Macrocytic anemia causes: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
==Causes== | ==Causes== | ||
:* Nutritional defects (folic acid or vitamin B12 which is mainly from animal sources; [[vegan]]s may require supplementation) | :* Nutritional defects (folic acid or vitamin B12 which is mainly from animal sources; [[vegan]]s may require supplementation) | ||
:* Chronic liver diseases | :* Chronic liver diseases | ||
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** [[Pyrimethamine]] | ** [[Pyrimethamine]] | ||
** [[Secobarbital sodium]] | ** [[Secobarbital sodium]] | ||
** [[Trimethoprim]] | |||
** [[Erythroleukemia]]. | ** [[Erythroleukemia]]. | ||
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* Inherited [[DNA]] Synthesis Disorders: Deficient [[thiamine]] and factors (e.g. enzymes) responsible for folate metabolism. | * Inherited [[DNA]] Synthesis Disorders: Deficient [[thiamine]] and factors (e.g. enzymes) responsible for folate metabolism. | ||
* [[Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome]] | * [[Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome]] | ||
* [[Methylmalonic aciduria]] | |||
* [[Orotic aciduria]] | |||
** | ** | ||
===Genetic Causes=== | ===Genetic Causes=== | ||
* [[Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome]] | * [[Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome]] | ||
* [[Orotic aciduria]] | |||
** | ** | ||
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|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Drug Side Effect''' | | '''Drug Side Effect''' | ||
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Amobarbital sodium]], [[Cycloserine]], [[Cytarabine]], [[Ethotoin]], [[Folic acid]] antagonists ([[methotrexate]]), [[Pergolide]], [[Purine]] antagonists ([[6-mercaptopurine]]), [[Pyrimidine]] antagonists (cytosine arabinoside), [[Phenobarbital]], [[Pyrimethamine]], [[Secobarbital sodium]] | | bgcolor="Beige" |[[Amobarbital sodium]], [[Cycloserine]], [[Cytarabine]], [[Ethotoin]], [[Folic acid]] antagonists ([[methotrexate]]), [[Pergolide]], [[Purine]] antagonists ([[6-mercaptopurine]]), [[Pyrimidine]] antagonists (cytosine arabinoside), [[Phenobarbital]], [[Pyrimethamine]], [[Secobarbital sodium]], [[Trimethoprim]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
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|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Genetic''' | | '''Genetic''' | ||
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome]] | | bgcolor="Beige" |[[Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome]], [[Methylmalonic aciduria|Methylmalonic aciduria,]] [[Orotic aciduria]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
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|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic''' | | '''Nutritional/Metabolic''' | ||
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Alcoholism]], [[Folate deficiency]], [[Vitamin B12]] deficiency | | bgcolor="Beige" | [[Alcoholism]], [[Folate deficiency]],[[Orotic aciduria]], [[Vitamin B12]] deficiency | ||
|- | |- | ||
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
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List the causes of the disease in alphabetical order: | List the causes of the disease in alphabetical order: | ||
<div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;"> | <div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;"> | ||
* [[Achlorhydria]] | |||
* [[Alcoholism]] | * [[Alcoholism]] | ||
* [[Amobarbital sodium]] | * [[Amobarbital sodium]] | ||
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* [[Cytarabine]] | * [[Cytarabine]] | ||
* ''[[Diphyllobothrium latum]]'' | * ''[[Diphyllobothrium latum]]'' | ||
* [[Diverticulosis]] | |||
* [[Ethotoin]] | * [[Ethotoin]] | ||
* [[Fistula]] | |||
* [[Folate deficiency]] | * [[Folate deficiency]] | ||
* [[Folic acid]] antagonists ([[methotrexate]]) | * [[Folic acid]] antagonists ([[methotrexate]]) | ||
* [[Hypothyroidism]] | * [[Hypothyroidism]] | ||
* [[Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome]] | * [[Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome]] | ||
* [[Methylmalonic aciduria]] | |||
* [[Myelodysplasia]] | * [[Myelodysplasia]] | ||
* [[Orotic aciduria]] | |||
* [[Pergolide]] | * [[Pergolide]] | ||
* [[Pernicious anemia]] | * [[Pernicious anemia]] | ||
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* [[Reticulocytosis]] | * [[Reticulocytosis]] | ||
* [[Secobarbital sodium]] | * [[Secobarbital sodium]] | ||
* [[Trimethoprim]] | |||
* [[Vitamin B12]] deficiency | * [[Vitamin B12]] deficiency | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
Revision as of 22:51, 20 August 2018
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Macrocytic anemia Microchapters |
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Macrocytic anemia causes On the Web |
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Risk calculators and risk factors for Macrocytic anemia causes |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Causes
- Nutritional defects (folic acid or vitamin B12 which is mainly from animal sources; vegans may require supplementation)
- Chronic liver diseases
- Alcoholism
- Pregnancy
- Decreased production of intrinsic factor (this disease entity is called pernicious anemia)
- Intestinal malabsorption (due to an enteritis, celiac disease or other causes).
- Fish tapeworm infestation (Diphyllobothrium latum)
- Failure to replicate chromosomes due to lack of thymidine.
- Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome
- Cytotoxic drugs interfering with DNA synthesis
- intestinal flora disruption due to antibiotic use
Causes
Life-threatening Causes
- Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. There are no life-threatening causes of disease name, however complications resulting from untreated disease name is common.
- Life-threatening causes of [symptom/manifestation] include [cause1], [cause2], and [cause3].
- [Cause] is a life-threatening cause of [disease].
Common Causes
Common causes of macrocytic anemia may include: causes of megaloblastic anemia and non megaloblastic anemia:[1][2][3]
Megaloblastic
- Vitamin B12 Deficiency:
- Deficient intake
- Deficient intrinsic factor (pernicious anaemia or gastrectomy)
- Bilogical competition for B12 by diverticulosis, fistula, intestinal anastomosis, achlorhydria and infection by the marine parasite Diphyllobothrium latum
- Selective B12 malabsorption (congenital and drug-induced)
- Chronic pancreatitis
- Ileal resection and bypass
- Folate Deficiency:
- Deficient intake
- Alcoholism
- Increased needs: pregnancy, infant, rapid cellular proliferation, and cirrhosis
- Malabsorption (congenital and drug-induced)
- Intestinal and jejunal resection
- Toxins and Drugs:
- Amobarbital sodium
- Cycloserine
- Cytarabine
- Ethotoin
- Folic acid antagonists (methotrexate)
- Pergolide
- Purine antagonists (6-mercaptopurine)
- Pyrimidine antagonists (cytosine arabinoside)
- Phenobarbital
- Pyrimethamine
- Secobarbital sodium
- Trimethoprim
- Erythroleukemia.
Non megaloblastic
Less Common Causes
Less common causes of macrocytsic anemia include:
- Combined Dieficiency (Tropical Sprue): Vitamin B12 & Folate.
- Inherited DNA Synthesis Disorders: Deficient thiamine and factors (e.g. enzymes) responsible for folate metabolism.
- Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome
- Methylmalonic aciduria
- Orotic aciduria
Genetic Causes
Causes by Organ System
| Cardiovascular | No underlying causes |
| Chemical/Poisoning | No underlying causes |
| Dental | No underlying causes |
| Dermatologic | No underlying causes |
| Drug Side Effect | Amobarbital sodium, Cycloserine, Cytarabine, Ethotoin, Folic acid antagonists (methotrexate), Pergolide, Purine antagonists (6-mercaptopurine), Pyrimidine antagonists (cytosine arabinoside), Phenobarbital, Pyrimethamine, Secobarbital sodium, Trimethoprim |
| Ear Nose Throat | No underlying causes |
| Endocrine | Hypothyroidism |
| Environmental | No underlying causes |
| Gastroenterologic | Chronic liver diseases, diverticulosis, fistula, intestinal anastomosis, achlorhydria |
| Genetic | Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome, Methylmalonic aciduria, Orotic aciduria |
| Hematologic | Myelodysplasia, Pernicious anemia, Reticulocytosis |
| Iatrogenic | No underlying causes |
| Infectious Disease | Diphyllobothrium latum |
| Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic | No underlying causes |
| Neurologic | No underlying causes |
| Nutritional/Metabolic | Alcoholism, Folate deficiency,Orotic aciduria, Vitamin B12 deficiency |
| Obstetric/Gynecologic | Pregnancy |
| Oncologic | No underlying causes |
| Ophthalmologic | No underlying causes |
| Overdose/Toxicity | No underlying causes |
| Psychiatric | No underlying causes |
| Pulmonary | No underlying causes |
| Renal/Electrolyte | No underlying causes |
| Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy | No underlying causes |
| Sexual | No underlying causes |
| Trauma | No underlying causes |
| Urologic | No underlying causes |
| Miscellaneous | No underlying causes |
Causes in Alphabetical Order
List the causes of the disease in alphabetical order:
- Achlorhydria
- Alcoholism
- Amobarbital sodium
- Chronic liver diseases
- Cycloserine
- Cytarabine
- Diphyllobothrium latum
- Diverticulosis
- Ethotoin
- Fistula
- Folate deficiency
- Folic acid antagonists (methotrexate)
- Hypothyroidism
- Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome
- Methylmalonic aciduria
- Myelodysplasia
- Orotic aciduria
- Pergolide
- Pernicious anemia
- Purine antagonists (6-mercaptopurine)
- Pyrimidine antagonists (cytosine arabinoside)
- Phenobarbital
- Pregnancy
- Pyrimethamine
- Reticulocytosis
- Secobarbital sodium
- Trimethoprim
- Vitamin B12 deficiency
References
- ↑ Savage DG, Ogundipe A, Allen RH, Stabler SP, Lindenbaum J (June 2000). "Etiology and diagnostic evaluation of macrocytosis". Am. J. Med. Sci. 319 (6): 343–52. PMID 10875288.
- ↑ Nagao T, Hirokawa M (October 2017). "Diagnosis and treatment of macrocytic anemias in adults". J Gen Fam Med. 18 (5): 200–204. doi:10.1002/jgf2.31. PMC 5689413. PMID 29264027.
- ↑ Savage DG, Ogundipe A, Allen RH, Stabler SP, Lindenbaum J (June 2000). "Etiology and diagnostic evaluation of macrocytosis". Am. J. Med. Sci. 319 (6): 343–52. PMID 10875288.