Interstitial nephritis causes: Difference between revisions

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Common causes of interstitial nephritis include drug side effects, particularly [[analgesics]] and [[antibiotics]]. Other common causes include associated nephrologic conditions, as well as [[microbial]] infections.  
Common causes of interstitial nephritis include drug side effects, particularly [[analgesics]] and [[antibiotics]]. Other common causes include associated nephrologic conditions, as well as [[microbial]] infections.  
==Causes==
==Causes==
===Common Causes===
===Drugs (with antibiotics responsible for 30 to 49 percent of these cases) – 70===
*[[Acetaminophen]]
*[[Acyclovir]]
*[[Adenovirus]]
*[[Aldomet]]
*[[Allopurinol]]
*[[Alpha-interferon]]
*[[Alport syndrome]]
*[[Amlodipine]]
*[[Ampicillin]]
*[[Anitrim]]
*[[Anti-tubular basement membrane antibodies]]
*[[Apo-sulfatrim]]
*[[Aspirin]]
*[[Azathioprine]]
*[[Bactelan]]
*[[Batrizol]]
*[[Brucella]]
*[[Bumetanide]]
*[[Candida]]
*[[Captopril]]
*[[Carbamazepine]]
*[[Cefaclor]]
*[[Cefotaxime sodium]]
*[[Cefoxitin sodium]]
*[[Cephalosporin]]
*[[Chlamydia]]
*[[Chlorthalidone]]
*[[Cimetidine]]
*[[Ciprofloxacin]]
*[[Clofibrate]]
*[[Coccidioidomycosis]]
*[[Corynebacterium diphtheriae]]
*[[Cox-2 inhibitors]]
*[[Creatine]]
*[[Cytomegalovirus]]
*[[Dabrafenib mesylate]]
*[[Diazepam]]
*[[Diclofenac]]
*[[Diflunisal]]
*[[Diltiazem]]
*[[Diphenylhydantoin]]
*[[Diphtheria]]
*[[Diuretics]]
*[[Doxycycline]]
*[[Ectaprim]]
*[[Enterobacticel]]
*[[Enterococcus]]
*[[Epstein-barr virus]]
*[[Erythromycin]]
*[[Escherichia coli]]
*[[Esteprim]]
*[[Ethambutol]]
*[[Famotidine]]
*[[Fenoprofen]]
*[[Flurbiprofen]]
*[[Francisella]]
*[[Furosemide]]
*[[Granulomatosis with polyangiitis]]
*[[Griseofulvin]]
*[[Hantaan virus]]
*[[Histoplasmosis]]
*[[Hiv infection]]
*[[Hydralazine]]
*[[Hydrochlorothiazide]]
*[[Hyperkalaemic distal renal tubular acidosis]]
*[[Ibuprofen]]
*[[Indinavir]]
*[[Indomethacin]]
*[[Isobac]]
*[[Isoniazid]]
*[[Kelfiprim]]
*[[Ketoprofen]]
*[[Lansoprazole]]
*[[Legionellosis]]
*[[Leishmaniasis]]
*[[Leptospirosis]]
*[[Macrolides]]
*[[Mesalamine]]
*[[Mesalazine]]
*[[Methicillin]]
*[[Metoxiprim]]
*[[Minocycline hydrochloride]]
*[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]
*[[Mycoplasma infection]]
*[[Naproxen]]
*[[Novo-trimel]]
*[[Nu-cotrimox]]
*[[Olsalazine]]
*[[Omeprazole]]
*[[Oxacillin]]
*[[Oxaprozin]]
*[[Oxytetracycline]]
*[[Pegylated interferon alfa-2b]]
*[[Penicillin]]
*[[Phenindione]]
*[[Phenobarbital]]
*[[Phenteramine]]
*[[Phenylpropanolamine]]
*[[Phenytoin]]
*[[Piperacillin/tazobactam]]
*[[Piroxicam]]
*[[Polymyxin]]
*[[Polyomavirus]]
*[[Pranlukast]]
*[[Propylthioruacil]]
*[[Pro-trin]]
*[[Rabeprazole]]
*[[Ranitidine]]
*[[Reflux nephropathy]]
*[[Renal failure]]
*[[Rickettsia infection]]
*[[Rifampin]]
*[[Roubac]]
*[[Rubeola infection]]
*[[Sensenbrenner syndrome]]
*[[Sjogren syndrome]]
*[[Streptococcal infection]]
*[[Streptomycin]]
*[[Sulfatrim ds]]
*[[Sulfinpyrazone]]
*[[Sulfonamide]]
*[[Sulfoxaprim]]
*[[Sulindac]]
*[[Syphilis]]
*[[Syraprim]]
*[[Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate]]
*[[Tetracycline]]
*[[Thiazide diuretics]]
*[[Tolmetin]]
*[[Toxoplasmosis]]
*[[Treponema]]
*[[Triamterene]]
*[[Trimesuxol]]
*[[Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole]]
*[[Trimetoger]]
*[[Trimetox]]
*[[Trimzol]]
*[[Trisulfa]]
*[[Trisulfam]]
*[[Tubulointerstitial nephritis]]
*[[Uroplus ds]]
*[[Uroplus ss]]
*[[Uveitis]]
*[[Vancomycin]]
*[[Wegener's granulomatosis]]
*[[Yersinia]]


===Causes by Organ System===
=== to 75 percent ===
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
Any drug has potentiality  to cause AIN,  among case reports of many drugs causing AIN, but only a few have been reported with biopsy-proven AIN. The most common proven drugs cause of AIN  include:
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" |'''Cardiovascular'''
 
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Granulomatosis with polyangiitis]],  [[Kawasaki's disease]]
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs)
 
Penicillins and cephalosporins
 
Antimicrobial sulfonamides, including trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
 
Rifampin
 
Diuretics, including loop diuretics such as furosemide and bumetanide, and
 
thiazide-type diuretics
 
Cipro􀉻oxacin and, perhaps to a lesser degree, ● other quinolones
 
Cimetidine
 
Allopurinol
 
Proton pump inhibitors such as omeprazole and lansoprazole
 
Indinavir
 
5-aminosalicylates (eg, mesalamine)
 
{| style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
| style="width:25%" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" ; border="1" |'''Cardiovascular'''
| style="width:75%" bgcolor="Beige" ; border="1" | [[Granulomatosis with polyangiitis]],  [[Kawasaki's disease]]
|-
|-
|bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"| '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
| bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Aristolochia]],  [[Quinine]],  [[Thiazide diuretics]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Aristolochia]],  [[Quinine]],  [[Thiazide diuretics]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dental'''
| '''Dental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Rubeola infection]],  
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Rubeola infection]],  
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acetaminophen ]],  [[Acyclovir]],  [[Aldomet]],  [[Allopurinol]],  [[Alpha-interferon]],  [[Amlodipine]],  [[Ampicillin]],  [[Anitrim]],  [[Anti-tubular basement membrane antibodies ]],  [[Apo-sulfatrim]],  [[Aspirin]],  [[Azathioprine]],  [[Bactelan]],  [[Batrizol]],  [[Bumetanide]],  [[Captopril]],  [[Carbamazepine]],  [[Cefaclor]],  [[Cefotaxime sodium]],  [[Cefoxitin sodium]],  [[Cephalosporin]],  [[Chlorthalidone]],  [[Cimetidine ]],  [[Ciprofloxacin]],  [[Clofibrate]],  [[Cox-2 inhibitors]],  [[Creatine]],  [[Dabrafenib mesylate]],  [[Diazepam]],  [[Diclofenac]],  [[Diflunisal]],  [[Diltiazem]],  [[Diphenylhydantoin]],  [[Diuretics]],  [[Doxycycline]],  [[Ectaprim]],  [[Enterobacticel]],  [[Erythromycin]],  [[Esteprim]],  [[Ethambutol]],  [[Famotidine]],  [[Fenoprofen]],  [[Flurbiprofen]],  [[Furosemide]],  [[Griseofulvin]],  [[Hydralazine]],  [[Hydrochlorothiazide]],  [[Ibuprofen]],  [[Indinavir]],  [[Indomethacin]],  [[Isobac]],  [[Isoniazid]],  [[Kelfiprim]],  [[Ketoprofen]],  [[Lansoprazole]],  [[Macrolides]],  [[Mesalamine]],  [[Mesalazine]],  [[Methicillin]],  [[Metoxiprim]],  [[Minocycline hydrochloride]],  [[Naproxen]],  [[Novo-trimel]],  [[Nu-cotrimox]],  [[Olsalazine]],  [[Omeprazole]],  [[Oxacillin]],  [[Oxaprozin]],  [[Oxytetracycline]],  [[Pegylated interferon alfa-2b]],  [[Penicillin ]],  [[Phenindione]],  [[Phenobarbital]],  [[Phenteramine]],  [[Phenylpropanolamine]],  [[Phenytoin]],  [[Piperacillin/tazobactam]],  [[Piroxicam]],  [[Polymyxin]],  [[Pranlukast]],  [[Propylthioruacil]],  [[Pro-trin]],  [[Rabeprazole]],  [[Ranitidine]],  [[Rifampin]],  [[Roubac]],  [[Streptomycin]],  [[Sulfatrim ds]],  [[Sulfinpyrazone]],  [[Sulfonamide]],  [[Sulfoxaprim]],  [[Sulindac]],  [[Syraprim]],  [[Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate]],  [[Tetracycline]],  [[Thiazide diuretics]],  [[Tolmetin]],  [[Treponema]],  [[Triamterene]],  [[Trimesuxol]],  [[Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole]],  [[Trimetoger]],  [[Trimetox]],  [[Trimzol]],  [[Trisulfa]],  [[Trisulfam]],  [[Uroplus ds]],  [[Uroplus ss]],  [[Vancomycin]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Acetaminophen ]] ,  [[Acyclovir]],  [[Aldomet]],  [[Allopurinol]],  [[Alpha-interferon]],  [[Amlodipine]],  [[Ampicillin]],  [[Anitrim]],  [[Anti-tubular basement membrane antibodies ]] ,  [[Apo-sulfatrim]],  [[Aspirin]],  [[Azathioprine]],  [[Bactelan]],  [[Batrizol]],  [[Bumetanide]],  [[Captopril]],  [[Carbamazepine]],  [[Cefaclor]],  [[Cefotaxime sodium]],  [[Cefoxitin sodium]],  [[Cephalosporin]],  [[Chlorthalidone]],  [[Cimetidine ]] ,  [[Ciprofloxacin]],  [[Clofibrate]],  [[Cox-2 inhibitors]],  [[Creatine]],  [[Dabrafenib mesylate]],  [[Diazepam]],  [[Diclofenac]],  [[Diflunisal]],  [[Diltiazem]],  [[Diphenylhydantoin]],  [[Diuretics]],  [[Doxycycline]],  [[Ectaprim]],  [[Enterobacticel]],  [[Erythromycin]],  [[Esteprim]],  [[Ethambutol]],  [[Famotidine]],  [[Fenoprofen]],  [[Flurbiprofen]],  [[Furosemide]],  [[Griseofulvin]],  [[Hydralazine]],  [[Hydrochlorothiazide]],  [[Ibuprofen]],  [[Indinavir]],  [[Indomethacin]],  [[Isobac]],  [[Isoniazid]],  [[Kelfiprim]],  [[Ketoprofen]],  [[Lansoprazole]],  [[Macrolides]],  [[Mesalamine]],  [[Mesalazine]],  [[Methicillin]],  [[Metoxiprim]],  [[Minocycline hydrochloride]],  [[Naproxen]],  [[Novo-trimel]],  [[Nu-cotrimox]],  [[Olsalazine]],  [[Omeprazole]],  [[Oxacillin]],  [[Oxaprozin]],  [[Oxytetracycline]],  [[Pegylated interferon alfa-2b]],  [[Penicillin ]] ,  [[Phenindione]],  [[Phenobarbital]],  [[Phenteramine]],  [[Phenylpropanolamine]],  [[Phenytoin]],  [[Piperacillin/tazobactam]],  [[Piroxicam]],  [[Polymyxin]],  [[Pranlukast]],  [[Propylthioruacil]],  [[Pro-trin]],  [[Rabeprazole]],  [[Ranitidine]],  [[Rifampin]],  [[Roubac]],  [[Streptomycin]],  [[Sulfatrim ds]],  [[Sulfinpyrazone]],  [[Sulfonamide]],  [[Sulfoxaprim]],  [[Sulindac]],  [[Syraprim]],  [[Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate]],  [[Tetracycline]],  [[Thiazide diuretics]],  [[Tolmetin]],  [[Treponema]],  [[Triamterene]],  [[Trimesuxol]],  [[Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole]],  [[Trimetoger]],  [[Trimetox]],  [[Trimzol]],  [[Trisulfa]],  [[Trisulfam]],  [[Uroplus ds]],  [[Uroplus ss]],  [[Vancomycin]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Sjogren syndrome]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Sjogren syndrome]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Escherichia coli]],  [[Inflammatory bowel disease]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Escherichia coli]],  [[Inflammatory bowel disease]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Alport syndrome]],  [[Bardet-biedl syndrome]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Alport syndrome]],  [[Bardet-biedl syndrome]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hypercalcemia]],  [[Hyperkalaemic distal renal tubular acidosis]],  [[Hyperuricemia]],  [[Hypokalemia]],  [[Sickle cell disease]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Hypercalcemia]],  [[Hyperkalaemic distal renal tubular acidosis]],  [[Hyperuricemia]],  [[Hypokalemia]],  [[Sickle cell disease]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Adenovirus]],  [[Brucella]],  [[Candida]],  [[Chlamydia]],  [[Coccidioidomycosis]],  [[Corynebacterium diphtheriae]],  [[Cytomegalovirus]],  [[Diphtheria]],  [[Enterococcus]],  [[Epstein-barr virus ]],  [[Escherichia coli]],  [[Francisella]],  [[Hantaan virus]],  [[Histoplasmosis]],  [[Hiv infection]],  [[Legionellosis]],  [[Leishmaniasis]],  [[Leptospirosis]],  [[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]],  [[Mycoplasma infection]],  [[Polyomavirus]],  [[Rickettsia infection]],  [[Rubeola infection]],  [[Streptococcal infection]],  [[Syphilis]],  [[Toxoplasmosis]],  [[Uveitis]],  [[Yersinia]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Adenovirus]],  [[Brucella]],  [[Candida]],  [[Chlamydia]],  [[Coccidioidomycosis]],  [[Corynebacterium diphtheriae]],  [[Cytomegalovirus]],  [[Diphtheria]],  [[Enterococcus]],  [[Epstein-barr virus ]] ,  [[Escherichia coli]],  [[Francisella]],  [[Hantaan virus]],  [[Histoplasmosis]],  [[Hiv infection]],  [[Legionellosis]],  [[Leishmaniasis]],  [[Leptospirosis]],  [[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]],  [[Mycoplasma infection]],  [[Polyomavirus]],  [[Rickettsia infection]],  [[Rubeola infection]],  [[Streptococcal infection]],  [[Syphilis]],  [[Toxoplasmosis]],  [[Uveitis]],  [[Yersinia]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Creatine]],  [[Hyperuricemia]],  [[Hypokalemia]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Creatine]],  [[Hyperuricemia]],  [[Hypokalemia]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Myeloma]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Myeloma]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ophthalmologic'''
| '''Ophthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Uveitis]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Uveitis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
| '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cocaine]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Cocaine]]


|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hantaan virus]],  [[Histoplasmosis]],  [[Sarcoidosis]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Hantaan virus]],  [[Histoplasmosis]],  [[Sarcoidosis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Alport syndrome]],  [[Granulomatosis with polyangiitis]],  [[Hyperkalaemic distal renal tubular acidosis]],  [[Reflux nephropathy]],  [[Renal failure]],  [[Sensenbrenner syndrome]],  [[Tubulointerstitial nephritis]],  [[Wegener's granulomatosis]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Alport syndrome]],  [[Granulomatosis with polyangiitis]],  [[Hyperkalaemic distal renal tubular acidosis]],  [[Reflux nephropathy]],  [[Renal failure]],  [[Sensenbrenner syndrome]],  [[Tubulointerstitial nephritis]],  [[Wegener's granulomatosis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Igg4-related disease]],  [[Kawasaki's disease]],  [[Sarcoidosis]],  [[Sicca syndrome]],  [[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Igg4-related disease]],  [[Kawasaki's disease]],  [[Sarcoidosis]],  [[Sicca syndrome]],  [[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
| '''Sexual'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hiv infection]],  [[Syphilis]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Hiv infection]],  [[Syphilis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
| '''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|}
|}

Revision as of 17:40, 29 June 2018

Interstitial nephritis Microchapters

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Luke Rusowicz-Orazem, B.S.

Overview

Common causes of interstitial nephritis include drug side effects, particularly analgesics and antibiotics. Other common causes include associated nephrologic conditions, as well as microbial infections.

Causes

Drugs (with antibiotics responsible for 30 to 49 percent of these cases) – 70

to 75 percent

Any drug has potentiality to cause AIN, among case reports of many drugs causing AIN, but only a few have been reported with biopsy-proven AIN. The most common proven drugs cause of AIN include:

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs)

Penicillins and cephalosporins

Antimicrobial sulfonamides, including trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

Rifampin

Diuretics, including loop diuretics such as furosemide and bumetanide, and

thiazide-type diuretics

Cipro􀉻oxacin and, perhaps to a lesser degree, ● other quinolones

Cimetidine

Allopurinol

Proton pump inhibitors such as omeprazole and lansoprazole

Indinavir

5-aminosalicylates (eg, mesalamine)

Cardiovascular Granulomatosis with polyangiitis, Kawasaki's disease
Chemical/Poisoning Aristolochia, Quinine, Thiazide diuretics
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic Rubeola infection,
Drug Side Effect Acetaminophen  , Acyclovir, Aldomet, Allopurinol, Alpha-interferon, Amlodipine, Ampicillin, Anitrim, Anti-tubular basement membrane antibodies  , Apo-sulfatrim, Aspirin, Azathioprine, Bactelan, Batrizol, Bumetanide, Captopril, Carbamazepine, Cefaclor, Cefotaxime sodium, Cefoxitin sodium, Cephalosporin, Chlorthalidone, Cimetidine  , Ciprofloxacin, Clofibrate, Cox-2 inhibitors, Creatine, Dabrafenib mesylate, Diazepam, Diclofenac, Diflunisal, Diltiazem, Diphenylhydantoin, Diuretics, Doxycycline, Ectaprim, Enterobacticel, Erythromycin, Esteprim, Ethambutol, Famotidine, Fenoprofen, Flurbiprofen, Furosemide, Griseofulvin, Hydralazine, Hydrochlorothiazide, Ibuprofen, Indinavir, Indomethacin, Isobac, Isoniazid, Kelfiprim, Ketoprofen, Lansoprazole, Macrolides, Mesalamine, Mesalazine, Methicillin, Metoxiprim, Minocycline hydrochloride, Naproxen, Novo-trimel, Nu-cotrimox, Olsalazine, Omeprazole, Oxacillin, Oxaprozin, Oxytetracycline, Pegylated interferon alfa-2b, Penicillin , Phenindione, Phenobarbital, Phenteramine, Phenylpropanolamine, Phenytoin, Piperacillin/tazobactam, Piroxicam, Polymyxin, Pranlukast, Propylthioruacil, Pro-trin, Rabeprazole, Ranitidine, Rifampin, Roubac, Streptomycin, Sulfatrim ds, Sulfinpyrazone, Sulfonamide, Sulfoxaprim, Sulindac, Syraprim, Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, Tetracycline, Thiazide diuretics, Tolmetin, Treponema, Triamterene, Trimesuxol, Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, Trimetoger, Trimetox, Trimzol, Trisulfa, Trisulfam, Uroplus ds, Uroplus ss, Vancomycin
Ear Nose Throat Sjogren syndrome
Endocrine No underlying causes
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic Escherichia coli, Inflammatory bowel disease
Genetic Alport syndrome, Bardet-biedl syndrome
Hematologic Hypercalcemia, Hyperkalaemic distal renal tubular acidosis, Hyperuricemia, Hypokalemia, Sickle cell disease
Iatrogenic No underlying causes
Infectious Disease Adenovirus, Brucella, Candida, Chlamydia, Coccidioidomycosis, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Cytomegalovirus, Diphtheria, Enterococcus, Epstein-barr virus  , Escherichia coli, Francisella, Hantaan virus, Histoplasmosis, Hiv infection, Legionellosis, Leishmaniasis, Leptospirosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycoplasma infection, Polyomavirus, Rickettsia infection, Rubeola infection, Streptococcal infection, Syphilis, Toxoplasmosis, Uveitis, Yersinia
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic No underlying causes
Neurologic No underlying causes
Nutritional/Metabolic Creatine, Hyperuricemia, Hypokalemia
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic Myeloma
Ophthalmologic Uveitis
Overdose/Toxicity Cocaine
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary Hantaan virus, Histoplasmosis, Sarcoidosis
Renal/Electrolyte Alport syndrome, Granulomatosis with polyangiitis, Hyperkalaemic distal renal tubular acidosis, Reflux nephropathy, Renal failure, Sensenbrenner syndrome, Tubulointerstitial nephritis, Wegener's granulomatosis
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy Igg4-related disease, Kawasaki's disease, Sarcoidosis, Sicca syndrome, Systemic lupus erythematosus
Sexual Hiv infection, Syphilis
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous No underlying causes

Causes in Alphabetical Order

The unnamed parameter 2= is no longer supported. Please see the documentation for {{columns-list}}.
3

References

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