Sandbox: wdx causes: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 15:03, 23 July 2018

Differential Diagnosis

Abbreviations: ABG = Arterial blood gases, BUN = Blood urea nitrogen, CBC = Complete blood count, CT = Computed tomography, CRP = C - reactive protein, ECG = Electrocardiogram, ESR = Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, IVP = Intravenous pyelography, KFT = Kidney function test, GI = Gastrointestinal, GFR = Glomerular filtration rate, MRI = Magnetic resonance imaging, PT = Prothrombin time

Etiology		Clinical manifestations									Paraclinical findings											Comments
		Symptoms and signs									Lab findings						Imaging
		Fatigue/ Lethargy	Thirst	Dizziness/ Confusion	Muscle weakness/ cramp	Somatic/ visceral pain	Vomiting	Diarrhea	Tachypnea	Edema	Blood indices	Renal Funtion test	Electrolytes	Urine analysis	ABG	Other	Ultrasound	X-ray	CT	MRI	Other
Prerenal causes	Alcohol poisoning^[1]^[2]	+	-	+/-	-	+/-	+	+/-	-	-	↑PT	↑BUN, ↑Cr (isopropyl alcohol)	↓Na	Not applicable	↓HCO3	LFT	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	-	Thiamine must be given to prevent Wernicke's encephalopathy
	Aspergillosis^[3]^[4]	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+/-	-	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Allergy test, ↑IgE (>1000 IU/dl), Direct visualization of fungal hyphae	Not applicable	Pulmonary infiltrates, Mucus plug, Mass in the upper lobe surrounded by a crescent of air, Solitary or multiple cavities	Halo sign, Wedge-shaped pulmonary infarction, Granuloma	Not applicable	-	Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
	Cholera^[5]^[6]^[6]^[7]	+/-	+	-	-	-	+/-	+	-	-	Leukocytosis, ↑HCT	↑BUN, ↑Cr	↓Na, ↑Ca, ↑Mg	Not applicable	↑Lactate, ↓HCO3	Stool PCR, Stool culture, Serotyping	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	-	-
	Congestive heart failure (CHF)^[8]^[9]	+	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	+	Anemia, Leukocytosis	↑BUN, ↑Cr	↓Na, ↑K	Not applicable	↑Lactate, ↓HCO3,	↑BNP, ↑Troponin	Cardiomegaly, Pulmonary hypertension, Pleural effusions	Pulmonary edema	Not applicable	Valvular heart disease	Decreased ejection fraction in echocardiography, Heart function and damage in nuclear imaging	-
	Dehydration^[10]^[11]	+	+	-	+/-	-	+/-	+/-	-	-	Not applicable	↑BUN, ↑Cr	↓Na, ↑K, ↓Cl	Ketones and glucose, ↑Urine specific gravity	↑Lactate, ↓HCO3	Hypoglycemia	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	-	-
	Diarrhea and/or vomiting^[12]^[13]	+/-	+/-	-	-	-	+	+	-	-	Leukocytosis with predominant neutrophilia, ↑ ESR	Not applicable	Not applicable	Ketones, Organic acids, Porphobilinogen, Aminolevulinic acid	Not applicable	Stool anion gap, Stool pH < 5.5, Stool culture, Serotyping, Enzyme immunoassay (rotavirus or adenovirus), LFT, Amylase, Lipase	Normal	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	-	-
	Drugs/toxins^[14]^[15]	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	Not applicable	↑BUN, ↑Cr, ↑CK	↑K, ↓Mg, ↓Ca, ↓P	Ingested drug, Glucose, Aminoacid, Phosphate, Ketone, Hyaline cast, RBC	↑Lactate, Metabolic acidosis	Toxicology, Rapid immunoassay	Nephropathy	Radioopaque substances, Ingested drug packets	Not applicable	Not applicable	-	-
	Esophageal varices bleeding^[16]^[17]	+/-	-	-	-	+/-	-	-	-	-	Normocytic normochromic anemia	↑BUN, ↑Cr	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Velocity and direction of portal flow	Abnormal opacities outside ofesophageal wall, Posterior mediastinal or intraparenchymal mass, Dilated azygous vein	Entire portal venous system	Portrays esophageal varices as flow voids	Portal hypertension and esophageal varices in positron emission tomography, Flexible endoscope, Barium swallow of snake-like filling defects	-
	Heart disease^[18]^[19]	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+/-	+/-	↑ESR and CRP	↑BUN, ↑Cr	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Throat culture, Rapid streptococcal antigen test, Hyperoxia test, Pulse oximetry	Not applicable	Cardiomegaly, Dextrocardia	Not applicable	Not applicable	Ventricular dysfunction, Left and right ventricular hypertrophy, Valvular disease in echocardiography	-
	Hemorrhage^[20]^[21]	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Normocytic normochromic anemia, ↑PT, ↑PTT	↑BUN, ↑Cr	↑Na, ↑Cl, ↓Ca	Not applicable	Metabolic acidosis	Not applicable	Peritoneal cavity fluid in FAST	Bilateral opacities in the lung field, Hemothorax, Hemoperitoneum, Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm	Intrathoracic, intra-abdominal, and retroperitoneal bleeding	Not applicable	Source of bleeding in the upper GI in EGD, Angiography	-
	Hemolysis^[22]^[23]	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Thrombocytopenia, Microcytic hypochromic anemia, ↑RDW, ↑Retic count	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	↑LDH, ↓Haptoglobin, ↑Unconjugated bilirubin	Hepatomegaly,Splenomegaly	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	-	-
	Etiology	Fatigue/ Lethargy	Thirst	Dizziness/ Confusion	Muscle weakness/ cramp	Somatic/ visceral pain	Vomiting	Diarrhea	Tachypnea	Edema	Blood indices	Renal Funtion test	Electrolytes	Urine analysis	ABG	Other	Ultrasound	X-ray	CT	MRI	Other	Comments
	Hepatorenal syndrome^[24]^[25]	+/-	-	-	-	+/-	+/-	-	-	+/-	Leukocytosis, ↑PT	↓GFR, ↑BUN, ↑Cr	↓Na	Proteinuria, Na < 10 mEq/L, Urine osmolality > plasma osmolality	Not applicable	Alpha feto-protein, Cryoglobulinemia	Exclude hydronephrosis and intrinsic renal disease	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Right ventricular preload, ventricular filling pressures, and cardiac function in echocardiography	-
	Ischemic cardiomyopathy^[26]^[27]	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+/-	+/-	Anemia	↑Cr	↓Na, ↓K, ↓Mg	Not applicable	Not applicable	Troponin, Creatine kinase, Creatine kinase - MB, BNP	Not applicable	Abnormal cardiac silhouette	Biventricular volume, Wall motion abnormality, Myocardial perfusion, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy	Mid-wall fibrosis in MRI	Ejection fraction ≤35%, Pulmonary embolism, Right ventricular dilation or pericardial effusion with tamponade in echocardiography	-
	Liver cirrhosis^[28]^[29]	+/-	-	+/-	+/-	+/-	-	-	-	+/-	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	LFT, Aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio, FibroTest/FibroSure, Hepascore, FibroSpectatio	Portal blood flow velocity, Hepatic artery enlargement, Multifocal lesions or masses, Hepatic contour, Ascites, Splenomegaly	Bowel perforation, Gynecomastia, Azygos vein enlargement, Pleural effusion	Morphologic changes in the liver, Collaterals and shunts, Hyperattenuating nodule of hepatocellular carcinoma, Portal vein thrombosis	Vacular patency, Tumor invasion, Portal vein thrombosis, Steatosis	Hepatic function and portal hypertension in nuclear imaging, Hepatic perfusion and the development of shunts and tumors in angiography	Irreversible and a transplant is usually needed
	Malignant hypertension^[30]^[31]	+/-	-	+	-	-	+/-	-	+/-	+/-	Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia	↑BUN, ↑Cr	↑Na, ↑K, ↑P	Proteinuria, Microscopic hematuria	Acidosis	Cardiac enzymes, Urinary catecholamines, TSH, ↑Renin	Not applicable	Cardiomegaly, Pulmonary edema, Rib notching, Aortic coarctation, Mediastinal widening, Aortic dissection	Not applicable	Not applicable	Left atrial enlargement and left ventricular hypertrophy in echocardiography	-
	Myocarditis^[32]	+/-	-	-	-	+/-	-	-	+/-	-	Leukocytosis (eosinophilia),↑ESR and CRP	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Cardiac enzymes, Viral antibodies	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Inflammatory edema, Degree of scarring	Endomyocardial biopsy, Echocardiography, Scintigraphy	Not applicable
	Peritonitis^[33]^[34]	+/-	-	+/-	-	+/-	+/-	+/-	-	-	Leukocytosis	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Ascitic fluid neutrophil count > 500 cells/µL	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	-	-
	Polycythemia^[35]^[36]	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+/-	-	↑RBC, ↑HCT, ↑HGB, Thrombocytosis, Leukocytosis, ↑PT and aPTT	↓Erythropoietin	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Hyperuricemia	Splenomegaly	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	-	Phlebotomy is the usual treatment
	Respiratory distress syndrome^[37]	+	-	+/-	-	-	-	-	+	-	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Metabolic and respiratory acidosis	Pulse oximetry	Not applicable	Bilateral, diffuse, reticular granular or ground-glass appearance +/- Cardiomegaly	Not applicable	Not applicable	Patent ductus arteriosus in echocardiography	-
	Shock^[38]	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	-	+/-	-	↑HCT, ↑PT and aPTT, Eosinophilia, Leukocytosis	↓GFR, ↑BUN, ↑Cr	Not applicable	Not applicable	↑Lactate	LFT, ↑BNP, ↑Troponin, D-dimer, Fibrinogen	Pulmonary embolism, Pericardial effusion, Cardiac tamponade, Pneumothorax, Thoracic or abdominal aortic aneurysm in RUSH (Rapid Ultrasound for Shock and Hypotension)	Pneumonia, Pneumothorax, Pulmonary edema, Widened mediastinum, Free air under the diaphragm	Traumatic brain injury, Stroke, Spinal injury, Pneumonia, Pneumothorax, Ruptured aneurysm, Aortic dissection, Pulmonary embolism	Not applicable	-	-

↑ Pletcher MJ, Maselli J, Gonzales R (December 2004). "Uncomplicated alcohol intoxication in the emergency department: an analysis of the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey". Am. J. Med. 117 (11): 863–7. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.07.042. PMID 15589492.
↑ Cherpitel CJ (March 1989). "Breath analysis and self-reports as measures of alcohol-related emergency room admissions". J. Stud. Alcohol. 50 (2): 155–61. PMID 2927129.
↑ Marr KA, Carter RA, Crippa F, Wald A, Corey L (April 2002). "Epidemiology and outcome of mould infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients". Clin. Infect. Dis. 34 (7): 909–17. doi:10.1086/339202. PMID 11880955.
↑ Cornillet A, Camus C, Nimubona S, Gandemer V, Tattevin P, Belleguic C, Chevrier S, Meunier C, Lebert C, Aupée M, Caulet-Maugendre S, Faucheux M, Lelong B, Leray E, Guiguen C, Gangneux JP (September 2006). "Comparison of epidemiological, clinical, and biological features of invasive aspergillosis in neutropenic and nonneutropenic patients: a 6-year survey". Clin. Infect. Dis. 43 (5): 577–84. doi:10.1086/505870. PMID 16886149.
↑ Weil AA, Khan AI, Chowdhury F, Larocque RC, Faruque AS, Ryan ET, Calderwood SB, Qadri F, Harris JB (November 2009). "Clinical outcomes in household contacts of patients with cholera in Bangladesh". Clin. Infect. Dis. 49 (10): 1473–9. doi:10.1086/644779. PMC 2783773. PMID 19842974.
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 Cash RA, Music SI, Libonati JP, Snyder MJ, Wenzel RP, Hornick RB (January 1974). "Response of man to infection with Vibrio cholerae. I. Clinical, serologic, and bacteriologic responses to a known inoculum". J. Infect. Dis. 129 (1): 45–52. PMID 4809112.
↑ Harris JB, Ivers LC, Ferraro MJ (June 2011). "Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Case 19-2011. A 4-year-old Haitian boy with vomiting and diarrhea". N. Engl. J. Med. 364 (25): 2452–61. doi:10.1056/NEJMcpc1100927. PMID 21696312.
↑ Solomon SD, Dobson J, Pocock S, Skali H, McMurray JJ, Granger CB, Yusuf S, Swedberg K, Young JB, Michelson EL, Pfeffer MA (September 2007). "Influence of nonfatal hospitalization for heart failure on subsequent mortality in patients with chronic heart failure". Circulation. 116 (13): 1482–7. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.696906. PMID 17724259.
↑ Fonarow GC, Adams KF, Abraham WT, Yancy CW, Boscardin WJ (February 2005). "Risk stratification for in-hospital mortality in acutely decompensated heart failure: classification and regression tree analysis". JAMA. 293 (5): 572–80. doi:10.1001/jama.293.5.572. PMID 15687312.
↑ Steiner MJ, DeWalt DA, Byerley JS (June 2004). "Is this child dehydrated?". JAMA. 291 (22): 2746–54. doi:10.1001/jama.291.22.2746. PMID 15187057.
↑ Vega RM, Avner JR (June 1997). "A prospective study of the usefulness of clinical and laboratory parameters for predicting percentage of dehydration in children". Pediatr Emerg Care. 13 (3): 179–82. PMID 9220501.
↑ Carpenter DO (February 1990). "Neural mechanisms of emesis". Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 68 (2): 230–6. PMID 2178747.
↑ Bresee JS, Marcus R, Venezia RA, Keene WE, Morse D, Thanassi M, Brunett P, Bulens S, Beard RS, Dauphin LA, Slutsker L, Bopp C, Eberhard M, Hall A, Vinje J, Monroe SS, Glass RI (May 2012). "The etiology of severe acute gastroenteritis among adults visiting emergency departments in the United States". J. Infect. Dis. 205 (9): 1374–81. doi:10.1093/infdis/jis206. PMID 22454468.
↑ Toto RD, Mitchell HC, Lee HC, Milam C, Pettinger WA (October 1991). "Reversible renal insufficiency due to angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in hypertensive nephrosclerosis". Ann. Intern. Med. 115 (7): 513–9. PMID 1883120.
↑ Bismuth C, Gaultier M, Conso F, Efthymiou ML (1973). "Hyperkalemia in acute digitalis poisoning: prognostic significance and therapeutic implications". Clin. Toxicol. 6 (2): 153–62. doi:10.3109/15563657308990513. PMID 4715199.
↑ Graham DY, Smith JL (April 1981). "The course of patients after variceal hemorrhage". Gastroenterology. 80 (4): 800–9. PMID 6970703.
↑ de Franchis R (October 2010). "Revising consensus in portal hypertension: report of the Baveno V consensus workshop on methodology of diagnosis and therapy in portal hypertension". J. Hepatol. 53 (4): 762–8. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2010.06.004. PMID 20638742.
↑ LaCroix AZ, Lang J, Scherr P, Wallace RB, Cornoni-Huntley J, Berkman L, Curb JD, Evans D, Hennekens CH (June 1991). "Smoking and mortality among older men and women in three communities". N. Engl. J. Med. 324 (23): 1619–25. doi:10.1056/NEJM199106063242303. PMID 2030718.
↑ Mahle WT, Newburger JW, Matherne GP, Smith FC, Hoke TR, Koppel R, Gidding SS, Beekman RH, Grosse SD (August 2009). "Role of pulse oximetry in examining newborns for congenital heart disease: a scientific statement from the AHA and AAP". Pediatrics. 124 (2): 823–36. doi:10.1542/peds.2009-1397. PMID 19581259.
↑ Achneck HE, Sileshi B, Parikh A, Milano CA, Welsby IJ, Lawson JH (November 2010). "Pathophysiology of bleeding and clotting in the cardiac surgery patient: from vascular endothelium to circulatory assist device surface". Circulation. 122 (20): 2068–77. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.936773. PMID 21098468.
↑ Gralnick HR, Rick ME, McKeown LP, Williams SB, Parker RI, Maisonneuve P, Jenneau C, Sultan Y (July 1986). "Platelet von Willebrand factor: an important determinant of the bleeding time in type I von Willebrand's disease". Blood. 68 (1): 58–61. PMID 3487361.
↑ Liesveld JL, Rowe JM, Lichtman MA (March 1987). "Variability of the erythropoietic response in autoimmune hemolytic anemia: analysis of 109 cases". Blood. 69 (3): 820–6. PMID 3814817.
↑ Marchand A, Galen RS, Van Lente F (May 1980). "The predictive value of serum haptoglobin in hemolytic disease". JAMA. 243 (19): 1909–11. PMID 7365971.
↑ Ginès P, Schrier RW (September 2009). "Renal failure in cirrhosis". N. Engl. J. Med. 361 (13): 1279–90. doi:10.1056/NEJMra0809139. PMID 19776409.
↑ Arroyo V, Ginès P, Gerbes AL, Dudley FJ, Gentilini P, Laffi G, Reynolds TB, Ring-Larsen H, Schölmerich J (January 1996). "Definition and diagnostic criteria of refractory ascites and hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis. International Ascites Club". Hepatology. 23 (1): 164–76. doi:10.1002/hep.510230122. PMID 8550036.
↑ Maron BJ, Towbin JA, Thiene G, Antzelevitch C, Corrado D, Arnett D, Moss AJ, Seidman CE, Young JB (April 2006). "Contemporary definitions and classification of the cardiomyopathies: an American Heart Association Scientific Statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Heart Failure and Transplantation Committee; Quality of Care and Outcomes Research and Functional Genomics and Translational Biology Interdisciplinary Working Groups; and Council on Epidemiology and Prevention". Circulation. 113 (14): 1807–16. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.174287. PMID 16567565.
↑ Corrado D, Pelliccia A, Bjørnstad HH, Vanhees L, Biffi A, Borjesson M, Panhuyzen-Goedkoop N, Deligiannis A, Solberg E, Dugmore D, Mellwig KP, Assanelli D, Delise P, van-Buuren F, Anastasakis A, Heidbuchel H, Hoffmann E, Fagard R, Priori SG, Basso C, Arbustini E, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, McKenna WJ, Thiene G (March 2005). "Cardiovascular pre-participation screening of young competitive athletes for prevention of sudden death: proposal for a common European protocol. Consensus Statement of the Study Group of Sport Cardiology of the Working Group of Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology and the Working Group of Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology". Eur. Heart J. 26 (5): 516–24. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehi108. PMID 15689345.
↑ Ge PS, Runyon BA (March 2014). "The changing role of beta-blocker therapy in patients with cirrhosis". J. Hepatol. 60 (3): 643–53. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2013.09.016. PMID 24076364.
↑ Becker CD, Scheidegger J, Marincek B (1986). "Hepatic vein occlusion: morphologic features on computed tomography and ultrasonography". Gastrointest Radiol. 11 (4): 305–11. PMID 3533689.
↑ Johnson W, Nguyen ML, Patel R (November 2012). "Hypertension crisis in the emergency department". Cardiol Clin. 30 (4): 533–43. doi:10.1016/j.ccl.2012.07.011. PMID 23102030.
↑ Elliott WJ (2006). "Clinical features in the management of selected hypertensive emergencies". Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 48 (5): 316–25. doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2006.02.004. PMID 16627047.
↑ Dec GW, Palacios IF, Fallon JT, Aretz HT, Mills J, Lee DC, Johnson RA (April 1985). "Active myocarditis in the spectrum of acute dilated cardiomyopathies. Clinical features, histologic correlates, and clinical outcome". N. Engl. J. Med. 312 (14): 885–90. doi:10.1056/NEJM198504043121404. PMID 3974674.
↑ Such J, Runyon BA (October 1998). "Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis". Clin. Infect. Dis. 27 (4): 669–74, quiz 675–6. PMID 9798013.
↑ Runyon BA (October 1990). "Monomicrobial nonneutrocytic bacterascites: a variant of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis". Hepatology. 12 (4 Pt 1): 710–5. PMID 2210672.
↑ Gregg XT, Prchal JT (January 1997). "Erythropoietin receptor mutations and human disease". Semin. Hematol. 34 (1): 70–6. PMID 9025165.
↑ Kralovics R, Indrak K, Stopka T, Berman BW, Prchal JF, Prchal JT (September 1997). "Two new EPO receptor mutations: truncated EPO receptors are most frequently associated with primary familial and congenital polycythemias". Blood. 90 (5): 2057–61. PMID 9292543.
↑ Hooper SB, Te Pas AB, Kitchen MJ (May 2016). "Respiratory transition in the newborn: a three-phase process". Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed. 101 (3): F266–71. doi:10.1136/archdischild-2013-305704. PMID 26542877.
↑ Vincent JL, De Backer D (October 2013). "Circulatory shock". N. Engl. J. Med. 369 (18): 1726–34. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1208943. PMID 24171518.

[pmid15589492-1] Pletcher MJ, Maselli J, Gonzales R (December 2004). "Uncomplicated alcohol intoxication in the emergency department: an analysis of the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey". Am. J. Med. 117 (11): 863–7. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.07.042. PMID 15589492.

[pmid2927129-2] Cherpitel CJ (March 1989). "Breath analysis and self-reports as measures of alcohol-related emergency room admissions". J. Stud. Alcohol. 50 (2): 155–61. PMID 2927129.

[pmid11880955-3] Marr KA, Carter RA, Crippa F, Wald A, Corey L (April 2002). "Epidemiology and outcome of mould infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients". Clin. Infect. Dis. 34 (7): 909–17. doi:10.1086/339202. PMID 11880955.

[pmid16886149-4] Cornillet A, Camus C, Nimubona S, Gandemer V, Tattevin P, Belleguic C, Chevrier S, Meunier C, Lebert C, Aupée M, Caulet-Maugendre S, Faucheux M, Lelong B, Leray E, Guiguen C, Gangneux JP (September 2006). "Comparison of epidemiological, clinical, and biological features of invasive aspergillosis in neutropenic and nonneutropenic patients: a 6-year survey". Clin. Infect. Dis. 43 (5): 577–84. doi:10.1086/505870. PMID 16886149.

[pmid19842974-5] Weil AA, Khan AI, Chowdhury F, Larocque RC, Faruque AS, Ryan ET, Calderwood SB, Qadri F, Harris JB (November 2009). "Clinical outcomes in household contacts of patients with cholera in Bangladesh". Clin. Infect. Dis. 49 (10): 1473–9. doi:10.1086/644779. PMC 2783773. PMID 19842974.

[pmid4809112-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Cash RA, Music SI, Libonati JP, Snyder MJ, Wenzel RP, Hornick RB (January 1974). "Response of man to infection with Vibrio cholerae. I. Clinical, serologic, and bacteriologic responses to a known inoculum". J. Infect. Dis. 129 (1): 45–52. PMID 4809112.

[pmid21696312-7] Harris JB, Ivers LC, Ferraro MJ (June 2011). "Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Case 19-2011. A 4-year-old Haitian boy with vomiting and diarrhea". N. Engl. J. Med. 364 (25): 2452–61. doi:10.1056/NEJMcpc1100927. PMID 21696312.

[pmid17724259-8] Solomon SD, Dobson J, Pocock S, Skali H, McMurray JJ, Granger CB, Yusuf S, Swedberg K, Young JB, Michelson EL, Pfeffer MA (September 2007). "Influence of nonfatal hospitalization for heart failure on subsequent mortality in patients with chronic heart failure". Circulation. 116 (13): 1482–7. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.696906. PMID 17724259.

[pmid15687312-9] Fonarow GC, Adams KF, Abraham WT, Yancy CW, Boscardin WJ (February 2005). "Risk stratification for in-hospital mortality in acutely decompensated heart failure: classification and regression tree analysis". JAMA. 293 (5): 572–80. doi:10.1001/jama.293.5.572. PMID 15687312.

[pmid15187057-10] Steiner MJ, DeWalt DA, Byerley JS (June 2004). "Is this child dehydrated?". JAMA. 291 (22): 2746–54. doi:10.1001/jama.291.22.2746. PMID 15187057.

[pmid9220501-11] Vega RM, Avner JR (June 1997). "A prospective study of the usefulness of clinical and laboratory parameters for predicting percentage of dehydration in children". Pediatr Emerg Care. 13 (3): 179–82. PMID 9220501.

[pmid2178747-12] Carpenter DO (February 1990). "Neural mechanisms of emesis". Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 68 (2): 230–6. PMID 2178747.

[pmid22454468-13] Bresee JS, Marcus R, Venezia RA, Keene WE, Morse D, Thanassi M, Brunett P, Bulens S, Beard RS, Dauphin LA, Slutsker L, Bopp C, Eberhard M, Hall A, Vinje J, Monroe SS, Glass RI (May 2012). "The etiology of severe acute gastroenteritis among adults visiting emergency departments in the United States". J. Infect. Dis. 205 (9): 1374–81. doi:10.1093/infdis/jis206. PMID 22454468.

[pmid1883120-14] Toto RD, Mitchell HC, Lee HC, Milam C, Pettinger WA (October 1991). "Reversible renal insufficiency due to angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in hypertensive nephrosclerosis". Ann. Intern. Med. 115 (7): 513–9. PMID 1883120.

[pmid4715199-15] Bismuth C, Gaultier M, Conso F, Efthymiou ML (1973). "Hyperkalemia in acute digitalis poisoning: prognostic significance and therapeutic implications". Clin. Toxicol. 6 (2): 153–62. doi:10.3109/15563657308990513. PMID 4715199.

[pmid6970703-16] Graham DY, Smith JL (April 1981). "The course of patients after variceal hemorrhage". Gastroenterology. 80 (4): 800–9. PMID 6970703.

[pmid20638742-17] Franchis R (October 2010). "Revising consensus in portal hypertension: report of the Baveno V consensus workshop on methodology of diagnosis and therapy in portal hypertension". J. Hepatol. 53 (4): 762–8. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2010.06.004. PMID 20638742.

[pmid2030718-18] LaCroix AZ, Lang J, Scherr P, Wallace RB, Cornoni-Huntley J, Berkman L, Curb JD, Evans D, Hennekens CH (June 1991). "Smoking and mortality among older men and women in three communities". N. Engl. J. Med. 324 (23): 1619–25. doi:10.1056/NEJM199106063242303. PMID 2030718.

[pmid19581259-19] Mahle WT, Newburger JW, Matherne GP, Smith FC, Hoke TR, Koppel R, Gidding SS, Beekman RH, Grosse SD (August 2009). "Role of pulse oximetry in examining newborns for congenital heart disease: a scientific statement from the AHA and AAP". Pediatrics. 124 (2): 823–36. doi:10.1542/peds.2009-1397. PMID 19581259.

[pmid21098468-20] Achneck HE, Sileshi B, Parikh A, Milano CA, Welsby IJ, Lawson JH (November 2010). "Pathophysiology of bleeding and clotting in the cardiac surgery patient: from vascular endothelium to circulatory assist device surface". Circulation. 122 (20): 2068–77. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.936773. PMID 21098468.

[pmid3487361-21] Gralnick HR, Rick ME, McKeown LP, Williams SB, Parker RI, Maisonneuve P, Jenneau C, Sultan Y (July 1986). "Platelet von Willebrand factor: an important determinant of the bleeding time in type I von Willebrand's disease". Blood. 68 (1): 58–61. PMID 3487361.

[pmid3814817-22] Liesveld JL, Rowe JM, Lichtman MA (March 1987). "Variability of the erythropoietic response in autoimmune hemolytic anemia: analysis of 109 cases". Blood. 69 (3): 820–6. PMID 3814817.

[pmid7365971-23] Marchand A, Galen RS, Van Lente F (May 1980). "The predictive value of serum haptoglobin in hemolytic disease". JAMA. 243 (19): 1909–11. PMID 7365971.

[pmid19776409-24] Ginès P, Schrier RW (September 2009). "Renal failure in cirrhosis". N. Engl. J. Med. 361 (13): 1279–90. doi:10.1056/NEJMra0809139. PMID 19776409.

[pmid8550036-25] Arroyo V, Ginès P, Gerbes AL, Dudley FJ, Gentilini P, Laffi G, Reynolds TB, Ring-Larsen H, Schölmerich J (January 1996). "Definition and diagnostic criteria of refractory ascites and hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis. International Ascites Club". Hepatology. 23 (1): 164–76. doi:10.1002/hep.510230122. PMID 8550036.

[pmid16567565-26] Maron BJ, Towbin JA, Thiene G, Antzelevitch C, Corrado D, Arnett D, Moss AJ, Seidman CE, Young JB (April 2006). "Contemporary definitions and classification of the cardiomyopathies: an American Heart Association Scientific Statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Heart Failure and Transplantation Committee; Quality of Care and Outcomes Research and Functional Genomics and Translational Biology Interdisciplinary Working Groups; and Council on Epidemiology and Prevention". Circulation. 113 (14): 1807–16. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.174287. PMID 16567565.

[pmid15689345-27] Corrado D, Pelliccia A, Bjørnstad HH, Vanhees L, Biffi A, Borjesson M, Panhuyzen-Goedkoop N, Deligiannis A, Solberg E, Dugmore D, Mellwig KP, Assanelli D, Delise P, van-Buuren F, Anastasakis A, Heidbuchel H, Hoffmann E, Fagard R, Priori SG, Basso C, Arbustini E, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, McKenna WJ, Thiene G (March 2005). "Cardiovascular pre-participation screening of young competitive athletes for prevention of sudden death: proposal for a common European protocol. Consensus Statement of the Study Group of Sport Cardiology of the Working Group of Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology and the Working Group of Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology". Eur. Heart J. 26 (5): 516–24. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehi108. PMID 15689345.

[pmid24076364-28] Ge PS, Runyon BA (March 2014). "The changing role of beta-blocker therapy in patients with cirrhosis". J. Hepatol. 60 (3): 643–53. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2013.09.016. PMID 24076364.

[pmid3533689-29] Becker CD, Scheidegger J, Marincek B (1986). "Hepatic vein occlusion: morphologic features on computed tomography and ultrasonography". Gastrointest Radiol. 11 (4): 305–11. PMID 3533689.

[pmid23102030-30] Johnson W, Nguyen ML, Patel R (November 2012). "Hypertension crisis in the emergency department". Cardiol Clin. 30 (4): 533–43. doi:10.1016/j.ccl.2012.07.011. PMID 23102030.

[pmid16627047-31] Elliott WJ (2006). "Clinical features in the management of selected hypertensive emergencies". Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 48 (5): 316–25. doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2006.02.004. PMID 16627047.

[pmid39746742-32] Dec GW, Palacios IF, Fallon JT, Aretz HT, Mills J, Lee DC, Johnson RA (April 1985). "Active myocarditis in the spectrum of acute dilated cardiomyopathies. Clinical features, histologic correlates, and clinical outcome". N. Engl. J. Med. 312 (14): 885–90. doi:10.1056/NEJM198504043121404. PMID 3974674.

[pmid97980132-33] Such J, Runyon BA (October 1998). "Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis". Clin. Infect. Dis. 27 (4): 669–74, quiz 675–6. PMID 9798013.

[pmid22106722-34] Runyon BA (October 1990). "Monomicrobial nonneutrocytic bacterascites: a variant of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis". Hepatology. 12 (4 Pt 1): 710–5. PMID 2210672.

[pmid90251652-35] Gregg XT, Prchal JT (January 1997). "Erythropoietin receptor mutations and human disease". Semin. Hematol. 34 (1): 70–6. PMID 9025165.

[pmid92925432-36] Kralovics R, Indrak K, Stopka T, Berman BW, Prchal JF, Prchal JT (September 1997). "Two new EPO receptor mutations: truncated EPO receptors are most frequently associated with primary familial and congenital polycythemias". Blood. 90 (5): 2057–61. PMID 9292543.

[pmid265428772-37] Hooper SB, Te Pas AB, Kitchen MJ (May 2016). "Respiratory transition in the newborn: a three-phase process". Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed. 101 (3): F266–71. doi:10.1136/archdischild-2013-305704. PMID 26542877.

[pmid24171518-38] Vincent JL, De Backer D (October 2013). "Circulatory shock". N. Engl. J. Med. 369 (18): 1726–34. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1208943. PMID 24171518.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-== Metabolic Alkalosis ==
+==Differential Diagnosis==
-'''''Differential diagnosis of metabolic alkalosis is as follow''''':
-{|
+'''Abbreviations:''' [[Arterial blood gas|ABG]] = [[Arterial blood gas|Arterial blood gases]], [[BUN]] = [[Blood urea nitrogen]], [[Complete blood count|CBC]] = [[Complete blood count]], [[Computed tomography|CT]] = [[Computed tomography]], CRP = C - reactive protein, [[ECG]] = [[Electrocardiogram]], ESR = [[Erythrocyte sedimentation rate]], IVP  = Intravenous pyelography, [[Renal function|KFT]] = [[Renal function tests|Kidney function test]], GI = Gastrointestinal, GFR = [[Glomerular filtration rate]], [[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]] = [[Magnetic resonance imaging]], [[PT]] = [[Prothrombin time]]
-! rowspan="4" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Category
-! colspan="2" rowspan="4" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Disease
+{|
-! colspan="4" rowspan="3" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Mechanism
+! colspan="2" rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Etiology
-! colspan="6" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Clinical
+! colspan="9" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Clinical manifestations
-! colspan="12" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Paraclinical
+! colspan="11" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Paraclinical findings
-! rowspan="4" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Gold standard diagnosis
+! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Comments
-! rowspan="4" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Other findings
 |-
-! colspan="3" rowspan="2" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Symptoms
+! colspan="9" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Symptoms and signs
-! colspan="3" rowspan="2" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Signs
+! colspan="6" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Lab findings
-! colspan="12" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Lab data
+! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Imaging
 |-
-! colspan="3" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |ABG
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Fatigue/
-! colspan="5" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Chemistry
+Lethargy
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Enzyme
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Thirst
-! colspan="3" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Renal function
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Dizziness/
+Confusion
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Muscle weakness/
+cramp
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Somatic/
+visceral pain
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Vomiting
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Diarrhea
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Tachypnea
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Edema
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Blood indices
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Renal Funtion test
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Electrolytes
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Urine analysis
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |ABG
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Other
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Ultrasound
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |X-ray
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |CT
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |MRI
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Other
 |-
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Hydrogen loss
+! rowspan="22" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Prerenal causes
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Accumulation of base
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Alcohol poisoning]]<ref name="pmid15589492">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pletcher MJ, Maselli J, Gonzales R |title=Uncomplicated alcohol intoxication in the emergency department: an analysis of the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey |journal=Am. J. Med. |volume=117 |issue=11 |pages=863–7 |date=December 2004 |pmid=15589492 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.07.042 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2927129">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cherpitel CJ |title=Breath analysis and self-reports as measures of alcohol-related emergency room admissions |journal=J. Stud. Alcohol |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=155–61 |date=March 1989 |pmid=2927129 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Chloride depletion
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Mineralocorticoid excess
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Fever
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +/-
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Dyspnea
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Edema
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +/-
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Toxic/ill
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |BP
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +/-
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Dehydration
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |paCO<sub>2</sub>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[PT]]
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |O<sub>2</sub>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]] (isopropyl [[alcohol]])
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Cl<sup>−</sup>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Sodium|Na]]
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |K<sup>+</sup>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Na<sup>+</sup>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Bicarbonate|HCO3]]
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Ca<sup>+</sup>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Liver function tests|LFT]]
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Mg<sup>+</sup>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Renin
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Bun
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Cr
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Urine Cl<sup>−</sup>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Thiamine]] must be given to prevent [[Wernicke's encephalopathy]]
 |-
-! rowspan="3" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Exogenous HCO<sub><big>3</big></sub><sup>−</sup> loads
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Aspergillosis|'''Aspergillosis''']]<ref name="pmid11880955">{{cite journal |vauthors=Marr KA, Carter RA, Crippa F, Wald A, Corey L |title=Epidemiology and outcome of mould infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=34 |issue=7 |pages=909–17 |date=April 2002 |pmid=11880955 |doi=10.1086/339202 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16886149">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cornillet A, Camus C, Nimubona S, Gandemer V, Tattevin P, Belleguic C, Chevrier S, Meunier C, Lebert C, Aupée M, Caulet-Maugendre S, Faucheux M, Lelong B, Leray E, Guiguen C, Gangneux JP |title=Comparison of epidemiological, clinical, and biological features of invasive aspergillosis in neutropenic and nonneutropenic patients: a 6-year survey |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=43 |issue=5 |pages=577–84 |date=September 2006 |pmid=16886149 |doi=10.1086/505870 |url=}}</ref>
-! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Acute alkali administration<ref name="MáttarWeil1974">{{cite journal|last1=Máttar|first1=João A.|last2=Weil|first2=Max Harry|last3=Shubin|first3=Herbert|last4=Stein|first4=Leon|title=Cardiac arrest in the critically III|journal=The American Journal of Medicine|volume=56|issue=2|year=1974|pages=162–168|issn=00029343|doi=10.1016/0002-9343(74)90593-2}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Allergy test]], ↑[[IgE]] (>1000 IU/dl), Direct visualization of [[Hyphae|fungal hyphae]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Pulmonary infiltrates, [[Mucus|Mucus plug]], Mass in the upper lobe surrounded by a crescent of air, Solitary or multiple cavities
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Halo sign, Wedge-shaped pulmonary [[infarction]], [[Granuloma]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Polymerase chain reaction|Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Post treatment of [[lactic acidosis]] or [[ketoacidosis]]
-* Increased risk of [[Kidney stone|renal stones]]
 |-
-! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Milk−alkali syndrome<ref name="Abreo1993">{{cite journal|last1=Abreo|first1=Kenneth|title=The Milk-Alkali Syndrome|journal=Archives of Internal Medicine|volume=153|issue=8|year=1993|pages=1005|issn=0003-9926|doi=10.1001/archinte.1993.00410080065011}}</ref>
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Cholera|'''Cholera''']]<ref name="pmid19842974">{{cite journal |vauthors=Weil AA, Khan AI, Chowdhury F, Larocque RC, Faruque AS, Ryan ET, Calderwood SB, Qadri F, Harris JB |title=Clinical outcomes in household contacts of patients with cholera in Bangladesh |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=49 |issue=10 |pages=1473–9 |date=November 2009 |pmid=19842974 |pmc=2783773 |doi=10.1086/644779 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid4809112">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cash RA, Music SI, Libonati JP, Snyder MJ, Wenzel RP, Hornick RB |title=Response of man to infection with Vibrio cholerae. I. Clinical, serologic, and bacteriologic responses to a known inoculum |journal=J. Infect. Dis. |volume=129 |issue=1 |pages=45–52 |date=January 1974 |pmid=4809112 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid4809112">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cash RA, Music SI, Libonati JP, Snyder MJ, Wenzel RP, Hornick RB |title=Response of man to infection with Vibrio cholerae. I. Clinical, serologic, and bacteriologic responses to a known inoculum |journal=J. Infect. Dis. |volume=129 |issue=1 |pages=45–52 |date=January 1974 |pmid=4809112 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21696312">{{cite journal |vauthors=Harris JB, Ivers LC, Ferraro MJ |title=Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Case 19-2011. A 4-year-old Haitian boy with vomiting and diarrhea |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=364 |issue=25 |pages=2452–61 |date=June 2011 |pmid=21696312 |doi=10.1056/NEJMcpc1100927 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Leukocytosis]], ↑[[Hematocrit|HCT]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Sodium|Na]], ↑[[Ca]], ↑[[Mg]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Lactate]], ↓[[Bicarbonate|HCO3]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Stool PCR, Stool culture, Serotyping
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical + exclusion of other causes of [[hypercalcemia]]
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Ingestion of large amounts of calcium and absorbable alkali
-* [[Acute kidney injury]]
 |-
-! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Transfusion<ref name="pmid14712429">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gupta M, Wadhwa NK, Bukovsky R |title=Regional citrate anticoagulation for continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration using calcium-containing dialysate |journal=Am. J. Kidney Dis. |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=67–73 |date=January 2004 |pmid=14712429 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Congestive heart failure]] (CHF)<ref name="pmid17724259">{{cite journal |vauthors=Solomon SD, Dobson J, Pocock S, Skali H, McMurray JJ, Granger CB, Yusuf S, Swedberg K, Young JB, Michelson EL, Pfeffer MA |title=Influence of nonfatal hospitalization for heart failure on subsequent mortality in patients with chronic heart failure |journal=Circulation |volume=116 |issue=13 |pages=1482–7 |date=September 2007 |pmid=17724259 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.696906 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15687312">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fonarow GC, Adams KF, Abraham WT, Yancy CW, Boscardin WJ |title=Risk stratification for in-hospital mortality in acutely decompensated heart failure: classification and regression tree analysis |journal=JAMA |volume=293 |issue=5 |pages=572–80 |date=February 2005 |pmid=15687312 |doi=10.1001/jama.293.5.572 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |±
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |±
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Anemia]], [[Leukocytosis]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Sodium|Na]], ↑[[Potassium|K]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Lactate]], ↓[[Bicarbonate|HCO3]],
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓ ↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[BNP]], ↑[[Troponin]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Cardiomegaly]], [[Pulmonary hypertension]], [[Pleural effusions]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Pulmonary edema]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Valvular heart disease]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl to ↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Decreased [[ejection fraction]] in [[echocardiography]], Heart function and damage in nuclear imaging
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl to ↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |History of administration of large quantities of [[blood]] products that contain [[sodium citrate]]
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Associated with [[Renal insufficiency|renal impairment]]
 |-
-! rowspan="5" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Drugs/Medication
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Dehydration]]<ref name="pmid15187057">{{cite journal |vauthors=Steiner MJ, DeWalt DA, Byerley JS |title=Is this child dehydrated? |journal=JAMA |volume=291 |issue=22 |pages=2746–54 |date=June 2004 |pmid=15187057 |doi=10.1001/jama.291.22.2746 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9220501">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vega RM, Avner JR |title=A prospective study of the usefulness of clinical and laboratory parameters for predicting percentage of dehydration in children |journal=Pediatr Emerg Care |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=179–82 |date=June 1997 |pmid=9220501 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Chloruretic diuretics<ref name="LukeGalla2012">{{cite journal|last1=Luke|first1=R. G.|last2=Galla|first2=J. H.|title=It Is Chloride Depletion Alkalosis, Not Contraction Alkalosis|journal=Journal of the American Society of Nephrology|volume=23|issue=2|year=2012|pages=204–207|issn=1046-6673|doi=10.1681/ASN.2011070720}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
-! align="left" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
-* Bumetanide
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-* Chlorothiazide
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-* Metolazone
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Sodium|Na]], ↑[[Potassium|K]], ↓[[Chloride|Cl]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Ketone]]s and [[glucose]], ↑Urine specific gravity
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Lactate]], ↓[[Bicarbonate|HCO3]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hypoglycemia]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl to ↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl to ↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |History
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Contraction alkalosis]]
 |-
-! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Penicillin<ref name="ZakiLad2011">{{cite journal|last1=Zaki|first1=SyedAhmed|last2=Lad|first2=Vijay|title=Piperacillin-tazobactam-induced hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis|journal=Indian Journal of Pharmacology|volume=43|issue=5|year=2011|pages=609|issn=0253-7613|doi=10.4103/0253-7613.84986}}</ref>
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Diarrhea]] and/or [[vomiting]]<ref name="pmid2178747">{{cite journal |vauthors=Carpenter DO |title=Neural mechanisms of emesis |journal=Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. |volume=68 |issue=2 |pages=230–6 |date=February 1990 |pmid=2178747 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22454468">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bresee JS, Marcus R, Venezia RA, Keene WE, Morse D, Thanassi M, Brunett P, Bulens S, Beard RS, Dauphin LA, Slutsker L, Bopp C, Eberhard M, Hall A, Vinje J, Monroe SS, Glass RI |title=The etiology of severe acute gastroenteritis among adults visiting emergency departments in the United States |journal=J. Infect. Dis. |volume=205 |issue=9 |pages=1374–81 |date=May 2012 |pmid=22454468 |doi=10.1093/infdis/jis206 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Leukocytosis]] with predominant [[neutrophilia]], ↑ [[ESR]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Ketones]], Organic acids, [[Porphobilinogen]], [[Aminolevulinic acid]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Stool [[anion gap]], Stool pH < 5.5, Stool culture, Serotyping, Enzyme immunoassay ([[rotavirus]] or [[adenovirus]]), [[Liver function tests|LFT]], [[Amylase]], [[Lipase]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Normal
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |History
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 |-
-! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Licorice<ref name="MeltemFigen2009">{{cite journal|last1=Meltem|first1=Akkas Camkurt|last2=Figen|first2=Coskun|last3=Nalan|first3=Metin Aksu|last4=Mahir|first4=Kunt|last5=Sebnem|first5=Bozkurt|last6=Mehlika|first6=Isildak|last7=Kasim|first7=Kilic Ahmet|last8=Miyase|first8=Bayraktar|title=A hypokalemic muscular weakness after licorice ingestion: a case report|journal=Cases Journal|volume=2|issue=1|year=2009|pages=8053|issn=1757-1626|doi=10.4076/1757-1626-2-8053}}</ref><ref name="LinYang2003">{{cite journal|last1=Lin|first1=Shih-Hua|last2=Yang|first2=Sung-Sen|last3=Chau|first3=Tom|last4=Halperin|first4=Mitchell L.|title=An Unusual Cause of Hypokalemic Paralysis: Chronic Licorice Ingestion|journal=The American Journal of the Medical Sciences|volume=325|issue=3|year=2003|pages=153–156|issn=00029629|doi=10.1097/00000441-200303000-00008}}</ref>
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Drugs]]/[[Toxin|toxins]]<ref name="pmid1883120">{{cite journal |vauthors=Toto RD, Mitchell HC, Lee HC, Milam C, Pettinger WA |title=Reversible renal insufficiency due to angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in hypertensive nephrosclerosis |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=115 |issue=7 |pages=513–9 |date=October 1991 |pmid=1883120 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid4715199">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bismuth C, Gaultier M, Conso F, Efthymiou ML |title=Hyperkalemia in acute digitalis poisoning: prognostic significance and therapeutic implications |journal=Clin. Toxicol. |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=153–62 |date=1973 |pmid=4715199 |doi=10.3109/15563657308990513 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl to ↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl to ↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl to ↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Muscle weakness]]
-* [[Paralysis]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Laxative abuse<ref name="RoerigSteffen2010">{{cite journal|last1=Roerig|first1=James L.|last2=Steffen|first2=Kristine J.|last3=Mitchell|first3=James E.|last4=Zunker|first4=Christie|title=Laxative Abuse|journal=Drugs|volume=70|issue=12|year=2010|pages=1487–1503|issn=0012-6667|doi=10.2165/11898640-000000000-00000}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |±
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]], ↑[[Creatine kinase|CK]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Potassium|K]], ↓[[Magnesium|Mg]], ↓[[Ca]], ↓[[Phosphate|P]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Ingested drug, [[Glucose]], [[Aminoacid]], [[Phosphate]], [[Ketone]], [[Hyaline cast]], [[RBC]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Lactate]], [[Metabolic acidosis]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Toxicology]], Rapid [[immunoassay]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Nephropathy]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Radioopaque substances, Ingested drug packets
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl to ↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |High level of suspicion
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Large−volume, [[Diarrhea|watery diarrhea]]
-* Cramping [[abdominal pain]]
-* [[Weight loss]]
-|-
-! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Antacids<ref name="SahaniBrennan2001">{{cite journal|last1=Sahani|first1=Mandeep M.|last2=Brennan|first2=John F.|last3=Nwakanma|first3=Chukwuemeka|last4=Chow|first4=May T.|last5=Ing|first5=Todd S.|last6=Leehey|first6=David J.|title=Metabolic Alkalosis in a Hemodialysis Patient After Ingestion of a Large Amount of an Antacid Medication|journal=Artificial Organs|volume=25|issue=4|year=2001|pages=313–315|issn=0160-564X|doi=10.1046/j.1525-1594.2001.06714.x}}</ref><ref name="VanpeeDelgrange2000">{{cite journal|last1=Vanpee|first1=Dominique|last2=Delgrange|first2=Etienne|last3=Gillet|first3=Jean-Bernard|last4=Donckier|first4=Julian|title=Ingestion of antacid tablets (Rennie®) and acute confusion|journal=The Journal of Emergency Medicine|volume=19|issue=2|year=2000|pages=169–171|issn=07364679|doi=10.1016/S0736-4679(00)00206-7}}</ref>
-! align="left" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |
-* Aluminum hydroxide
-* Sodium polystyrene sulfonate
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl to ↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl to ↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-|-
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Category
-! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Disease
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Hydrogen loss
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Accumulation of base
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Chloride depletion
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Mineralocorticoid excess
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Fever
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Dyspnea
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Edema
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Toxic/ill
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |BP
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Dehydration
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |paCO<sub>2</sub>
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |O<sub>2</sub>
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Cl<sup>−</sup>
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |K<sup>+</sup>
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Na<sup>+</sup>
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Ca<sup>+</sup>
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Mg<sup>+</sup>
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Renin
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Bun
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Cr
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Urine Cl<sup>−</sup>
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Gold standard diagnosis
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Other findings
-|-
-! rowspan="8" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Gastrointestinal origin
-! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Vomiting<ref name="GanMeyer2003">{{cite journal|last1=Gan|first1=Tong J.|last2=Meyer|first2=Tricia|last3=Apfel|first3=Christian C.|last4=Chung|first4=Frances|last5=Davis|first5=Peter J.|last6=Eubanks|first6=Steve|last7=Kovac|first7=Anthony|last8=Philip|first8=Beverly K.|last9=Sessler|first9=Daniel I.|last10=Temo|first10=James|last11=Tram??r|first11=Martin R.|last12=Watcha|first12=Mehernoor|title=Consensus Guidelines for Managing Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting|journal=Anesthesia & Analgesia|year=2003|pages=62–71|issn=0003-2999|doi=10.1213/01.ANE.0000068580.00245.95}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |±
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl to ↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-|-
-! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Nasogastric tube suction<ref name="GilbertsonRogers2011">{{cite journal|last1=Gilbertson|first1=Heather Ruth|last2=Rogers|first2=Elizabeth Jessie|last3=Ukoumunne|first3=Obioha Chukwunyere|title=Determination of a Practical pH Cutoff Level for Reliable Confirmation of Nasogastric Tube Placement|journal=Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition|volume=35|issue=4|year=2011|pages=540–544|issn=0148-6071|doi=10.1177/0148607110383285}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl to ↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Gastroesophageal reflux disease|GERD]]
-* [[Pulmonary aspiration]]
-|-
-! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Zollinger−Ellison syndrome<ref name="HungSchubert2003">{{cite journal|last1=Hung|first1=Patrick D.|last2=Schubert|first2=Mitchell L.|last3=Mihas|first3=Anastasios A.|title=Zollinger-Ellison syndrome|journal=Current Treatment Options in Gastroenterology|volume=6|issue=2|year=2003|pages=163–170|issn=1092-8472|doi=10.1007/s11938-003-0017-6}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl to ↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Serum [[gastrin]] concentration + [[secretin]] stimulation test
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Multiple or refractory [[Peptic ulcer|peptic ulcers]]
-* [[Chronic diarrhea]]
-* [[MEN1]]
-|-
-! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Bulimia nervosa<ref name="ShapiroBerkman2007">{{cite journal|last1=Shapiro|first1=Jennifer R.|last2=Berkman|first2=Nancy D.|last3=Brownley|first3=Kimberly A.|last4=Sedway|first4=Jan A.|last5=Lohr|first5=Kathleen N.|last6=Bulik|first6=Cynthia M.|title=Bulimia nervosa treatment: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials|journal=International Journal of Eating Disorders|volume=40|issue=4|year=2007|pages=321–336|issn=02763478|doi=10.1002/eat.20372}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |±
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl to ↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |High level of suspicion
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Lethargy]]
-* Irregular [[Menstruation|menses]]
-* [[Abdominal pain]]
-* [[Constipation]]
-* [[Salivary gland]] hypertrophy
-|-
-! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Congenital chloridorrhea<ref name="WedenojaHãGlund2010">{{cite journal|last1=Wedenoja|first1=S.|last2=HãGlund|first2=P.|last3=Holmberg|first3=C.|title=Review article: the clinical management of congenital chloride diarrhoea|journal=Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics|volume=31|issue=4|year=2010|pages=477–485|issn=02692813|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2036.2009.04197.x}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |±
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl to ↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl to ↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl to ↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical + lab data
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Profuse [[diarrhea]]
-* [[Polyhydramnios]]
-|-
-! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Pyloric stenosis<ref name="BakalSarac2016">{{cite journal|last1=Bakal|first1=Unal|last2=Sarac|first2=Mehmet|last3=Aydin|first3=Mustafa|last4=Tartar|first4=Tugay|last5=Kazez|first5=Ahmet|title=Recent changes in the features of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis|journal=Pediatrics International|volume=58|issue=5|year=2016|pages=369–371|issn=13288067|doi=10.1111/ped.12860}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓ ↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl to ↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Physical exam + imaging
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Palpation of the “olive”
-|-
-! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Villous adenoma<ref name="GennariWeise2008">{{cite journal|last1=Gennari|first1=F. J.|last2=Weise|first2=W. J.|title=Acid-Base Disturbances in Gastrointestinal Disease|journal=Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology|volume=3|issue=6|year=2008|pages=1861–1868|issn=1555-9041|doi=10.2215/CJN.02450508}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl to ↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Colonoscopy]]
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Metabolic acidosis]]
-|-
-! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Gastrocystoplasty<ref name="KurzrockBaskin1998">{{cite journal|last1=Kurzrock|first1=Eric A.|last2=Baskin|first2=Laurence S.|last3=Kogan|first3=Barry A.|title=GASTROCYSTOPLASTY: LONG-TERM FOLLOWUP|journal=The Journal of Urology|volume=160|issue=6|year=1998|pages=2182–2186|issn=00225347|doi=10.1016/S0022-5347(01)62289-4}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl to ↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl to ↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |History of operation
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Hematuria-dysuria syndrome
-|-
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Category
-! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Disease
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Hydrogen loss
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Accumulation of base
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Chloride depletion
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Mineralocorticoid excess
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Fever
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Dyspnea
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Edema
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Toxic/ill
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |BP
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Dehydration
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |paCO<sub>2</sub>
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |O<sub>2</sub>
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Cl<sup>−</sup>
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |K<sup>+</sup>
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Na<sup>+</sup>
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Ca<sup>+</sup>
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Mg<sup>+</sup>
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Renin
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Bun
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Cr
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Urine Cl<sup>−</sup>
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Gold standard diagnosis
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Other findings
-|-
-! rowspan="8" |Renal origin
-! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Posthypercapnic state<ref name="BangaKhilnani2009">{{cite journal|last1=Banga|first1=Amit|last2=Khilnani|first2=G. C.|title=Post-hypercapnic Alkalosis is Associated with Ventilator Dependence and Increased ICU stay|journal=COPD: Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease|volume=6|issue=6|year=2009|pages=437–440|issn=1541-2555|doi=10.3109/15412550903341448}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |±
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Lab data
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Chronic [[respiratory acidosis]]
 |-
-! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Hypomagnesemia<ref name="pmid9252977">{{cite journal |vauthors=Elisaf M, Milionis H, Siamopoulos KC |title=Hypomagnesemic hypokalemia and hypocalcemia: clinical and laboratory characteristics |journal=Miner Electrolyte Metab |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=105–12 |date=1997 |pmid=9252977 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Esophageal varices|'''Esophageal varices bleeding''']]<ref name="pmid6970703">{{cite journal |vauthors=Graham DY, Smith JL |title=The course of patients after variceal hemorrhage |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=80 |issue=4 |pages=800–9 |date=April 1981 |pmid=6970703 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20638742">{{cite journal |vauthors=de Franchis R |title=Revising consensus in portal hypertension: report of the Baveno V consensus workshop on methodology of diagnosis and therapy in portal hypertension |journal=J. Hepatol. |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=762–8 |date=October 2010 |pmid=20638742 |doi=10.1016/j.jhep.2010.06.004 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Normocytic normochromic anemia]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Velocity and direction of [[portal]] flow
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Abnormal opacities  outside of[[esophageal]] wall, Posterior [[mediastinal]] or intraparenchymal mass, Dilated [[azygous vein]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Entire portal venous system
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Portrays [[esophageal varices]] as flow voids
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Portal hypertension and [[esophageal varices]] in [[positron emission tomography]], Flexible [[endoscope]], [[Barium swallow]] of snake-like filling defects
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Lab data
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 |-
-! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Hypokalemia<ref name="pmid10665945">{{cite journal |vauthors=Galla JH |title=Metabolic alkalosis |journal=J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=369–75 |date=February 2000 |pmid=10665945 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Heart disease]]<ref name="pmid2030718">{{cite journal |vauthors=LaCroix AZ, Lang J, Scherr P, Wallace RB, Cornoni-Huntley J, Berkman L, Curb JD, Evans D, Hennekens CH |title=Smoking and mortality among older men and women in three communities |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=324 |issue=23 |pages=1619–25 |date=June 1991 |pmid=2030718 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199106063242303 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19581259">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mahle WT, Newburger JW, Matherne GP, Smith FC, Hoke TR, Koppel R, Gidding SS, Beekman RH, Grosse SD |title=Role of pulse oximetry in examining newborns for congenital heart disease: a scientific statement from the AHA and AAP |journal=Pediatrics |volume=124 |issue=2 |pages=823–36 |date=August 2009 |pmid=19581259 |doi=10.1542/peds.2009-1397 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[ESR]] and [[CRP]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Throat culture]], Rapid streptococcal antigen test, Hyperoxia test, [[Pulse oximetry]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Cardiomegaly]], [[Dextrocardia]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Ventricular dysfunction]], Left and right ventricular [[hypertrophy]], Valvular disease in [[echocardiography]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Lab data
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 |-
-! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Bartter's syndrome<ref name="SimonKaret1996">{{cite journal|last1=Simon|first1=David B.|last2=Karet|first2=Fiona E.|last3=Hamdan|first3=Jahed M.|last4=Pietro|first4=Antonio Di|last5=Sanjad|first5=Sami A.|last6=Lifton|first6=Richard P.|title=Bartter's syndrome, hypokalaemic alkalosis with hypercalciuria, is caused by mutations in the Na–K–2CI cotransporter NKCC2|journal=Nature Genetics|volume=13|issue=2|year=1996|pages=183–188|issn=1061-4036|doi=10.1038/ng0696-183}}</ref>
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hemorrhage]]<ref name="pmid21098468">{{cite journal |vauthors=Achneck HE, Sileshi B, Parikh A, Milano CA, Welsby IJ, Lawson JH |title=Pathophysiology of bleeding and clotting in the cardiac surgery patient: from vascular endothelium to circulatory assist device surface |journal=Circulation |volume=122 |issue=20 |pages=2068–77 |date=November 2010 |pmid=21098468 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.936773 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3487361">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gralnick HR, Rick ME, McKeown LP, Williams SB, Parker RI, Maisonneuve P, Jenneau C, Sultan Y |title=Platelet von Willebrand factor: an important determinant of the bleeding time in type I von Willebrand's disease |journal=Blood |volume=68 |issue=1 |pages=58–61 |date=July 1986 |pmid=3487361 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Normocytic normochromic anemia]], ↑[[PT]], ↑[[PTT]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Sodium|Na]], ↑[[Chloride|Cl]], ↓[[Ca]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Metabolic acidosis]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓↓
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Peritoneal cavity fluid in [[FAST]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Bilateral opacities in the lung field, [[Hemothorax]], Hemoperitoneum, Ruptured [[abdominal aortic aneurysm]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Intrathoracic, intra-abdominal, and retroperitoneal [[bleeding]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl to ↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Source of [[bleeding]] in the upper GI in [[Esophagogastroduodenoscopy|EGD]], [[Angiography]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl to ↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Genetic testing
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Constipation]]
-* [[Cramp|Muscle cramps]] and [[Muscle weakness|weakness]]
-* [[Failure to thrive]]
-* [[Sensorineural hearing loss|Sensorineural deafness]]
-* [[Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis]]
-* [[Hypercalciuria]]
 |-
-! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Gitelman’s syndrome<ref name="FremontChan2012">{{cite journal|last1=Fremont|first1=Oliver T.|last2=Chan|first2=James C. M.|title=Understanding Bartter syndrome and Gitelman syndrome|journal=World Journal of Pediatrics|volume=8|issue=1|year=2012|pages=25–30|issn=1708-8569|doi=10.1007/s12519-012-0333-9}}</ref>
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hemolysis]]<ref name="pmid3814817">{{cite journal |vauthors=Liesveld JL, Rowe JM, Lichtman MA |title=Variability of the erythropoietic response in autoimmune hemolytic anemia: analysis of 109 cases |journal=Blood |volume=69 |issue=3 |pages=820–6 |date=March 1987 |pmid=3814817 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7365971">{{cite journal |vauthors=Marchand A, Galen RS, Van Lente F |title=The predictive value of serum haptoglobin in hemolytic disease |journal=JAMA |volume=243 |issue=19 |pages=1909–11 |date=May 1980 |pmid=7365971 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Thrombocytopenia|Thrombocytopenia,]] [[Microcytic anemia|Microcytic hypochromic anemia]], ↑RDW, ↑[[Reticulocyte|Retic]] count
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓↓
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[LDH]], ↓[[Haptoglobin]], ↑Unconjugated [[bilirubin]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hepatomegaly]],[[Splenomegaly]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Genetic testing
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Less severe
-* [[Constipation]]
-* [[Cramp|Muscle cramps]] and [[Muscle weakness|weakness]]
-* [[Hypocalciuria]]
 |-
-! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Renal artery stenosis<ref name="SafianTextor2001">{{cite journal|last1=Safian|first1=Robert D.|last2=Textor|first2=Stephen C.|title=Renal-Artery Stenosis|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=344|issue=6|year=2001|pages=431–442|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJM200102083440607}}</ref>
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Etiology
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Fatigue/
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | -
+Lethargy
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Thirst
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | -
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Dizziness/
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | -
+Confusion
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Muscle weakness/
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+cramp
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Somatic/
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+visceral pain
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Vomiting
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Diarrhea
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Tachypnea
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Edema
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Blood indices
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Renal Funtion test
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Electrolytes
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Urine analysis
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |ABG
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Other
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Ultrasound
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |X-ray
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |CT
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical + imaging
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |MRI
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Other
-* [[Chronic renal failure|Chronic kidney disease]]
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Comments
-* Acute rise in [[Creatinine|Cr]] following [[ACE inhibitor|ACEIs]] or [[Angiotensin II receptor antagonist|ARBs]]
 |-
-! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Liddle syndrome<ref name="SalihGautschi2017">{{cite journal|last1=Salih|first1=Mahdi|last2=Gautschi|first2=Ivan|last3=van Bemmelen|first3=Miguel X.|last4=Di Benedetto|first4=Michael|last5=Brooks|first5=Alice S.|last6=Lugtenberg|first6=Dorien|last7=Schild|first7=Laurent|last8=Hoorn|first8=Ewout J.|title=A Missense Mutation in the Extracellular Domain ofαENaC Causes Liddle Syndrome|journal=Journal of the American Society of Nephrology|volume=28|issue=11|year=2017|pages=3291–3299|issn=1046-6673|doi=10.1681/ASN.2016111163}}</ref>
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hepatorenal syndrome]]<ref name="pmid19776409">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ginès P, Schrier RW |title=Renal failure in cirrhosis |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=361 |issue=13 |pages=1279–90 |date=September 2009 |pmid=19776409 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra0809139 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8550036">{{cite journal |vauthors=Arroyo V, Ginès P, Gerbes AL, Dudley FJ, Gentilini P, Laffi G, Reynolds TB, Ring-Larsen H, Schölmerich J |title=Definition and diagnostic criteria of refractory ascites and hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis. International Ascites Club |journal=Hepatology |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=164–76 |date=January 1996 |pmid=8550036 |doi=10.1002/hep.510230122 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Leukocytosis]], ↑[[PT]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Glomerular filtration rate|GFR]], ↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Sodium|Na]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Proteinuria]],  [[Sodium|Na]] < 10 mEq/L, [[Urine osmolality]] > [[plasma osmolality]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓↓
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Alpha fetoprotein|Alpha feto-protein]], [[Cryoglobulinemia]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Exclude [[hydronephrosis]] and intrinsic renal disease
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Right ventricular preload, ventricular filling pressures, and cardiac function in [[echocardiography]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| -
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Genetic testing
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 |-
-! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Renal tumors<ref name="LasseigneBrooks2018">{{cite journal|last1=Lasseigne|first1=Brittany N.|last2=Brooks|first2=James D.|title=The Role of DNA Methylation in Renal Cell Carcinoma|journal=Molecular Diagnosis & Therapy|year=2018|issn=1177-1062|doi=10.1007/s40291-018-0337-9}}</ref>
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Cardiomyopathy|Ischemic cardiomyopathy]]<ref name="pmid16567565">{{cite journal |vauthors=Maron BJ, Towbin JA, Thiene G, Antzelevitch C, Corrado D, Arnett D, Moss AJ, Seidman CE, Young JB |title=Contemporary definitions and classification of the cardiomyopathies: an American Heart Association Scientific Statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Heart Failure and Transplantation Committee; Quality of Care and Outcomes Research and Functional Genomics and Translational Biology Interdisciplinary Working Groups; and Council on Epidemiology and Prevention |journal=Circulation |volume=113 |issue=14 |pages=1807–16 |date=April 2006 |pmid=16567565 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.174287 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15689345">{{cite journal |vauthors=Corrado D, Pelliccia A, Bjørnstad HH, Vanhees L, Biffi A, Borjesson M, Panhuyzen-Goedkoop N, Deligiannis A, Solberg E, Dugmore D, Mellwig KP, Assanelli D, Delise P, van-Buuren F, Anastasakis A, Heidbuchel H, Hoffmann E, Fagard R, Priori SG, Basso C, Arbustini E, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, McKenna WJ, Thiene G |title=Cardiovascular pre-participation screening of young competitive athletes for prevention of sudden death: proposal for a common European protocol. Consensus Statement of the Study Group of Sport Cardiology of the Working Group of Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology and the Working Group of Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology |journal=Eur. Heart J. |volume=26 |issue=5 |pages=516–24 |date=March 2005 |pmid=15689345 |doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehi108 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Anemia]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Cr]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Sodium|Na]], ↓[[Potassium|K]], ↓[[Magnesium|Mg]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Troponin]], [[Creatine kinase]], [[Creatine kinase]] - MB, [[Brain natriuretic peptide|BNP]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Abnormal cardiac silhouette
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Biventricular volume, Wall motion abnormality, Myocardial perfusion, [[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Mid-wall [[fibrosis]] in [[MRI]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Ejection fraction ≤35%, Pulmonary embolism, Right ventricular dilation or [[pericardial effusion]] with tamponade in echocardiography
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| -
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Biopsy]]
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 |-
-! rowspan="6" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Endocrine
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Liver cirrhosis]]<ref name="pmid24076364">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ge PS, Runyon BA |title=The changing role of beta-blocker therapy in patients with cirrhosis |journal=J. Hepatol. |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=643–53 |date=March 2014 |pmid=24076364 |doi=10.1016/j.jhep.2013.09.016 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3533689">{{cite journal |vauthors=Becker CD, Scheidegger J, Marincek B |title=Hepatic vein occlusion: morphologic features on computed tomography and ultrasonography |journal=Gastrointest Radiol |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=305–11 |date=1986 |pmid=3533689 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Cushing's syndrome<ref name="Araujo CastroMarazuela Azpiroz2018">{{cite journal|last1=Araujo Castro|first1=Marta|last2=Marazuela Azpiroz|first2=Mónica|title=Two types of ectopic Cushing syndrome or a continuum? Review|journal=Pituitary|year=2018|issn=1386-341X|doi=10.1007/s11102-018-0894-2}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Liver function tests|LFT]], [[Aspartate aminotransferase]] to [[platelet]] ratio, FibroTest/FibroSure, Hepascore, FibroSpectatio
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Portal blood flow velocity, [[Hepatic artery]] enlargement, Multifocal  lesions or masses, Hepatic contour, [[Ascites]], [[Splenomegaly]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Bowel perforation]], [[Gynecomastia]], [[Azygos vein]] enlargement, [[Pleural effusion]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Morphologic changes in the liver, Collaterals and shunts, Hyperattenuating nodule of [[hepatocellular carcinoma]], [[Portal vein thrombosis]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Vacular patency, Tumor invasion, [[Portal vein thrombosis]], [[Steatosis]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hepatic]] function and [[portal hypertension]] in nuclear imaging, [[Hepatic]] perfusion and the development of [[shunt]]s and [[tumor]]s in angiography
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Irreversible and a transplant is usually needed
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 |-
-! rowspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Hyperaldosteronism
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Malignant hypertension]]<ref name="pmid23102030">{{cite journal |vauthors=Johnson W, Nguyen ML, Patel R |title=Hypertension crisis in the emergency department |journal=Cardiol Clin |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=533–43 |date=November 2012 |pmid=23102030 |doi=10.1016/j.ccl.2012.07.011 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16627047">{{cite journal |vauthors=Elliott WJ |title=Clinical features in the management of selected hypertensive emergencies |journal=Prog Cardiovasc Dis |volume=48 |issue=5 |pages=316–25 |date=2006 |pmid=16627047 |doi=10.1016/j.pcad.2006.02.004 |url=}}</ref>
-! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Primary
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Sodium|Na]], ↑[[Potassium|K]], ↑[[Phosphate|P]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Proteinuria]], [[Microscopic hematuria]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Acidosis]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Cardiac enzymes]], Urinary [[catecholamines]], [[TSH]], ↑[[Renin]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Cardiomegaly, [[Pulmonary edema]], Rib notching, [[Aortic coarctation]], Mediastinal widening, [[Aortic dissection]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Left atrial enlargement and left ventricular [[hypertrophy|hypertrophy in]] [[echocardiography]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| -
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 |-
-! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Secondary
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Myocarditis]]<ref name="pmid39746742">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dec GW, Palacios IF, Fallon JT, Aretz HT, Mills J, Lee DC, Johnson RA |title=Active myocarditis in the spectrum of acute dilated cardiomyopathies. Clinical features, histologic correlates, and clinical outcome |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=312 |issue=14 |pages=885–90 |date=April 1985 |pmid=3974674 |doi=10.1056/NEJM198504043121404 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Leukocytosis]] ([[eosinophilia]]),↑[[ESR]] and [[CRP]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Cardiac enzymes]], Viral antibodies
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Inflammatory [[edema]], Degree of scarring
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Endomyocardial biopsy]], [[Echocardiography]], [[Scintigraphy]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 |-
-! rowspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Adrenal enzyme defects
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Peritonitis]]<ref name="pmid97980132">{{cite journal |vauthors=Such J, Runyon BA |title=Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=669–74; quiz 675–6 |date=October 1998 |pmid=9798013 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22106722">{{cite journal |vauthors=Runyon BA |title=Monomicrobial nonneutrocytic bacterascites: a variant of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis |journal=Hepatology |volume=12 |issue=4 Pt 1 |pages=710–5 |date=October 1990 |pmid=2210672 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |11β−Hydroxylase deficiency
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Leukocytosis]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Ascitic fluid [[neutrophil]] count > 500 cells/µL
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 |-
-! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |17α−Hydroxylase deficiency
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Polycythemia]]<ref name="pmid90251652">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gregg XT, Prchal JT |title=Erythropoietin receptor mutations and human disease |journal=Semin. Hematol. |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=70–6 |date=January 1997 |pmid=9025165 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid92925432">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kralovics R, Indrak K, Stopka T, Berman BW, Prchal JF, Prchal JT |title=Two new EPO receptor mutations: truncated EPO receptors are most frequently associated with primary familial and congenital polycythemias |journal=Blood |volume=90 |issue=5 |pages=2057–61 |date=September 1997 |pmid=9292543 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[RBC]], ↑[[Hematocrit|HCT]], ↑[[Hemoglobin|HGB]], [[Thrombocytosis]], [[Leukocytosis]], ↑[[PT]] and [[aPTT]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Erythropoietin]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hyperuricemia]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Splenomegaly]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Phlebotomy]] is the usual treatment
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 |-
-! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Hypercalcemia/hypoparathyroidism
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Respiratory distress syndrome]]<ref name="pmid265428772">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hooper SB, Te Pas AB, Kitchen MJ |title=Respiratory transition in the newborn: a three-phase process |journal=Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed. |volume=101 |issue=3 |pages=F266–71 |date=May 2016 |pmid=26542877 |doi=10.1136/archdischild-2013-305704 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Metabolic acidosis|Metabolic]] and [[Metabolic acidosis|respiratory acidosis]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Pulse oximetry]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Bilateral, diffuse, reticular granular or ground-glass appearance +/- [[Cardiomegaly]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Patent ductus arteriosus]] [[hypertrophy|in]] [[echocardiography]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 |-
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Systemic
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Shock]]<ref name="pmid24171518">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vincent JL, De Backer D |title=Circulatory shock |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=369 |issue=18 |pages=1726–34 |date=October 2013 |pmid=24171518 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra1208943 |url=}}</ref>
-! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Cystic fibrosis
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Hematocrit|HCT]], ↑[[PT]] and [[aPTT]], [[Eosinophilia]], [[Leukocytosis]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Glomerular filtration rate|GFR]], ↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Lactate]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Liver function tests|LFT]],  ↑[[BNP]], ↑[[Troponin]], [[D-dimer]], [[Fibrinogen]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Pulmonary embolism]], [[Pericardial effusion]], [[Cardiac tamponade]], [[Pneumothorax]], Thoracic or [[abdominal aortic aneurysm]] in RUSH (Rapid Ultrasound for Shock and Hypotension)
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Pneumonia]], [[Pneumothorax]], [[Pulmonary edema]], Widened [[mediastinum]], Free air under the [[diaphragm]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Traumatic brain injury, [[Stroke]], Spinal injury, [[Pneumonia]], [[Pneumothorax]], Ruptured [[aneurysm]], [[Aortic dissection]], [[Pulmonary embolism]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl to ↑
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 |-
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Category
-! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Disease
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Hydrogen loss
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Accumulation of base
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Chloride depletion
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Mineralocorticoid excess
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Fever
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Dyspnea
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Edema
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Toxic/ill
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |BP
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Dehydration
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |paCO<sub>2</sub>
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |O<sub>2</sub>
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Cl<sup>−</sup>
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |K<sup>+</sup>
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Na<sup>+</sup>
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Ca<sup>+</sup>
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Mg<sup>+</sup>
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Renin
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Bun
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Cr
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Urine Cl<sup>−</sup>
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Gold standard diagnosis
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Other findings
 |}
-<references />

Sandbox: wdx causes: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 15:03, 23 July 2018

Differential Diagnosis

Navigation menu