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__NOTOC__
{{Thrombocytopenia}}
{{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor-In-Chief:''' [[User:Farbod Zahedi Tajrishi|Farbod Zahedi Tajrishi, M.D.]]
==Overview==
[[Thrombocytopenia]] has a broad range of potential causes. While a good [[History and Physical examination|history and physical examination]] can be helpful to diagnose some of these causes such as drug-induced thrombocytopenia, they usually don't suffice and further evaluation is often needed. There are also some useful points that may guide the [[physician]] to an appropriate [[diagnosis]]. For example, [[asymptomatic]], isolated [[thrombocytopenia]] most probably suggests [[Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura|ITP]], while [[thrombocytopenia]] in critically ill, hospitalized patients is usually suggestive of [[Iatrogenesis|iatrogenic]] causes (eg. [[dilution]]), [[platelet]] consumption, [[bone marrow suppression]] from [[infection]]/[[sepsis]], or even [[drug-induced thrombocytopenia]]. One should consider however, that a wide variety of other conditions such as [[autoimmune disorders]], [[nutrient]] deficiencies, [[thrombotic microangiopathies]] could all as well cause [[thrombocytopenia]].
==Differential Diagnosis==
==Differential Diagnosis==
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |Category
!
! rowspan="2" |Disease
! rowspan="2" |History and symptoms
! rowspan="2" |Physical exam
! colspan="3" |Laboratory findings
! rowspan="2" |Pathology
! rowspan="2" |Other specifics
|-
|
|[[White blood cells|WBC]] changes
|[[Red blood cell|RBC/]][[hemoglobin]]<nowiki/>changes
|other findings
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''Cardiovascular'''
|
|[[endocarditis]]<ref name="abc">Infective endocarditis. Wikipedia (2015). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infective_endocarditis Accessed on September 24, 2015</ref>
|
* [[Rigors]]
* [[Fever|Fevers]]
* [[Chills]]
* [[Anorexia]]
* [[Malaise]]
* [[Fatigue]]
* [[Weight loss]]
* [[Embolism|Embolic symptoms]]
|'''Skin'''
* [[Petechiae]]
* [[Splinter hemorrhages]]
* [[Osler's nodes]]
* [[Janeway lesion|Janeway lesions]]
Oral Cavity
* [[Periodontal diseases|Periodontal]] abnormalities
'''Eyes'''
* [[Conjunctival hemorrhage]]
* [[Roth's spot|Roth's spots]] in the [[retina]]
'''Ear Nose and Throat'''
* Bobbing of the [[uvula]] may be present among patients with new onset [[aortic regurgitation]].
'''Cardiovascular'''
* Heart [[Murmur|murmurs]]
* Wide [[pulse pressure]]
'''Lungs'''
* [[Rales]] as a result of [[heart failure]]
'''Abdomen'''
* [[Abdominal pain]] and [[reduced bowel sounds]] due to mesenteric embolization or [[ileus]]
* [[Splenomegaly]]
* [[Flank pain]] as a result of an [[embolus to the kidney]].
'''Neurologic'''
* [[Septic emboli]] may result in [[stroke]] and focal neurologic findings
* [[Seizures]]
* [[Intracranial hemorrhage]]
|    ↑
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
* ↑ [[Erythrocyte sedimentation rate|ESR]]
* ↑ [[Rheumatoid factor|RF]], [[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]] and [[Creatinine|Cr]] may also be present
|
'''Pathological Criteria'''
* Microorganisms demonstrated by culture or histological examination of a vegetation, a vegetation that has embolized, or an intracardiac abscess specimen
: OR
* Pathological lesions; vegetation or intracardiac abscess confirmed by histological examination showing active endocarditis
|'''Diagnostic criteria:<ref name="Durack">{{cite journal | author = Durack D, Lukes A, Bright D | title = New criteria for diagnosis of infective endocarditis: utilization of specific echocardiographic findings. Duke Endocarditis Service. | journal = Am J Med | volume = 96 | issue = 3 | pages = 200-9 | year = 1994 | id = PMID 8154507}}</ref>'''
'''''Criteria for Rejecting the Diagnosis'''''
* Firm alternate diagnosis to infective endocarditis
* Resolution of infective endocarditis syndrome in under 4 days on antibiotics
* '''''Does not meet the criteria below:'''''
'''''Criteria for Definitive Endocarditis'''''
The Duke Clinical Criteria for definitive infective endocarditis require either:
* Two major criteria
: OR
* One major and three minor criteria
: OR
* Five minor criteria
=== Major Criteria ===
'''1. Positive Blood Culture for Infective Endocarditis'''
: '''A. Typical microorganism consistent with infective endocarditis from 2 separate blood cultures, as noted below:'''
:: ☑ [[Viridans streptococci]], ''[[Streptococcus bovis]]'', '''or'''
:: ☑ [[HACEK]] group, '''or'''
:: ☑ Community-acquired ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]'' or [[enterococci]], in the absence of a primary focus
: OR
: '''B. Microorganisms consistent with infective endocarditis from persistently positive blood cultures defined as:'''
:: ☑ 2 positive cultures of blood samples drawn >12 hours apart, '''or'''
:: ☑ All of 3 or a majority of 4 separate cultures of blood (with first and last sample drawn 1 hour apart)
'''2. Evidence of endocardial involvement'''
: '''Positive echocardiogram for infective endocarditis defined as:'''
:: ☑ Oscillating intracardiac mass on valve or supporting structures, in the path of regurgitant jets, '''or'''
:: ☑ On implanted material in the absence of an alternative anatomic explanation, '''or'''
:: ☑ Abscess, '''or'''
:: ☑ New partial dehiscence of prosthetic valve
: OR
:: ☑ New valvular regurgitation (worsening or changing of preexisting murmur not sufficient)
'''Minor criteria:'''
: ☑ Predisposition: predisposing heart condition or [[intravenous drug use]]
: ☑ [[Fever]]: temperature > 38.0° C (100.4° F)
: ☑ Vascular phenomena: major arterial emboli, septic pulmonary infarcts, [[mycotic aneurysm]], [[intracranial hemorrhage]], [[Conjunctival hemorrhage|conjunctival hemorrhages]], and [[Janeway lesions]]
: ☑ Immunologic phenomena: [[glomerulonephritis]], [[Osler's nodes]], [[Roth spot|Roth spots]], and [[rheumatoid factor]]
: ☑ Microbiological evidence: positive [[blood culture]] but does not meet a major criterion as noted above (see footnote) or serological evidence of active infection with organism consistent with infectious endocarditis
: ☑ Echocardiographic findings: consistent with infectious endocarditis but do not meet a major criterion as noted above
: '''Footnote:''' It should be noted that the criteria exclude single positive cultures for [[coagulase-negative staphylococci]], diphtheroids, and organisms that do not commonly cause endocarditis.
|-
|
|[[pulmonary embolism]]<ref name="pmid241826422">{{cite journal| author=Cohen AT, Dobromirski M, Gurwith MM| title=Managing pulmonary embolism from presentation to extended treatment. | journal=Thromb Res | year= 2014 | volume= 133 | issue= 2 | pages= 139-48 | pmid=24182642 | doi=10.1016/j.thromres.2013.09.040 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24182642  }}</ref>
|
* [[Dyspnea]]
* [[Pleuritic chest pain]]
* [[Fainting]]
* [[Cough]]
* [[Substernal chest pain]]
* [[Hemoptysis]]
* [[Wheezing]]
* [[Cyanosis]]
* [[Fever]]
|
|
|
|
* ↑ [[D-dimer]]
|
|
* positive findings on [[CT angiography|CT-angiogram]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''Chemical/poisoning'''
|
|[[Strontium-89]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[zinc]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''Dermatologic'''
|
|[[Cholesterol embolism]]
|'''General:'''
* [[fever]],
* [[myalgia]]
* [[Weight loss#Unintentional weight loss|weight loss]]
'''Organ-dependent:'''
Lower extremities
* [[Livedoid vasculitis|livedo reticularis]]
Kidney
* symptoms of [[Renal insufficiency|renal failure]] or [[nephrotic syndrome]]
Gastroinstestinal
* reduced appetite
* nausea and vomiting
* nonspecific [[abdominal pain]]
* [[gastrointestinal hemorrhage]] 
Central nervous system
* [[stroke]]-like symptoms
* [[headache]]
* [[amaurosis fugax]]
* [[paraparesis]]
* [[cauda equina syndrome]]
* loss of control over the [[bladder]], [[rectum]] and skin sensation around the anus
* [[mononeuropathy]].
|
| ↑/-
|↓/-
|
:* ↑ [[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]] and [[Creatinine|Cr]] in case of renal failure
:* ↑ [[Creatine kinase|CPK]] and [[troponin]] in case of myocardial infarction
:* [[Occult blood|OB]]+ in case of mesenteric ischemia
:* Peripheral [[eosinophilia]]
:* Urinary [[eosinophilia]] in patients with cholesterol-renal disease
:* [[Complement deficiency|Hypocomplementemia]]
:* ↑ [[Erythrocyte sedimentation rate|ESR]]
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
|-
|
|[[Griscelli syndrome|Griscelli syndrome]]
|
* characteristic [[hypopigmentation]]
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |'''Ear Nose Throat'''
|
|[[Alport syndrome]]<ref name="pmid8414153">{{cite journal| author=Chugh KS, Sakhuja V, Agarwal A, Jha V, Joshi K, Datta BN et al.| title=Hereditary nephritis (Alport's syndrome)--clinical profile and inheritance in 28 kindreds. | journal=Nephrol Dial Transplant | year= 1993 | volume= 8 | issue= 8 | pages= 690-5 | pmid=8414153 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8414153 }}</ref><ref name="pmid11137428">{{cite journal| author=McCarthy PA, Maino DM| title=Alport syndrome: a review. | journal=Clin Eye Vis Care | year= 2000 | volume= 12 | issue= 3-4 | pages= 139-150 | pmid=11137428 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11137428 }}</ref><ref name="pmid1425373">{{cite journal| author=Andreoli SP, Deaton M| title=Alport's syndrome. | journal=Ear Nose Throat J | year= 1992 | volume= 71 | issue= 10 | pages= 508-11 | pmid=1425373 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1425373 }}</ref><ref name="pmid8238007">{{cite journal| author=Kashtan CE, Michael AF| title=Alport syndrome: from bedside to genome to bedside. | journal=Am J Kidney Dis | year= 1993 | volume= 22 | issue= 5 | pages= 627-40 | pmid=8238007 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8238007 }}</ref><ref name="pmid8327646">{{cite journal| author=Flinter F| title=Molecular genetics of Alport's syndrome. | journal=Q J Med | year= 1993 | volume= 86 | issue= 5 | pages= 289-92 | pmid=8327646 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8327646 }}</ref><ref name="pmid14253732">{{cite journal| author=Andreoli SP, Deaton M| title=Alport's syndrome. | journal=Ear Nose Throat J | year= 1992 | volume= 71 | issue= 10 | pages= 508-11 | pmid=1425373 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1425373 }}</ref><ref name="pmid7819734">{{cite journal| author=Amari F, Segawa K, Ando F| title=Lens coloboma and Alport-like glomerulonephritis. | journal=Eur J Ophthalmol | year= 1994 | volume= 4 | issue= 3 | pages= 181-3 | pmid=7819734 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7819734 }}</ref><ref name="pmid6871140">{{cite journal| author=Govan JA| title=Ocular manifestations of Alport's syndrome: a hereditary disorder of basement membranes? | journal=Br J Ophthalmol | year= 1983 | volume= 67 | issue= 8 | pages= 493-503 | pmid=6871140 | doi= | pmc=PMC1040106 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6871140 }}</ref>
|
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Renal'''
|'''Auditory'''
|'''Ocular'''
|-
|
* Hematuria
* Proteinuria
* Hypertension
* Reduced Creatinine Clearance
|
* Early Tinnitus
* Vertigo
* High-Frequency Progressive Bilateral Hearing Loss
|
* Refractory Error
* Posterior Polymorphous Dystrophy
* Arcus
* Glaucoma
* Vogt’s White Limbal Girdle
* Band Keratopathy
* Lenticonus
* Spherophakia
* Cataracts
* Lens Coloboma
* Anterior Lenticonus
* Flecked Retinopathy of the Macula or Periphery
|}
|
'''Vital signs'''
* [[Systemic hypertension]] may be present
'''Eyes'''
[[Fundoscopy]] shows:
* [[Cataract|Cataracts]]
* Subcapsular posterior lens opacities
* [[Lenticonus]]
* Retinal flecks (dot-and-fleck retinopathy)
* Posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy/corneal epithelial erosions
'''Ears'''
* [[Sensorineural deafness|Sensorineural hearing loss]]
'''Extremities'''
* [[Peripheral edema]]
* [[Leiomyomatosis]]
'''Miscellaneous'''
* [[Anasarca]]
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
'''Urinalysis'''
* Microscopic [[hematuria]]
* [[Pyuria]]
* Red cell [[casts]]
* Cylindrical [[casts]]
* [[Proteinuria]]
'''Electrolytes and Metabolic'''
* ↑ [[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]]
* ↑ [[Creatinine|Cr]]
* [[Hypoalbuminemia]]
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|'''Diagnostic criteria:'''<ref name="pmid23349312">{{cite journal| author=Savige J, Gregory M, Gross O, Kashtan C, Ding J, Flinter F| title=Expert guidelines for the management of Alport syndrome and thin basement membrane nephropathy. | journal=J Am Soc Nephrol | year= 2013 | volume= 24 | issue= 3 | pages= 364-75 | pmid=23349312 | doi=10.1681/ASN.2012020148 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23349312 }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Mandatory Criterion'''
|Persistent Hematuria
|-
|'''Optional Criteria'''
|''Presence of at Least 1 of 4'':
* Positive Family History of Alport's Syndrome
* Characteristic Clinical Features
* Characteristic Pathology Findings
* Genetic Testing
|}
The equivocal or non-characteristic finding of any of the above prompts further work-up until the diagnosis is made or rejected.
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[MYH9]]-associated disorders
|[[Epstein's syndrome]]
|
* [[epistaxis]]
* [[Gastrointestinal bleeding]]
* [[Hypertension]] (due to kidney disease)
* [[Deafness]]
* NO cataract
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|No [[White blood cells|leukocyte]] [[inclusion bodies]]
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| rowspan="4" |
* giant platelets on [[Blood film|PBS]]
|-
|[[Fechtner syndrome]]
|Same as [[Alport syndrome]]:
* [[Sensorineural hearing loss|sensorineural deafness]]
* [[ocular]] abnormalities such as [[cataract]]
* [[nephritis]]


'''Abbreviations:''' [[Arterial blood gas|ABG]] = [[Arterial blood gas|Arterial blood gases]], [[BUN]] = [[Blood urea nitrogen]], [[Complete blood count|CBC]] = [[Complete blood count]], [[Computed tomography|CT]] = [[Computed tomography]], CRP = C - reactive protein, [[ECG]] = [[Electrocardiogram]], ESR = [[Erythrocyte sedimentation rate]], IVP  = Intravenous pyelography, [[Renal function|KFT]] = [[Renal function tests|Kidney function test]], GI = Gastrointestinal, GFR = [[Glomerular filtration rate]], [[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]] = [[Magnetic resonance imaging]], [[PT]] = [[Prothrombin time]]
|
|
|
|
* characteristic [[White blood cells|leukocyte]] [[inclusion bodies]] +


{|  
* impaired liver function and [[hypercholesterolemia]] in some cases
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Etiology
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
! colspan="9" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Clinical manifestations
|-
! colspan="11" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Paraclinical findings
|May–Hegglin Anomaly
! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Comments
|
|
|
|
|
* characteristic [[White blood cells|leukocyte]] [[inclusion bodies]] +
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|-
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Symptoms and signs
|[[Sebastian platelet syndrome|Sebastian Syndrome]]
! colspan="6" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Lab findings
|same hematologic changes as those in the Fechtner syndrome but without the manifestations of [[Alport syndrome]].
! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Imaging
|
|
|
|
* characteristic [[White blood cells|leukocyte]] [[inclusion bodies]] +
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|-
|-
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Fatigue/
|'''Endocrine'''
Lethargy
|
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Thirst
|[[Immunodysregulation polyendocrinopathy and enteropathy, X-linked]]
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Dizziness/
|
Confusion
|
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Muscle weakness/
|
cramp
|
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Somatic/
|
visceral pain
|
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Vomiting
|
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Diarrhea
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Tachypnea
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Edema
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Blood indices
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Renal Funtion test
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Electrolytes
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Urine analysis
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |ABG
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Other
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Ultrasound
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |X-ray
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |CT
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |MRI
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Other
|-
|-
! rowspan="23" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Prerenal causes
| rowspan="4" |'''Gastroenterologic'''
! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Alcohol poisoning]]
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
|[[Aminoaciduria|Dibasic aminoaciduria type 2]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +/-
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +/-
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +/-
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[PT]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]] (isopropyl [[alcohol]])
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Sodium|Na]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Bicarbonate|HCO3]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Abnormal [[Liver function tests|LFT]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Thiamine]] must be given to prevent [[Wernicke's encephalopathy]]
|-
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Aspergillosis|'''Aspergillosis''']]
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
|[[liver failure]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Allergy test]], ↑[[IgE]] (>1000 IU/dl), direct visualization of [[Hyphae|fungal hyphae]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Pulmonary infiltrates, mucus plug, mass in the upper lobe surrounded by a crescent of air, solitary or multiple cavities
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Halo sign, wedge-shaped pulmonary [[infarction]], [[granuloma]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Polymerase chain reaction|Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)]] confirms the diagnosis
|-
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Cholera|'''Cholera''']]<ref name="pmid4809112">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cash RA, Music SI, Libonati JP, Snyder MJ, Wenzel RP, Hornick RB |title=Response of man to infection with Vibrio cholerae. I. Clinical, serologic, and bacteriologic responses to a known inoculum |journal=J. Infect. Dis. |volume=129 |issue=1 |pages=45–52 |date=January 1974 |pmid=4809112 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
|[[Niemann-Pick disease|Niemann-Pick disease type b]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Leukocytosis]], ↑[[Hematocrit|HCT]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Sodium|Na]], ↑[[Ca]], ↑[[Mg]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Lactate]], ↓[[Bicarbonate|HCO3]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Stool PCR, stool culture, serotyping
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
|-
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Congestive heart failure]] (CHF)
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
|[[portal hypertension]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Anemia]], [[leukocytosis]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Sodium|Na]], ↑[[Potassium|K]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Lactate]], ↓[[Bicarbonate|HCO3]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[BNP]], ↑[[Troponin]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Cardiomegaly]], [[pulmonary hypertension]], [[pleural effusion]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Pulmonary edema]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Valvular heart disease]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Decreased [[ejection fraction]] in [[echocardiography]], decreased heart function and damage in nuclear imaging
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
|-
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Dehydration]]
| rowspan="11" |'''Genetic'''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
|[[Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +/-
|
Depends on the severity
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Sodium|Na]], ↑[[Potassium|K]], ↓[[Chloride|Cl]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Ketone]]s and [[glucose]], ↑urine specific gravity
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Lactate]], ↓[[Bicarbonate|HCO3]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hypoglycemia]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
|-
|-
|
|[[Chediak-Higashi disease]]
|
* [[Dizziness]]
* [[Weakness]]
* [[Photophobia]]
* [[Tremor]]
* Photosensitive skin
* [[Neuropathy]]
* Frequent infections - [[Staphylococcus aureus]]
* [[Numbness]]
* [[Seizures]]
* [[ataxia]]
* Nosebleeds or easy [[bruising]]
* [[mental retardation]]
|'''Skin'''
* [[Hypopigmentation skin|Hypopigmentation]]
* Silvery hair
'''Eye'''
* [[Nystagmus]]
'''Abdomen'''
* [[Hepatomegaly]]
* [[Splenomegaly]]
'''Neurologic'''
* [[Neuropathy]]
|↓
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
* [[Hypergammaglobulinemia]]
* ↑ [[Bleeding time]]
* ↑ [[bilirubin]]
* Peripheral blood smear - giant granules in neutrophils, eosinophils, and granulocytes
* Bone marrow smear - peroxidase positive giant inclusion bodies in leukocyte precursor cells. The inclusion bodies contain lysosomal enzymes.
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|


! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Diarrhea]] and/or [[vomiting]]
'''CT'''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
* Brain and spinal cord atrophy
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
'''MRI'''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
* Brain and spinal cord atrophy
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
'''EMG'''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
* Delayed nerve conduction
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
'''EEG'''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
* May reveal [[seizure]] activity
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|-
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Leukocytosis]] with predominant [[neutrophilia]], ↑ [[ESR]]  
|[[Factor H|complement factor H deficiency]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Ketones]], Organic acids, [[Porphobilinogen]], [[Aminolevulinic acid]]
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Stool [[anion gap]], Stool pH < 5.5, Stool culture, Serotyping, Enzyme immunoassay ([[rotavirus]] or [[adenovirus]]), [[Liver function tests|LFT]], [[Amylase]], [[Lipase]]
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Normal
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
|-
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
|[[Fanconi anaemia]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[holocarboxylase synthase deficiency]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[iminodipeptiduria]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[Jacobsen syndrome]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[MELAS]]
|
'''Early symptoms:'''
* [[Muscle weakness]]
* [[Muscle pain]]
* Recurrent [[headaches]]
* [[Loss of appetite]]
* [[Vomiting]]
* [[Seizures]]
* [[Abdominal pain]]
* [[fatigue]]
* [[Difficulty breathing]]
'''Eye'''
* Vision abnormalities
'''Ear'''
* [[Hearing loss]]
'''Extremeties'''
* [[Myoclonus]]
'''Neurologic'''
* [[Stroke]]-like episodes beginning before age 40
* [[hemiparesis]]
* [[Confusion|Altered consciousness]]
* [[Ataxia]]
* [[Seizures]]
* [[Dementia]]
|
|
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
* [[lactic acidosis]]
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
|-
|
|[[Omenn syndrome]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[TAR syndrome]]
|Absent [[Radius (bone)|radius]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[X-linked hyperimmunoglobulin M syndrome]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="33" |'''Hematologic'''
|
|[[Acquired pure megakaryocytic aplasia]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[aplastic anemia]]
|
|
|<nowiki>+ / ↓</nowiki>
|<nowiki>+ / ↓</nowiki>
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[Bernard-Soulier syndrome]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[Thrombocytopenia|congenital amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia (CAMT)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[disseminated intravascular coagulation]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[Epstein's syndrome]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[familial histiocytic reticulosis]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[Gasser syndrome]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[GATA1|GATA1-related cytopenia]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[Glanzmann's thrombasthenia]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[grey platelet syndrome]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[hemolytic uremic syndrome]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[histiocytosis X]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[hypersplenism]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[Jacobsen syndrome]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[Kasabach-Merritt syndrome]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[May-Hegglin anomaly]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[Moschcowitz syndrome]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[myelodysplastic syndrome]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[myelofibrosis]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[pancytopenia]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|Paris-Trousseau thrombocytopenia
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[post-transfusion purpura]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[TAR syndrome|radial aplasia-thrombocytopenia syndrome]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[Sebastian platelet syndrome]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[Shwachman-Diamond syndrome]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[Von Willebrand disease|Von Willebrand disease, platelet type]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[Werlhof disease]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |'''Iatrogenic'''
|
|[[Coronary artery bypass surgery|Cardiac bypass]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[chemotherapy]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[Intra-aortic balloon pump|intra-aortic balloon pump placement]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[Blood transfusion|massive blood transfusion]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[radiation therapy]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="25" |'''Infectious diseases'''
|
|[[Congenital syphilis]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[cytomegalovirus]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[Dengue fever]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[ehrlichiosis]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[Epstein-Barr virus]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[hantavirus]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[hepatitis C]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[HIV]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[human granulocytic ehrlichiosis]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[Ehrlichiosis|human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[lassa fever]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[leptospirosis]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[malaria]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[measles]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[mumps]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[mycoplasma pneumonia]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[Relapsing fever|Oklahoma tick fever]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[parvovirus]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[Q fever]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[rubella]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Etiology
|
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Fatigue/
|sepsis
Lethargy
|
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Thirst
|
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Dizziness/
|
Confusion
|
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Muscle weakness/
|
cramp
|
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Somatic/
|
visceral pain
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Vomiting
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Diarrhea
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Tachypnea
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Edema
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Blood indices
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Renal Funtion test
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Electrolytes
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Urine analysis
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |ABG
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Other
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Ultrasound
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |X-ray
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |CT
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |MRI
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Other
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Comments
|-
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Drugs]]/[[Toxin|toxins]]
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
|[[tick-borne encephalitis]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]], ↑[[Creatine kinase|CK]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Potassium|K]], ↓[[Magnesium|Mg]], ↓[[Ca]], ↓[[Phosphate|P]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Ingested drug, [[Glucose]], [[Aminoacid]], [[Phosphate]], [[Ketone]], [[Hyaline cast]], [[RBC]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Lactate]], [[Metabolic acidosis]]  
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Toxicology]], Rapid [[immunoassay]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Nephropathy]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Radioopaque substances, Ingested drug packets
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
|-
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Esophageal varices|'''Esophageal varices bleeding''']]
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
|[[Toxic shock syndrome|toxic shock syndrome (staphylococcal)]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Normocytic normochromic anemia]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Velocity and direction of [[portal]] flow
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Abnormal opacities  outside of[[esophageal]] wall, Posterior [[mediastinal]] or intraparenchymal mass, Dilated [[azygous vein]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Entire portal venous system
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Portrays [[esophageal varices]] as flow voids
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Portal hypertension and [[esophageal varices]] in [[positron emission tomography]], Flexible [[endoscope]], [[Barium swallow]] of snake-like filling defects
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
|-
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Heart disease]]
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
|[[varicella]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[ESR]] and [[CRP]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Throat culture]], Rapid streptococcal antigen test, Hyperoxia test, [[Pulse oximetry]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Cardiomegaly]], [[Dextrocardia]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Ventricular dysfunction]], Left and right ventricular [[hypertrophy]], Valvular disease in [[echocardiography]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
|-
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hemorrhage]]
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|[[visceral leishmaniasis]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Normocytic normochromic anemia]], ↑[[PT]], ↑[[PTT]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Sodium|Na]], ↑[[Chloride|Cl]], ↓[[Ca]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Metabolic acidosis]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Peritoneal cavity fluid in [[FAST]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Bilateral opacities in the lung field, [[Hemothorax]], Hemoperitoneum, Ruptured [[abdominal aortic aneurysm]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Intrathoracic, intra-abdominal, and retroperitoneal [[bleeding]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Source of [[bleeding]] in the upper GI in [[Esophagogastroduodenoscopy|EGD]], [[Angiography]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
|-
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hemolysis]]
| rowspan="14" |'''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|[[folate deficiency]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Thrombocytopenia|Thrombocytopenia,]] [[Microcytic anemia|Microcytic hypochromic anemia]], ↑RDW, ↑[[Reticulocyte|Retic]] count
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[LDH]], ↓[[Haptoglobin]], ↑Unconjugated [[bilirubin]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hepatomegaly]],[[Splenomegaly]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
|-
|-
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Etiology
|
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Fatigue/
|[[Gaucher disease]]
Lethargy
|
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Thirst
|
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Dizziness/
|
Confusion
|
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Muscle weakness/
|
cramp
|
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Somatic/
|
visceral pain
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Vomiting
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Diarrhea
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Tachypnea
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Edema
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Blood indices
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Renal Funtion test
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Electrolytes
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Urine analysis
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |ABG
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Other
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Ultrasound
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |X-ray
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |CT
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |MRI
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Other
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Comments
|-
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hepatorenal syndrome]]
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
|[[holocarboxylase synthase deficiency]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Leukocytosis]], ↑[[PT]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Glomerular filtration rate|GFR]], ↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Sodium|Na]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Proteinuria]],  [[Sodium|Na]] < 10 mEq/L, [[Urine osmolality]] > [[plasma osmolality]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Alpha fetoprotein|Alpha feto-protein]], [[Cryoglobulinemia]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Exclude [[hydronephrosis]] and intrinsic renal disease
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Right ventricular preload, ventricular filling pressures, and cardiac function in [[echocardiography]]
| -
|-
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Cardiomyopathy|Ischemic cardiomyopathy]]
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
|[[iminodipeptiduria]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Anemia]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Cr]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Sodium|Na]], ↓[[Potassium|K]], ↓[[Magnesium|Mg]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Troponin]], [[Creatine kinase]], [[Creatine kinase]] - MB, [[Brain natriuretic peptide|BNP]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Abnormal cardiac silhouette
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Biventricular volume, Wall motion abnormality, Myocardial perfusion, [[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Mid-wall [[fibrosis]] in [[MRI]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Ejection fraction ≤35%, Pulmonary embolism, Right ventricular dilation or [[pericardial effusion]] with tamponade in echocardiography
| -
|-
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Liver cirrhosis]]
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
|[[iron deficiency]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Liver function tests|LFT]], [[Aspartate aminotransferase]] to [[platelet]] ratio, FibroTest/FibroSure, Hepascore, FibroSpectatio
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Portal blood flow velocity, [[Hepatic artery]] enlargement, Multifocal  lesions or masses, Hepatic contour, [[Ascites]], [[Splenomegaly]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Bowel perforation]], [[Gynecomastia]], [[Azygos vein]] enlargement, [[Pleural effusion]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Morphologic changes in the liver, Collaterals and shunts, Hyperattenuating nodule of [[hepatocellular carcinoma]], [[Portal vein thrombosis]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Vacular patency, Tumor invasion, [[Portal vein thrombosis]], [[Steatosis]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hepatic]] function and [[portal hypertension]] in nuclear imaging, [[Hepatic]] perfusion and the development of [[shunt]]s and [[tumor]]s in angiography
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Irreversible and a transplant is usually needed
|-
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Malignant hypertension]]
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
|[[isovaleric acidaemia]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Sodium|Na]], ↑[[Potassium|K]], ↑[[Phosphate|P]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Proteinuria]], [[Microscopic hematuria]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Acidosis]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Cardiac enzymes]], Urinary [[catecholamines]], [[TSH]], ↑[[Renin]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Cardiomegaly, [[Pulmonary edema]], Rib notching, [[Aortic coarctation]], Mediastinal widening, [[Aortic dissection]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Left atrial enlargement and left ventricular [[hypertrophy|hypertrophy in]] [[echocardiography]]
| -
|-
|-
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Etiology
|
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Fatigue/
|[[Methylmalonic aciduria|methylmalonic aciduria type 2]]
Lethargy
|
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Thirst
|
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Dizziness/
|
Confusion
|
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Muscle weakness/
|
cramp
|
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Somatic/
|
visceral pain
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Vomiting
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Diarrhea
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Tachypnea
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Edema
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Blood indices
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Renal Funtion test
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Electrolytes
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Urine analysis
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |ABG
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Other
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Ultrasound
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |X-ray
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |CT
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |MRI
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Other
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Comments
|-
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Myocarditis]]
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
|[[CD36|platelet glycoprotein 4 deficiency]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Leukocytosis]] ([[eosinophilia]]),↑[[ESR]] and [[CRP]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Cardiac enzymes]], Viral antibodies
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Inflammatory [[edema]], Degree of scarring
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Endomyocardial biopsy]], [[Echocardiography]], [[Scintigraphy]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
|-
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Peritonitis]]
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
|[[platelet glycoprotein Ib deficiency]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Leukocytosis]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Ascitic fluid [[neutrophil]] count > 500 cells/µL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
|-
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Polycythemia]]
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
|[[prolidase deficiency]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[RBC]], ↑[[Hematocrit|HCT]], ↑[[Hemoglobin|HGB]], [[Thrombocytosis]], [[Leukocytosis]], ↑[[PT]] and [[aPTT]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Erythropoietin]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hyperuricemia]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Splenomegaly]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Phlebotomy]] is the usual treatment
|-
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Respiratory distress syndrome]]
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
|[[propionyl-CoA carboxylase deficiency]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Metabolic acidosis|Metabolic]] and [[Metabolic acidosis|respiratory acidosis]]  
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Pulse oximetry]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Bilateral, diffuse, reticular granular or ground-glass appearance +/- [[Cardiomegaly]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Patent ductus arteriosus]] [[hypertrophy|in]] [[echocardiography]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
|-
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Shock]]
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
|[[sea blue histiocytosis]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Hematocrit|HCT]], ↑[[PT]] and [[aPTT]], [[Eosinophilia]], [[Leukocytosis]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Glomerular filtration rate|GFR]], ↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Lactate]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Liver function tests|LFT]],  ↑[[BNP]], ↑[[Troponin]], [[D-dimer]], [[Fibrinogen]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Pulmonary embolism]], [[Pericardial effusion]], [[Cardiac tamponade]], [[Pneumothorax]], Thoracic or [[abdominal aortic aneurysm]] in RUSH (Rapid Ultrasound for Shock and Hypotension)
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Pneumonia]], [[Pneumothorax]], [[Pulmonary edema]], Widened [[mediastinum]], Free air under the [[diaphragm]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Traumatic brain injury, [[Stroke]], Spinal injury, [[Pneumonia]], [[Pneumothorax]], Ruptured [[aneurysm]], [[Aortic dissection]], [[Pulmonary embolism]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
|-
|-
|
|[[sitosterolemia]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[vitamin B12 deficiency]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|
|[[Eclampsia]], [[pre-eclampsia]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[HELLP syndrome]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="11" |'''Oncologic'''
|
|[[Acute lymphoblastic leukemia]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[acute myeloid leukemia]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[acute promyelocytic leukemia]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[chronic lymphocytic leukaemia]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[chronic myeloid leukaemia]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[hairy cell leukaemia]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[lymphoma]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[myeloma]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[Non-Hodgkins lymphoma]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[paraneoplastic syndrome]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''Overdose/Toxicity'''
|
|[[ethanol]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[arsenic trioxide]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|'''Pulmonary'''
|
|[[Acute respiratory distress syndrome]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|'''Renal/Electrolyte'''
|
|[[hemolytic uremic syndrome]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="10" |'''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
|
|[[Anticardiolipin syndrome]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[antiphospholipid syndrome]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome type 1]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome type 2]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[Factor H|complement factor H deficiency]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[Evans syndrome]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[immunodysregulation polyendocrinopathy and enteropathy, X-linked]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[macrophage-activation syndrome]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[systemic lupus erythematosus]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|'''Miscellaneous'''
|
|[[Snakebites]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
|}
<references />
 
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
 
[[Category:Hematology]]
 
{{WS}}
{{WH}}

Revision as of 22:36, 14 August 2018

Thrombocytopenia Microchapters

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Overview

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Causes

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor-In-Chief: Farbod Zahedi Tajrishi, M.D.

Overview

Thrombocytopenia has a broad range of potential causes. While a good history and physical examination can be helpful to diagnose some of these causes such as drug-induced thrombocytopenia, they usually don't suffice and further evaluation is often needed. There are also some useful points that may guide the physician to an appropriate diagnosis. For example, asymptomatic, isolated thrombocytopenia most probably suggests ITP, while thrombocytopenia in critically ill, hospitalized patients is usually suggestive of iatrogenic causes (eg. dilution), platelet consumption, bone marrow suppression from infection/sepsis, or even drug-induced thrombocytopenia. One should consider however, that a wide variety of other conditions such as autoimmune disorders, nutrient deficiencies, thrombotic microangiopathies could all as well cause thrombocytopenia.

Differential Diagnosis

Category Disease History and symptoms Physical exam Laboratory findings Pathology Other specifics
WBC changes RBC/hemoglobinchanges other findings
Cardiovascular endocarditis[1] Skin

Oral Cavity

Eyes

Ear Nose and Throat

Cardiovascular

Lungs

Abdomen

Neurologic

↑ -

Pathological Criteria

  • Microorganisms demonstrated by culture or histological examination of a vegetation, a vegetation that has embolized, or an intracardiac abscess specimen
OR
  • Pathological lesions; vegetation or intracardiac abscess confirmed by histological examination showing active endocarditis
 Diagnostic criteria:[2]

Criteria for Rejecting the Diagnosis

  • Firm alternate diagnosis to infective endocarditis
  • Resolution of infective endocarditis syndrome in under 4 days on antibiotics
  • Does not meet the criteria below:

Criteria for Definitive Endocarditis

The Duke Clinical Criteria for definitive infective endocarditis require either:

  • Two major criteria
OR
  • One major and three minor criteria
OR
  • Five minor criteria

Major Criteria

1. Positive Blood Culture for Infective Endocarditis

A. Typical microorganism consistent with infective endocarditis from 2 separate blood cultures, as noted below:
☑ Viridans streptococci, Streptococcus bovis, or
☑ HACEK group, or
☑ Community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus or enterococci, in the absence of a primary focus
OR
B. Microorganisms consistent with infective endocarditis from persistently positive blood cultures defined as:
☑ 2 positive cultures of blood samples drawn >12 hours apart, or
☑ All of 3 or a majority of 4 separate cultures of blood (with first and last sample drawn 1 hour apart)

2. Evidence of endocardial involvement

Positive echocardiogram for infective endocarditis defined as:
☑ Oscillating intracardiac mass on valve or supporting structures, in the path of regurgitant jets, or
☑ On implanted material in the absence of an alternative anatomic explanation, or
☑ Abscess, or
☑ New partial dehiscence of prosthetic valve
OR
☑ New valvular regurgitation (worsening or changing of preexisting murmur not sufficient)

Minor criteria:

☑ Predisposition: predisposing heart condition or intravenous drug use
☑ Fever: temperature > 38.0° C (100.4° F)
☑ Vascular phenomena: major arterial emboli, septic pulmonary infarcts, mycotic aneurysm, intracranial hemorrhage, conjunctival hemorrhages, and Janeway lesions
☑ Immunologic phenomena: glomerulonephritis, Osler's nodes, Roth spots, and rheumatoid factor
☑ Microbiological evidence: positive blood culture but does not meet a major criterion as noted above (see footnote) or serological evidence of active infection with organism consistent with infectious endocarditis
☑ Echocardiographic findings: consistent with infectious endocarditis but do not meet a major criterion as noted above
Footnote: It should be noted that the criteria exclude single positive cultures for coagulase-negative staphylococci, diphtheroids, and organisms that do not commonly cause endocarditis.
pulmonary embolism[3]
Chemical/poisoning Strontium-89
zinc
Dermatologic Cholesterol embolism General:

Organ-dependent:

Lower extremities

Kidney

Gastroinstestinal

Central nervous system

↑/- ↓/-
-
Griscelli syndrome - - -
Ear Nose Throat Alport syndrome[4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]
Renal Auditory Ocular
  • Hematuria
  • Proteinuria
  • Hypertension
  • Reduced Creatinine Clearance
  • Early Tinnitus
  • Vertigo
  • High-Frequency Progressive Bilateral Hearing Loss
  • Refractory Error
  • Posterior Polymorphous Dystrophy
  • Arcus
  • Glaucoma
  • Vogt’s White Limbal Girdle
  • Band Keratopathy
  • Lenticonus
  • Spherophakia
  • Cataracts
  • Lens Coloboma
  • Anterior Lenticonus
  • Flecked Retinopathy of the Macula or Periphery

Vital signs

Eyes

Fundoscopy shows:

  • Cataracts
  • Subcapsular posterior lens opacities
  • Lenticonus
  • Retinal flecks (dot-and-fleck retinopathy)
  • Posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy/corneal epithelial erosions

Ears

Extremities

Miscellaneous

- -

Urinalysis

Electrolytes and Metabolic

- Diagnostic criteria:[12]
Mandatory Criterion Persistent Hematuria
Optional Criteria Presence of at Least 1 of 4:
  • Positive Family History of Alport's Syndrome
  • Characteristic Clinical Features
  • Characteristic Pathology Findings
  • Genetic Testing

The equivocal or non-characteristic finding of any of the above prompts further work-up until the diagnosis is made or rejected.

MYH9-associated disorders Epstein's syndrome - - - No leukocyte inclusion bodies -
  • giant platelets on PBS
Fechtner syndrome Same as Alport syndrome: -
May–Hegglin Anomaly -
Sebastian Syndrome same hematologic changes as those in the Fechtner syndrome but without the manifestations of Alport syndrome. -
Endocrine Immunodysregulation polyendocrinopathy and enteropathy, X-linked
Gastroenterologic Dibasic aminoaciduria type 2
liver failure
Niemann-Pick disease type b
portal hypertension
Genetic Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome
Chediak-Higashi disease Skin

Eye

Abdomen

Neurologic

↓ -
  • Hypergammaglobulinemia
  • ↑ Bleeding time
  • ↑ bilirubin
  • Peripheral blood smear - giant granules in neutrophils, eosinophils, and granulocytes
  • Bone marrow smear - peroxidase positive giant inclusion bodies in leukocyte precursor cells. The inclusion bodies contain lysosomal enzymes.
 -

CT

  • Brain and spinal cord atrophy

MRI

  • Brain and spinal cord atrophy

EMG

  • Delayed nerve conduction

EEG

complement factor H deficiency
Fanconi anaemia
holocarboxylase synthase deficiency
iminodipeptiduria
Jacobsen syndrome
MELAS

Early symptoms:

Eye

  • Vision abnormalities

Ear

Extremeties

Neurologic

- -
Omenn syndrome
TAR syndrome Absent radius
X-linked hyperimmunoglobulin M syndrome
Hematologic Acquired pure megakaryocytic aplasia
aplastic anemia + / ↓ + / ↓
Bernard-Soulier syndrome
congenital amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia (CAMT)
disseminated intravascular coagulation
Epstein's syndrome
familial histiocytic reticulosis
Gasser syndrome
GATA1-related cytopenia
Glanzmann's thrombasthenia
grey platelet syndrome
hemolytic uremic syndrome
histiocytosis X
hypersplenism
idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
Jacobsen syndrome
Kasabach-Merritt syndrome
May-Hegglin anomaly
Moschcowitz syndrome
myelodysplastic syndrome
myelofibrosis
neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia
pancytopenia
Paris-Trousseau thrombocytopenia
paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
post-transfusion purpura
radial aplasia-thrombocytopenia syndrome
Sebastian platelet syndrome
Shwachman-Diamond syndrome
thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
Von Willebrand disease, platelet type
Werlhof disease
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
Iatrogenic Cardiac bypass
chemotherapy
intra-aortic balloon pump placement
massive blood transfusion
radiation therapy
Infectious diseases Congenital syphilis
cytomegalovirus
Dengue fever
ehrlichiosis
Epstein-Barr virus
hantavirus
hepatitis C
HIV
human granulocytic ehrlichiosis
human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis
lassa fever
leptospirosis
malaria
measles
mumps
mycoplasma pneumonia
Oklahoma tick fever
parvovirus
Q fever
rubella
sepsis
tick-borne encephalitis
toxic shock syndrome (staphylococcal)
varicella
visceral leishmaniasis
Nutritional/Metabolic folate deficiency
Gaucher disease
holocarboxylase synthase deficiency
iminodipeptiduria
iron deficiency
isovaleric acidaemia
methylmalonic aciduria type 2
platelet glycoprotein 4 deficiency
platelet glycoprotein Ib deficiency
prolidase deficiency
propionyl-CoA carboxylase deficiency
sea blue histiocytosis
sitosterolemia
vitamin B12 deficiency
Obstetric/Gynecologic Eclampsia, pre-eclampsia
HELLP syndrome
Oncologic Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
acute myeloid leukemia
acute promyelocytic leukemia
chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
chronic myeloid leukaemia
hairy cell leukaemia
hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma
lymphoma
myeloma
Non-Hodgkins lymphoma
paraneoplastic syndrome
Overdose/Toxicity ethanol
arsenic trioxide
Pulmonary Acute respiratory distress syndrome
Renal/Electrolyte hemolytic uremic syndrome
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy Anticardiolipin syndrome
antiphospholipid syndrome
autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome type 1
autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome type 2
complement factor H deficiency
Evans syndrome
immunodysregulation polyendocrinopathy and enteropathy, X-linked
macrophage-activation syndrome
neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia
systemic lupus erythematosus
Miscellaneous Snakebites

References

  1. ↑ Infective endocarditis. Wikipedia (2015). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infective_endocarditis Accessed on September 24, 2015
  2. ↑ Durack D, Lukes A, Bright D (1994). "New criteria for diagnosis of infective endocarditis: utilization of specific echocardiographic findings. Duke Endocarditis Service". Am J Med. 96 (3): 200–9. PMID 8154507.
  3. ↑ Cohen AT, Dobromirski M, Gurwith MM (2014). "Managing pulmonary embolism from presentation to extended treatment". Thromb Res. 133 (2): 139–48. doi:10.1016/j.thromres.2013.09.040. PMID 24182642.
  4. ↑ Chugh KS, Sakhuja V, Agarwal A, Jha V, Joshi K, Datta BN; et al. (1993). "Hereditary nephritis (Alport's syndrome)--clinical profile and inheritance in 28 kindreds". Nephrol Dial Transplant. 8 (8): 690–5. PMID 8414153.
  5. ↑ McCarthy PA, Maino DM (2000). "Alport syndrome: a review". Clin Eye Vis Care. 12 (3–4): 139–150. PMID 11137428.
  6. ↑ Andreoli SP, Deaton M (1992). "Alport's syndrome". Ear Nose Throat J. 71 (10): 508–11. PMID 1425373.
  7. ↑ Kashtan CE, Michael AF (1993). "Alport syndrome: from bedside to genome to bedside". Am J Kidney Dis. 22 (5): 627–40. PMID 8238007.
  8. ↑ Flinter F (1993). "Molecular genetics of Alport's syndrome". Q J Med. 86 (5): 289–92. PMID 8327646.
  9. ↑ Andreoli SP, Deaton M (1992). "Alport's syndrome". Ear Nose Throat J. 71 (10): 508–11. PMID 1425373.
  10. ↑ Amari F, Segawa K, Ando F (1994). "Lens coloboma and Alport-like glomerulonephritis". Eur J Ophthalmol. 4 (3): 181–3. PMID 7819734.
  11. ↑ Govan JA (1983). "Ocular manifestations of Alport's syndrome: a hereditary disorder of basement membranes?". Br J Ophthalmol. 67 (8): 493–503. PMC 1040106. PMID 6871140.
  12. ↑ Savige J, Gregory M, Gross O, Kashtan C, Ding J, Flinter F (2013). "Expert guidelines for the management of Alport syndrome and thin basement membrane nephropathy". J Am Soc Nephrol. 24 (3): 364–75. doi:10.1681/ASN.2012020148. PMID 23349312.

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