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==Causes==
==Causes==
Diabetes mellitus is the most common cause of
[[Diabetes mellitus]] is the most common cause of peripheral neuropathy in developed countries.<ref name="pmid19893645">{{cite journal| author=Misra UK, Kalita J, Nair PP| title=Diagnostic approach to peripheral neuropathy. | journal=Ann Indian Acad Neurol | year= 2008 | volume= 11 | issue= 2 | pages= 89-97 | pmid=19893645 | doi=10.4103/0972-2327.41875 | pmc=2771953 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19893645  }} </ref>


As a summary; aside from diabetes (see [[Diabetic neuropathy]]), the common causes of neuropathy are [[herpes zoster]] infection, HIV-AIDS, toxins, alcoholism, chronic trauma (such as repetitive motion disorders) or acute trauma (including surgery), various neurotoxins and [[autoimmune]] conditions such as [[celiac disease]], which can account for approximately 16% of small fiber neuropathy cases.<ref>{{cite web
As a summary; aside from diabetes (see [[Diabetic neuropathy]]), the common causes of neuropathy are [[herpes zoster]] infection, HIV-AIDS, toxins, alcoholism, chronic trauma (such as repetitive motion disorders) or acute trauma (including surgery), various neurotoxins and [[autoimmune]] conditions such as [[celiac disease]], which can account for approximately 16% of small fiber neuropathy cases.<ref>{{cite web
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   | doi =
   | doi =
   | accessdate = 2007-26-06 }}
   | accessdate = 2007-26-06 }}
</ref> Neuropathic pain is common in [[cancer]] as a direct result of the cancer on peripheral nerves (e.g., compression by a tumor), as a side effect of many[[chemotherapy]] drugs, and as a result of [[electrical injury]]. In many cases the neuropathy is "idiopathic," meaning no cause is found.  A form of spinal nerve entrapment called [[Posterior Rami Syndrome]] can led to neuropathic pain.
</ref> Neuropathic pain is common in [[cancer]] as a direct result of the cancer on [[peripheral nerves]] (e.g., compression by a [[tumor]]), as a side effect of many[[chemotherapy]] drugs, and as a result of [[electrical injury]]. In many cases the neuropathy is idiopathic, meaning no cause is found.  A form of spinal nerve entrapment called [[Posterior Rami Syndrome]] can led to neuropathic pain.


===Common Causes===
===Common Causes===
 
Other common causes of peripheral neuropathy may include:<ref name="pmid18615140">{{cite journal| author=Marchettini P, Lacerenza M, Mauri E, Marangoni C| title=Painful peripheral neuropathies. | journal=Curr Neuropharmacol | year= 2006 | volume= 4 | issue= 3 | pages= 175-81 | pmid=18615140 | doi= | pmc=2430688 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18615140  }} </ref><ref name="pmid26141332">{{cite journal| author=Watson JC, Dyck PJ| title=Peripheral Neuropathy: A Practical Approach to Diagnosis and Symptom Management. | journal=Mayo Clin Proc | year= 2015 | volume= 90 | issue= 7 | pages= 940-51 | pmid=26141332 | doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.05.004 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26141332  }} </ref><ref name="pmid11859051">{{cite journal| author=Hughes RA| title=Peripheral neuropathy. | journal=BMJ | year= 2002 | volume= 324 | issue= 7335 | pages= 466-9 | pmid=11859051 | doi= | pmc=1122393 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11859051  }} </ref><ref name="pmid28205574">{{cite journal| author=Colloca L, Ludman T, Bouhassira D, Baron R, Dickenson AH, Yarnitsky D et al.| title=Neuropathic pain. | journal=Nat Rev Dis Primers | year= 2017 | volume= 3 | issue=  | pages= 17002 | pmid=28205574 | doi=10.1038/nrdp.2017.2 | pmc=5371025 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28205574  }} </ref><ref name="pmid27158461">{{cite journal| author=Juster-Switlyk K, Smith AG| title=Updates in diabetic peripheral neuropathy. | journal=F1000Res | year= 2016 | volume= 5 | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=27158461 | doi=10.12688/f1000research.7898.1 | pmc=4847561 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27158461  }} </ref><ref name="pmid16461471">{{cite journal| author=Bansal V, Kalita J, Misra UK| title=Diabetic neuropathy. | journal=Postgrad Med J | year= 2006 | volume= 82 | issue= 964 | pages= 95-100 | pmid=16461471 | doi=10.1136/pgmj.2005.036137 | pmc=2596705 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16461471  }} </ref><ref name="pmid27637963">{{cite journal| author=Hanewinckel R, Ikram MA, Van Doorn PA| title=Peripheral neuropathies. | journal=Handb Clin Neurol | year= 2016 | volume= 138 | issue=  | pages= 263-82 | pmid=27637963 | doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-802973-2.00015-X | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27637963  }} </ref><ref name="pmid219931">{{cite journal| author=Argov Z, Mastaglia FL| title=Drug-induced peripheral neuropathies. | journal=Br Med J | year= 1979 | volume= 1 | issue= 6164 | pages= 663-6 | pmid=219931 | doi= | pmc=1598252 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=219931  }} </ref><ref name="pmid24195230">{{cite journal| author=Remiche G, Kadhim H, Maris C, Mavroudakis N| title=[Peripheral neuropathies, from diagnosis to treatment, review of the literature and lessons from the local experience]. | journal=Rev Med Brux | year= 2013 | volume= 34 | issue= 4 | pages= 211-20 | pmid=24195230 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24195230  }} </ref><ref name="pmid7745415">{{cite journal| author=Phan T, McLeod JG, Pollard JD, Peiris O, Rohan A, Halpern JP| title=Peripheral neuropathy associated with simvastatin. | journal=J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry | year= 1995 | volume= 58 | issue= 5 | pages= 625-8 | pmid=7745415 | doi= | pmc=1073498 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7745415  }} </ref><ref name="pmid2153610">{{cite journal| author=Cohen JA, Gross KF| title=Peripheral neuropathy: causes and management in the elderly. | journal=Geriatrics | year= 1990 | volume= 45 | issue= 2 | pages= 21-6, 31-4 | pmid=2153610 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2153610  }} </ref>
 
*Genetic diseases:
*Genetic diseases:
:*[[Friedreich's ataxia]]  
:*[[Friedreich's ataxia]]  

Revision as of 16:03, 20 August 2018

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mohamadmostafa Jahansouz M.D.[2] Saumya Easaw, M.B.B.S.[3]

Overview

Causes

Diabetes mellitus is the most common cause of peripheral neuropathy in developed countries.[1]

As a summary; aside from diabetes (see Diabetic neuropathy), the common causes of neuropathy are herpes zoster infection, HIV-AIDS, toxins, alcoholism, chronic trauma (such as repetitive motion disorders) or acute trauma (including surgery), various neurotoxins and autoimmune conditions such as celiac disease, which can account for approximately 16% of small fiber neuropathy cases.[2] Neuropathic pain is common in cancer as a direct result of the cancer on peripheral nerves (e.g., compression by a tumor), as a side effect of manychemotherapy drugs, and as a result of electrical injury. In many cases the neuropathy is idiopathic, meaning no cause is found. A form of spinal nerve entrapment called Posterior Rami Syndrome can led to neuropathic pain.

Common Causes

Other common causes of peripheral neuropathy may include:[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]

  • Genetic diseases:
  • Metabolic / Endocrine:
  • Toxic causes:
  • Inflammatory diseases:
  • Vitamin deficiency states:

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Atherosclerosis
Chemical/Poisoning Toxins, Thallium, Inorganic lead, Arsenic, Alcoholic polyneuropathy
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect Acrylamide, Ado-trastuzumab emtansine, Amiodarone, Amphotericin B, Bortezomib, Cisplatin, Colchicine, Dapsone, Didanosine, Disulfiram, Eribulin, Ethambutol, Gentamicin, Glycerol phenylbutyrate,Hydralazine, Isoniazid, Ixabepilone, Lamivudine, Leflunomide, Linezolid, Lomefloxacin hydrochloride, Metronidazole, Miglustat, Nitrofurantoin, Nucleoside analogues, Organophosphates, Paclitaxel,Oxaliplatin, Palbociclib, Pentamidine Isethionate, Pertuzumab, Phenytoin, Pyridoxine, Radiation exposure, Sodium aurothiomalate, Stavudine, Sulfasalazine, Suramin, Taxol, Telbivudine, Thalidomide, Vincristine, Vincristine sulfate liposome Zalcitabine
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine Hypothyroidism, Hypoglycemia, Diabetes mellitus, Acromegaly
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic Sprue, Primary biliary cirrhosis, Malabsorption , Haemochromatosis, Chronic liver disease, Celiac disease
Genetic Hereditary sensory neuropathy type II (HSN-II), Hereditary sensory neuropathy type I (HSN-I), Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type 4, Hereditary neuropathies, Hereditary liability to pressure palsy, Hereditary Ataxia, Hereditary amyloid polyneuropathies, Arylsulphatase A deficiency, Alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase deficiency
Hematologic Solitary plasmacytoma, Polycythemia vera, Pernicious anemia, Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Multiple myeloma, Monoclonal gammopathy, Mixed essential cryoglobulinaemia, Lymphoma including Hodgkin's, Leukemia
Iatrogenic No underlying causes
Infectious Disease Viral Hepatitis, Typhoid Fever, Tuberculosis, Syphillis, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Malaria, Leprosy, HIV infection, Herpes zoster, Diptheria, Diphtheria toxin, Critical illness sepsis, Brucellosis, Botulism
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic No underlying causes
Neurologic Spinocerebellar ataxia Machado-Joseph type III, Shy-Drager syndrome, Neurofibromatosis type 1, Nerve entrapment,

Idiopathic small fiber neuropathy, Giant axonal neuropathy, Friedrich's ataxia, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 4A, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1B, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1, x-linked, Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease type 1A, Ataxia telangiectasia

Nutritional/Metabolic Vitamin B12 deficiency, Vitamin B1 deficiency, Thiamine (Vitamin B1) deficiency, Porphyria, Familial alphalipoprotein deficiency, Beri-Beri
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic Paraneoplastic sensory neuropathy, Carcinoma
Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte Uremia, Renal failure, chronic
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy Vasculitic neuropathy, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Sjogren's Syndrome, Scleroderma, Sarcoidosis, Rheumatoid arthritis, Polyrediculitis, Polyarteritis nodosa, Microscopic Polyangiitis , Connective tissue disease
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma Trauma, Penetrating injuries, Nerve Compression
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous Superior orbital fissure syndrome, Refsum's disease, Primary systemic amyloidosis, Paraproteinemia, Metachromatic leukodystrophy, Klumpke paralysis, Familial or acquired amyloid polyneuropathy, Fabry's disease, Dysproteinemia, Déjerine-Sottas neuropathy, types A and B (HMSN-III), Cryoglobulinemia, Compartment syndrome, Carpal tunnel syndrome, Aurothioglucose, Amyloid neuropathy, Adrenomyeloneuropathy, Abetalipoproteinemia

Causes in Alphabetical Order


References

  1. ↑ Misra UK, Kalita J, Nair PP (2008). "Diagnostic approach to peripheral neuropathy". Ann Indian Acad Neurol. 11 (2): 89–97. doi:10.4103/0972-2327.41875. PMC 2771953. PMID 19893645.
  2. ↑ "Up to 16% of Patients with Small Fiber Neuropathy May Have Celiac Disease". Celiac.com. Retrieved 2007-26-06. Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  3. ↑ Marchettini P, Lacerenza M, Mauri E, Marangoni C (2006). "Painful peripheral neuropathies". Curr Neuropharmacol. 4 (3): 175–81. PMC 2430688. PMID 18615140.
  4. ↑ Watson JC, Dyck PJ (2015). "Peripheral Neuropathy: A Practical Approach to Diagnosis and Symptom Management". Mayo Clin Proc. 90 (7): 940–51. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.05.004. PMID 26141332.
  5. ↑ Hughes RA (2002). "Peripheral neuropathy". BMJ. 324 (7335): 466–9. PMC 1122393. PMID 11859051.
  6. ↑ Colloca L, Ludman T, Bouhassira D, Baron R, Dickenson AH, Yarnitsky D; et al. (2017). "Neuropathic pain". Nat Rev Dis Primers. 3: 17002. doi:10.1038/nrdp.2017.2. PMC 5371025. PMID 28205574.
  7. ↑ Juster-Switlyk K, Smith AG (2016). "Updates in diabetic peripheral neuropathy". F1000Res. 5. doi:10.12688/f1000research.7898.1. PMC 4847561. PMID 27158461.
  8. ↑ Bansal V, Kalita J, Misra UK (2006). "Diabetic neuropathy". Postgrad Med J. 82 (964): 95–100. doi:10.1136/pgmj.2005.036137. PMC 2596705. PMID 16461471.
  9. ↑ Hanewinckel R, Ikram MA, Van Doorn PA (2016). "Peripheral neuropathies". Handb Clin Neurol. 138: 263–82. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-802973-2.00015-X. PMID 27637963.
  10. ↑ Argov Z, Mastaglia FL (1979). "Drug-induced peripheral neuropathies". Br Med J. 1 (6164): 663–6. PMC 1598252. PMID 219931.
  11. ↑ Remiche G, Kadhim H, Maris C, Mavroudakis N (2013). "[Peripheral neuropathies, from diagnosis to treatment, review of the literature and lessons from the local experience]". Rev Med Brux. 34 (4): 211–20. PMID 24195230.
  12. ↑ Phan T, McLeod JG, Pollard JD, Peiris O, Rohan A, Halpern JP (1995). "Peripheral neuropathy associated with simvastatin". J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 58 (5): 625–8. PMC 1073498. PMID 7745415.
  13. ↑ Cohen JA, Gross KF (1990). "Peripheral neuropathy: causes and management in the elderly". Geriatrics. 45 (2): 21–6, 31–4. PMID 2153610.

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