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Revision as of 15:37, 25 June 2018

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:

Overview

Disease name] may be caused by [cause1], [cause2], or [cause3].

OR

Common causes of [disease] include [cause1], [cause2], and [cause3].

OR

The most common cause of [disease name] is [cause 1]. Less common causes of [disease name] include [cause 2], [cause 3], and [cause 4].

OR

The cause of [disease name] has not been identified. To review risk factors for the development of [disease name], click here.

Causes

It is understood that the main cause of cavernous sinus thrombosis is bacterial infections.^[1]^[2]
- Staphylococcus aureus may account for two-thirds of cases of cavernous sinus thrombosis.
- Other typical organisms include:^[1]^[2]
  - Streptococcus species (approximately 20% of cases)
  - Pneumococcus (5%)
  - Gram-negative species such as Proteus
  - Hemophilus
  - Pseudomonas
  - Fusobacterium
  - Bacteroides
  - Gram-positive species such as Corynebacterium and Actinomyces

In cavernous sinus thrombosis, a blood clot develops in the sinus cavernous structure to prevent the infection from spreading to brain, but it often blocks the blood flow out of the brain.^[2]^[1]

Septic cases of cavernous sinus thrombosis are usually caused by central facial infections, especially within the danger triangle of the face (from the corners of the mouth to the bridge of the nose).^[2]^[1]
The main sources of infection include:^[1]
- Mastoiditis^[3]
- Otitis media^[4]
- Abscess^[5]
- Cellulitis^[6]
- Sinusitis^[7]
- Dental infections or procedures (even a posterior superior alveolar nerve block entering the pterygoid plexus)^[8]

The other rare causes of cavernous sinus thrombosis include:
- Fungal infections^[9]
- Severe head injuries^[10]
- Autoimmune conditions such as lupus^[11]
- Pregnancy^[12]

Life-threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. There are no life-threatening causes of disease name, however complications resulting from untreated disease name is common.
Life-threatening causes of [symptom/manifestation] include [cause1], [cause2], and [cause3].
[Cause] is a life-threatening cause of [disease].

Common Causes

Common causes of [disease name] may include:

[Cause1]
[Cause2]
[Cause3]

OR

[Disease name] is caused by an infection with [pathogen name].
[Pathogen name] is caused by [pathogen name].

Less Common Causes

Less common causes of [disease name] include:

[Cause1]
[Cause2]
[Cause3]

Genetic Causes

[Disease name] is caused by a mutation in the [gene name] gene.

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	No underlying causes
Chemical/Poisoning	No underlying causes
Dental	No underlying causes
Dermatologic	No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect	No underlying causes
Ear Nose Throat	No underlying causes
Endocrine	No underlying causes
Environmental	No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic	No underlying causes
Genetic	No underlying causes
Hematologic	No underlying causes
Iatrogenic	No underlying causes
Infectious Disease	No underlying causes
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic	No underlying causes
Neurologic	No underlying causes
Nutritional/Metabolic	No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic	No underlying causes
Oncologic	No underlying causes
Ophthalmologic	No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity	No underlying causes
Psychiatric	No underlying causes
Pulmonary	No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte	No underlying causes
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy	No underlying causes
Sexual	No underlying causes
Trauma	No underlying causes
Urologic	No underlying causes
Miscellaneous	No underlying causes

Causes in Alphabetical Order

List the causes of the disease in alphabetical order:

Cause 1
Cause 2
Cause 3
Cause 4
Cause 5
Cause 6
Cause 7
Cause 8
Cause 9
Cause 10

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 Varshney S, Malhotra M, Gupta P, Gairola P, Kaur N (2015). "Cavernous sinus thrombosis of nasal origin in children". Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 67 (1): 100–5. doi:10.1007/s12070-014-0805-4. PMC 4298578. PMID 25621244.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 Clifford-Jones RE, Ellis CJ, Stevens JM, Turner A (1982). "Cavernous sinus thrombosis". J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 45 (12): 1092–7. PMC 491689. PMID 7161604.
↑ Venezio FR, Naidich TP, Shulman ST (1982). "Complications of mastoiditis with special emphasis on venous sinus thrombosis". J Pediatr. 101 (4): 509–13. PMID 7119951.
↑ Kuczkowski J (2007). "[Thrombophlebitis of venous sinuses in otitis media]". Otolaryngol Pol. 61 (5): 769–73. doi:10.1016/S0030-6657(07)70523-1. PMID 18552016.
↑ Verma R, Junewar V, Singh RK, Ram H, Pal US (2013). "Bilateral cavernous sinus thrombosis and facial palsy as complications of dental abscess". Natl J Maxillofac Surg. 4 (2): 252–5. doi:10.4103/0975-5950.127664. PMC 3961908. PMID 24665189.
↑ Allegrini D, Reposi S, Nocerino E, Pece A (2017). "Odontogenic orbital cellulitis associated with cavernous sinus thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a case report". J Med Case Rep. 11 (1): 164. doi:10.1186/s13256-017-1309-0. PMC 5477346. PMID 28629401.
↑ Komatsu H, Matsumoto F, Kasai M, Kurano K, Sasaki D, Ikeda K (2013). "Cavernous sinus thrombosis caused by contralateral sphenoid sinusitis: a case report". Head Face Med. 9: 9. doi:10.1186/1746-160X-9-9. PMC 3605125. PMID 23497466.
↑ Yeo GS, Kim HY, Kim H, Kwak EJ, Jung YS, Park HS; et al. (2014). "Cavernous sinus thrombosis caused by a dental infection: a case report". J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg. 40 (4): 195–8. doi:10.5125/jkaoms.2014.40.4.195. PMC 4170663. PMID 25247150.
↑ Munjal M, Khurana AS (2004). "Fungal infections and cavernous sinus thrombosis". Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 56 (3): 235–7. doi:10.1007/BF02974362. PMC 3451890. PMID 23120086.
↑ Ghuman MS, Salunke P, Sahoo SK, Kaur S (2016). "Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in closed head trauma: A call to look beyond fractures and hematomas!". J Emerg Trauma Shock. 9 (1): 37–8. doi:10.4103/0974-2700.173865. PMC 4766763. PMID 26957825.
↑ Singh RK, Bhoi SK, Kalita J, Misra UK (2017). "Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis Presenting Feature of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus". J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 26 (3): 518–522. doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2016.12.001. PMID 28065614.
↑ López F, Santamarta E, Martínez P, Sáiz-Ayala A, Llorente JL (2017). "Cavernous sinus thrombosis during pregnancy". Auris Nasus Larynx. 44 (2): 232–236. doi:10.1016/j.anl.2016.04.006. PMID 27146007.

Template:WH Template:WS

[pmid25621244-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 Varshney S, Malhotra M, Gupta P, Gairola P, Kaur N (2015). "Cavernous sinus thrombosis of nasal origin in children". Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 67 (1): 100–5. doi:10.1007/s12070-014-0805-4. PMC 4298578. PMID 25621244.

[pmid7161604-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 Clifford-Jones RE, Ellis CJ, Stevens JM, Turner A (1982). "Cavernous sinus thrombosis". J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 45 (12): 1092–7. PMC 491689. PMID 7161604.

[pmid7119951-3] Venezio FR, Naidich TP, Shulman ST (1982). "Complications of mastoiditis with special emphasis on venous sinus thrombosis". J Pediatr. 101 (4): 509–13. PMID 7119951.

[pmid18552016-4] Kuczkowski J (2007). "[Thrombophlebitis of venous sinuses in otitis media]". Otolaryngol Pol. 61 (5): 769–73. doi:10.1016/S0030-6657(07)70523-1. PMID 18552016.

[pmid24665189-5] Verma R, Junewar V, Singh RK, Ram H, Pal US (2013). "Bilateral cavernous sinus thrombosis and facial palsy as complications of dental abscess". Natl J Maxillofac Surg. 4 (2): 252–5. doi:10.4103/0975-5950.127664. PMC 3961908. PMID 24665189.

[pmid28629401-6] Allegrini D, Reposi S, Nocerino E, Pece A (2017). "Odontogenic orbital cellulitis associated with cavernous sinus thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a case report". J Med Case Rep. 11 (1): 164. doi:10.1186/s13256-017-1309-0. PMC 5477346. PMID 28629401.

[pmid23497466-7] Komatsu H, Matsumoto F, Kasai M, Kurano K, Sasaki D, Ikeda K (2013). "Cavernous sinus thrombosis caused by contralateral sphenoid sinusitis: a case report". Head Face Med. 9: 9. doi:10.1186/1746-160X-9-9. PMC 3605125. PMID 23497466.

[pmid25247150-8] Yeo GS, Kim HY, Kim H, Kwak EJ, Jung YS, Park HS; et al. (2014). "Cavernous sinus thrombosis caused by a dental infection: a case report". J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg. 40 (4): 195–8. doi:10.5125/jkaoms.2014.40.4.195. PMC 4170663. PMID 25247150.

[pmid23120086-9] Munjal M, Khurana AS (2004). "Fungal infections and cavernous sinus thrombosis". Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 56 (3): 235–7. doi:10.1007/BF02974362. PMC 3451890. PMID 23120086.

[pmid26957825-10] Ghuman MS, Salunke P, Sahoo SK, Kaur S (2016). "Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in closed head trauma: A call to look beyond fractures and hematomas!". J Emerg Trauma Shock. 9 (1): 37–8. doi:10.4103/0974-2700.173865. PMC 4766763. PMID 26957825.

[pmid28065614-11] Singh RK, Bhoi SK, Kalita J, Misra UK (2017). "Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis Presenting Feature of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus". J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 26 (3): 518–522. doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2016.12.001. PMID 28065614.

[pmid27146007-12] López F, Santamarta E, Martínez P, Sáiz-Ayala A, Llorente JL (2017). "Cavernous sinus thrombosis during pregnancy". Auris Nasus Larynx. 44 (2): 232–236. doi:10.1016/j.anl.2016.04.006. PMID 27146007.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

@@ Line 19: / Line 19: @@
 ==Causes==
+*It is understood that the main cause of cavernous sinus thrombosis is [[bacterial infection]]<nowiki/>s.<ref name="pmid25621244">{{cite journal| author=Varshney S, Malhotra M, Gupta P, Gairola P, Kaur N| title=Cavernous sinus thrombosis of nasal origin in children. | journal=Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg | year= 2015 | volume= 67 | issue= 1 | pages= 100-5 | pmid=25621244 | doi=10.1007/s12070-014-0805-4 | pmc=4298578 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25621244  }} </ref><ref name="pmid7161604">{{cite journal| author=Clifford-Jones RE, Ellis CJ, Stevens JM, Turner A| title=Cavernous sinus thrombosis. | journal=J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry | year= 1982 | volume= 45 | issue= 12 | pages= 1092-7 | pmid=7161604 | doi= | pmc=491689 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7161604  }} </ref>
+**[[Staphylococcus aureus]] may account for two-thirds of cases of cavernous sinus thrombosis.
+**Other typical organisms include:<ref name="pmid25621244" /><ref name="pmid7161604" />
+***[[Streptococcus|Streptococcus species]] (approximately 20% of cases)
+***[[Pneumococcus]] (5%)
+***[[Gram-negative|Gram-negative species]] such as [[Proteus]]
+***[[Haemophilus|Hemophilus]]
+***[[Pseudomonas]]
+***[[Fusobacterium]]
+***[[Bacteroides]]
+***[[Gram-positive bacteria|Gram-positive species]] such as [[Corynebacterium]] and [[Actinomyces]]
+* In cavernous sinus thrombosis, a blood clot develops in the [[Cavernous sinus|sinus cavernous]] structure to prevent the infection from spreading to brain, but it often blocks the blood flow out of the brain.<ref name="pmid7161604">{{cite journal| author=Clifford-Jones RE, Ellis CJ, Stevens JM, Turner A| title=Cavernous sinus thrombosis. | journal=J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry | year= 1982 | volume= 45 | issue= 12 | pages= 1092-7 | pmid=7161604 | doi= | pmc=491689 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7161604  }} </ref><ref name="pmid25621244">{{cite journal| author=Varshney S, Malhotra M, Gupta P, Gairola P, Kaur N| title=Cavernous sinus thrombosis of nasal origin in children. | journal=Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg | year= 2015 | volume= 67 | issue= 1 | pages= 100-5 | pmid=25621244 | doi=10.1007/s12070-014-0805-4 | pmc=4298578 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25621244  }} </ref>
+* Septic cases of cavernous sinus thrombosis are usually caused by central facial infections, especially within the [[danger triangle of the face]] (from the corners of the mouth to the bridge of the nose).<ref name="pmid7161604">{{cite journal| author=Clifford-Jones RE, Ellis CJ, Stevens JM, Turner A| title=Cavernous sinus thrombosis. | journal=J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry | year= 1982 | volume= 45 | issue= 12 | pages= 1092-7 | pmid=7161604 | doi= | pmc=491689 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7161604  }} </ref><ref name="pmid25621244">{{cite journal| author=Varshney S, Malhotra M, Gupta P, Gairola P, Kaur N| title=Cavernous sinus thrombosis of nasal origin in children. | journal=Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg | year= 2015 | volume= 67 | issue= 1 | pages= 100-5 | pmid=25621244 | doi=10.1007/s12070-014-0805-4 | pmc=4298578 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25621244  }} </ref>
+* The main sources of infection include:<ref name="pmid25621244">{{cite journal| author=Varshney S, Malhotra M, Gupta P, Gairola P, Kaur N| title=Cavernous sinus thrombosis of nasal origin in children. | journal=Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg | year= 2015 | volume= 67 | issue= 1 | pages= 100-5 | pmid=25621244 | doi=10.1007/s12070-014-0805-4 | pmc=4298578 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25621244  }} </ref>
+** [[Mastoiditis]]<ref name="pmid7119951">{{cite journal| author=Venezio FR, Naidich TP, Shulman ST| title=Complications of mastoiditis with special emphasis on venous sinus thrombosis. | journal=J Pediatr | year= 1982 | volume= 101 | issue= 4 | pages= 509-13 | pmid=7119951 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7119951  }} </ref>
+** [[Otitis media]]<ref name="pmid18552016">{{cite journal| author=Kuczkowski J| title=[Thrombophlebitis of venous sinuses in otitis media]. | journal=Otolaryngol Pol | year= 2007 | volume= 61 | issue= 5 | pages= 769-73 | pmid=18552016 | doi=10.1016/S0030-6657(07)70523-1 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18552016  }} </ref>
+** [[Abscess]]<ref name="pmid24665189">{{cite journal| author=Verma R, Junewar V, Singh RK, Ram H, Pal US| title=Bilateral cavernous sinus thrombosis and facial palsy as complications of dental abscess. | journal=Natl J Maxillofac Surg | year= 2013 | volume= 4 | issue= 2 | pages= 252-5 | pmid=24665189 | doi=10.4103/0975-5950.127664 | pmc=3961908 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24665189  }} </ref>
+** [[Cellulitis]]<ref name="pmid28629401">{{cite journal| author=Allegrini D, Reposi S, Nocerino E, Pece A| title=Odontogenic orbital cellulitis associated with cavernous sinus thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a case report. | journal=J Med Case Rep | year= 2017 | volume= 11 | issue= 1 | pages= 164 | pmid=28629401 | doi=10.1186/s13256-017-1309-0 | pmc=5477346 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28629401  }} </ref>
+** [[Sinusitis]]<ref name="pmid23497466">{{cite journal| author=Komatsu H, Matsumoto F, Kasai M, Kurano K, Sasaki D, Ikeda K| title=Cavernous sinus thrombosis caused by contralateral sphenoid sinusitis: a case report. | journal=Head Face Med | year= 2013 | volume= 9 | issue=  | pages= 9 | pmid=23497466 | doi=10.1186/1746-160X-9-9 | pmc=3605125 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23497466  }} </ref>
+** Dental infections or procedures (even a posterior [[Alveolar|superior alveolar nerve]] block entering the [[pterygoid plexus]])<ref name="pmid25247150">{{cite journal| author=Yeo GS, Kim HY, Kim H, Kwak EJ, Jung YS, Park HS et al.| title=Cavernous sinus thrombosis caused by a dental infection: a case report. | journal=J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg | year= 2014 | volume= 40 | issue= 4 | pages= 195-8 | pmid=25247150 | doi=10.5125/jkaoms.2014.40.4.195 | pmc=4170663 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25247150  }} </ref>
+* The other rare causes of cavernous sinus thrombosis include:
+**[[Fungal infection]]<nowiki/>s<ref name="pmid23120086">{{cite journal| author=Munjal M, Khurana AS| title=Fungal infections and cavernous sinus thrombosis. | journal=Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg | year= 2004 | volume= 56 | issue= 3 | pages= 235-7 | pmid=23120086 | doi=10.1007/BF02974362 | pmc=3451890 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23120086  }} </ref>
+**[[Head injury|Severe head injuries]]<ref name="pmid26957825">{{cite journal| author=Ghuman MS, Salunke P, Sahoo SK, Kaur S| title=Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in closed head trauma: A call to look beyond fractures and hematomas! | journal=J Emerg Trauma Shock | year= 2016 | volume= 9 | issue= 1 | pages= 37-8 | pmid=26957825 | doi=10.4103/0974-2700.173865 | pmc=4766763 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26957825  }} </ref>
+**Autoimmune conditions such as [[lupus]]<ref name="pmid28065614">{{cite journal| author=Singh RK, Bhoi SK, Kalita J, Misra UK| title=Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis Presenting Feature of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. | journal=J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis | year= 2017 | volume= 26 | issue= 3 | pages= 518-522 | pmid=28065614 | doi=10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2016.12.001 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28065614  }} </ref>
+**[[Pregnancy]]<ref name="pmid27146007">{{cite journal| author=López F, Santamarta E, Martínez P, Sáiz-Ayala A, Llorente JL| title=Cavernous sinus thrombosis during pregnancy. | journal=Auris Nasus Larynx | year= 2017 | volume= 44 | issue= 2 | pages= 232-236 | pmid=27146007 | doi=10.1016/j.anl.2016.04.006 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27146007  }} </ref>
 ===Life-threatening Causes===
 *Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. There are no life-threatening causes of [[disease name]], however complications resulting from untreated [[disease name]] is common.