],[[Urinary tract obstruction]], [[Vesico-uretero-renal reflux, congenital]], [[Vesicovaginal fistula]]  
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Benign prostatic hyperplasia]], [[Cystitis]], [[Nephrolithiasis]], [[Neurogenic bladder]], [[Prostatitis]], [[Urethral stricture]], [[Urinary tract malformation]],[[Urinary tract obstruction]], [[Vesico-uretero-renal reflux, congenital]], [[Vesicovaginal fistula]]  
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| Abdominal or pelvic masses  
| bgcolor="Beige" | Abdominal or pelvic masses  
|-
|-
|}
|}

Revision as of 20:50, 7 June 2018

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Venkata Sivakrishna Kumar Pulivarthi M.B.B.S [2],Usama Talib, BSc, MD [3]

Overview

Causes of uncomplicated and complicated pyelonephritis are mostly similar. Common causes of complicated pyelonephritis include functional or anatomic abnormality of the urinary tract that leads to vesicoureteral reflux, and infections such as E. coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Proteus, Klebsiella, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Causes

Common Causes

Bacterial microorganisms are the most common cause of pyelonephritis.[1][2][3][4][5]

  • Most cases of "community-acquired" pyelonephritis are due to bowel organisms that enter the urinary tract. Common organisms are:[6]

Less Common Causes

Following are the pathogens less frequently involved in causing pyelonephritis:[1][8]

Fungal Causes

Fungi are rarely found as a cause of pyelonephriti:[1]

Structural or Anatomic Causes

Some structural or anatomic causes of pyelonephritis may include:

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular No underlying causes
Chemical/Poisoning No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect Cyclophosphamide, Indinavir, Sirolimus, Spermicide use
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine Diabetes mellitus
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic No underlying causes
Genetic Horseshoe kidney, Polycystic kidney disease, adult (autosomal dominant), Scalp ear nipple syndrome, Urinary tract malformation, Urofacial syndrome
Hematologic No underlying causes
Iatrogenic Ureterosigmoidostomy, Urethral catheterization, Vesicovaginal fistula
Infectious Disease E. coli  , Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis  , Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Renal tuberculosis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Tiagabine
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic No underlying causes
Neurologic No underlying causes
Nutritional/Metabolic No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic Pregnancy
Oncologic Abdominal or pelvic masses
Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte Fanconi disease, Horseshoe kidney, Medullary sponge kidney, Polycystic kidney disease, adult (autosomal dominant)
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy No underlying causes
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma Neurogenic bladder, Urethral stricture
Urologic Benign prostatic hyperplasia, Cystitis, Nephrolithiasis, Neurogenic bladder, Prostatitis, Urethral stricture, Urinary tract malformation,Urinary tract obstruction, Vesico-uretero-renal reflux, congenital, Vesicovaginal fistula
Miscellaneous Abdominal or pelvic masses

Causes in Alphabetical Order

The unnamed parameter 2= is no longer supported. Please see the documentation for {{columns-list}}.
3

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Kofteridis DP, Papadimitraki E, Mantadakis E, Maraki S, Papadakis JA, Tzifa G; et al. (2009). "Effect of diabetes mellitus on the clinical and microbiological features of hospitalized elderly patients with acute pyelonephritis". J Am Geriatr Soc. 57 (11): 2125–8. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2009.02550.x. PMID 20121956.
  2. ↑ Bass PF, Jarvis JA, Mitchell CK (2003). "Urinary tract infections". Prim Care. 30 (1): 41–61, v–vi. PMID 12838910.
  3. ↑ Roberts JA (1999). "Management of pyelonephritis and upper urinary tract infections". Urol Clin North Am. 26 (4): 753–63. PMID 10584616.
  4. ↑ Bergeron MG (1995). "Treatment of pyelonephritis in adults". Med Clin North Am. 79 (3): 619–49. PMID 7752732.
  5. ↑ Zilberberg MD, Shorr AF (2013). "Secular trends in gram-negative resistance among urinary tract infection hospitalizations in the United States, 2000-2009". Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 34 (9): 940–6. doi:10.1086/671740. PMID 23917908.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Ramakrishnan K, Scheid DC (2005). "Diagnosis and management of acute pyelonephritis in adults". Am Fam Physician. 71 (5): 933–42. PMID 15768623.
  7. ↑ Yeow Y, Chong YL (2016). "Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis presenting as Proteus preperitoneal abscess". J Surg Case Rep. 2016 (12). doi:10.1093/jscr/rjw211. PMC 5159021. PMID 27915241.
  8. ↑ Alfouzan W, Al-Sahali S, Sultan H, Dhar R (2016). "Classical Presentation of Acute Pyelonephritis in a Case of Brucellosis". Case Rep Nephrol Dial. 6 (2): 83–88. doi:10.1159/000446393. PMC 5216229. PMID 28101501.

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