Urethral cancer risk factors: Difference between revisions
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<ref name="pmid29071155">{{cite journal |vauthors=Elawdy MM, Osman Y, Taha DE, Zahran MH, El-Halwagy S, Garba ME, Harraz AM |title=Risk factors and prognosis of intravesical recurrence after surgical management of upper tract urothelial carcinoma: A 30-year single centre experience |journal=Arab J Urol |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=216–222 |date=September 2017 |pmid=29071155 |pmc=5651950 |doi=10.1016/j.aju.2017.03.006 |url=}}</ref> | |||
{{reflist|2}} | {{reflist|2}} | ||
Revision as of 15:49, 19 June 2018
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Common risk factors in the development of urethral cancer are history of bladder cancer, urinary tract infections, and sexually transmitted diseases.
Risk Factors:
Risk factors for urethral cancer include the following:
- Personal history of bladder cancer.
- Conditions that cause chronic inflammation in the urethra, including:
- Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), including human papillomavirus (especially HPV type 16)
- Frequent urinary tract infections (UTIs)
References
- ↑ Elawdy MM, Osman Y, Taha DE, Zahran MH, El-Halwagy S, Garba ME, Harraz AM (September 2017). "Risk factors and prognosis of intravesical recurrence after surgical management of upper tract urothelial carcinoma: A 30-year single centre experience". Arab J Urol. 15 (3): 216–222. doi:10.1016/j.aju.2017.03.006. PMC 5651950. PMID 29071155.