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===Common Causes===
===Common Causes===
Common causes of macrocytsic anemia may include: causes of megaloblastic anemia and non megaloblastic anemia:<ref name="pmid10875288">{{cite journal |vauthors=Savage DG, Ogundipe A, Allen RH, Stabler SP, Lindenbaum J |title=Etiology and diagnostic evaluation of macrocytosis |journal=Am. J. Med. Sci. |volume=319 |issue=6 |pages=343–52 |date=June 2000 |pmid=10875288 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29264027">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nagao T, Hirokawa M |title=Diagnosis and treatment of macrocytic anemias in adults |journal=J Gen Fam Med |volume=18 |issue=5 |pages=200–204 |date=October 2017 |pmid=29264027 |pmc=5689413 |doi=10.1002/jgf2.31 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid292640272">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nagao T, Hirokawa M |title=Diagnosis and treatment of macrocytic anemias in adults |journal=J Gen Fam Med |volume=18 |issue=5 |pages=200–204 |date=October 2017 |pmid=29264027 |pmc=5689413 |doi=10.1002/jgf2.31 |url=}}</ref>
Common causes of macrocytic anemia may include: causes of megaloblastic anemia and non megaloblastic anemia:<ref name="pmid10875288">{{cite journal |vauthors=Savage DG, Ogundipe A, Allen RH, Stabler SP, Lindenbaum J |title=Etiology and diagnostic evaluation of macrocytosis |journal=Am. J. Med. Sci. |volume=319 |issue=6 |pages=343–52 |date=June 2000 |pmid=10875288 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29264027">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nagao T, Hirokawa M |title=Diagnosis and treatment of macrocytic anemias in adults |journal=J Gen Fam Med |volume=18 |issue=5 |pages=200–204 |date=October 2017 |pmid=29264027 |pmc=5689413 |doi=10.1002/jgf2.31 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid108752882">{{cite journal |vauthors=Savage DG, Ogundipe A, Allen RH, Stabler SP, Lindenbaum J |title=Etiology and diagnostic evaluation of macrocytosis |journal=Am. J. Med. Sci. |volume=319 |issue=6 |pages=343–52 |date=June 2000 |pmid=10875288 |doi= |url=}}</ref>


==== Megaloblastic ====
==== Megaloblastic ====
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*# Ileal resection and bypass
*# Ileal resection and bypass
* Folate Deficiency:
* Folate Deficiency:
*# Deficient intake.
*# Deficient intake
*# [[Alcoholism]]
*# Increased needs: [[pregnancy]], [[infant]], rapid cellular proliferation, and [[cirrhosis]]
*# Increased needs: [[pregnancy]], [[infant]], rapid cellular proliferation, and [[cirrhosis]]
*# Malabsorption (congenital and drug-induced)
*# Malabsorption (congenital and drug-induced)
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** [[Secobarbital sodium]]
** [[Secobarbital sodium]]
** [[Erythroleukemia]].
** [[Erythroleukemia]].
==== Non megaloblastic ====
* [[Myelodysplasia]]
* [[Chronic liver disease]]
* [[Reticulocytosis]]
* [[Hypothyroidism]]


===Less Common Causes===
===Less Common Causes===
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|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
| '''Endocrine'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Hypothyroidism]]
|-
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
| '''Hematologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Myelodysplasia]], [[Pernicious anemia]], [[Reticulocytosis]]
|-
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Alcoholism]], [[Folate deficiency]], [[Vitamin B12]] deficiency
|-
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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* ''[[Diphyllobothrium latum]]''
* ''[[Diphyllobothrium latum]]''
* [[Ethotoin]]
* [[Ethotoin]]
* [[Folate deficiency]]
* [[Folic acid]] antagonists ([[methotrexate]])
* [[Folic acid]] antagonists ([[methotrexate]])
* [[Hypothyroidism]]
* [[Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome]]
* [[Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome]]
* [[Myelodysplasia]]
* [[Pergolide]]
* [[Pergolide]]
* [[Pernicious anemia]]
* [[Purine]] antagonists ([[6-mercaptopurine]])
* [[Purine]] antagonists ([[6-mercaptopurine]])
* [[Pyrimidine]] antagonists (cytosine arabinoside)
* [[Pyrimidine]] antagonists (cytosine arabinoside)
* [[Phenobarbital]]
* [[Phenobarbital]]
* [[Pyrimethamine]],
* [[Pregnancy]]
* [[Pyrimethamine]]  
* [[Reticulocytosis]]
* [[Secobarbital sodium]]  
* [[Secobarbital sodium]]  
* [[Vitamin B12]] deficiency
</div>
</div>


Revision as of 22:45, 20 August 2018

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

Causes

Normal B12 absorption and action are dependent of 5 things: dietary intake, acid in the stomach, pancreatic secretions, secretion of IF by Gastric parietal cells, an ileum that can absorb the IF-B12 complex

Causes

Life-threatening Causes

  • Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. There are no life-threatening causes of disease name, however complications resulting from untreated disease name is common.
  • Life-threatening causes of [symptom/manifestation] include [cause1], [cause2], and [cause3].
  • [Cause] is a life-threatening cause of [disease].

Common Causes

Common causes of macrocytic anemia may include: causes of megaloblastic anemia and non megaloblastic anemia:[1][2][3]

Megaloblastic

Non megaloblastic

Less Common Causes

Less common causes of macrocytsic anemia include:

  • Combined Dieficiency (Tropical Sprue): Vitamin B12 & Folate.
  • Inherited DNA Synthesis Disorders: Deficient thiamine and factors (e.g. enzymes) responsible for folate metabolism.
  • Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome

Genetic Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular No underlying causes
Chemical/Poisoning No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect Amobarbital sodium, Cycloserine, Cytarabine, Ethotoin, Folic acid antagonists (methotrexate), Pergolide, Purine antagonists (6-mercaptopurine), Pyrimidine antagonists (cytosine arabinoside), Phenobarbital, Pyrimethamine, Secobarbital sodium
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine Hypothyroidism
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic Chronic liver diseases, diverticulosis, fistula, intestinal anastomosis, achlorhydria
Genetic Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome
Hematologic Myelodysplasia, Pernicious anemia, Reticulocytosis
Iatrogenic No underlying causes
Infectious Disease Diphyllobothrium latum
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic No underlying causes
Neurologic No underlying causes
Nutritional/Metabolic Alcoholism, Folate deficiency, Vitamin B12 deficiency
Obstetric/Gynecologic Pregnancy
Oncologic No underlying causes
Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte No underlying causes
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy No underlying causes
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous No underlying causes

Causes in Alphabetical Order

List the causes of the disease in alphabetical order:

References

  1. ↑ Savage DG, Ogundipe A, Allen RH, Stabler SP, Lindenbaum J (June 2000). "Etiology and diagnostic evaluation of macrocytosis". Am. J. Med. Sci. 319 (6): 343–52. PMID 10875288.
  2. ↑ Nagao T, Hirokawa M (October 2017). "Diagnosis and treatment of macrocytic anemias in adults". J Gen Fam Med. 18 (5): 200–204. doi:10.1002/jgf2.31. PMC 5689413. PMID 29264027.
  3. ↑ Savage DG, Ogundipe A, Allen RH, Stabler SP, Lindenbaum J (June 2000). "Etiology and diagnostic evaluation of macrocytosis". Am. J. Med. Sci. 319 (6): 343–52. PMID 10875288.

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