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! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Chest CT scan
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Chest CT scan
|-
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Antithrombin deficiency
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Antithrombin deficiency<ref name="pmid19141163">{{cite journal |vauthors=Patnaik MM, Moll S |title=Inherited antithrombin deficiency: a review |journal=Haemophilia |volume=14 |issue=6 |pages=1229–39 |date=November 2008 |pmid=19141163 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2516.2008.01830.x |url=}}</ref><ref name="Al HadidiWu2017">{{cite journal|last1=Al Hadidi|first1=Samer|last2=Wu|first2=Kristi|last3=Aburahma|first3=Ahmed|last4=Alamarat|first4=Zain|title=Family with clots: antithrombin deficiency|journal=BMJ Case Reports|year=2017|pages=bcr-2017-221556|issn=1757-790X|doi=10.1136/bcr-2017-221556}}</ref>


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* Antithrombin is a natural anticoagulant that is lost in the urine
* Antithrombin is a natural anticoagulant that is lost in the urine
|-
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Factor V Leiden mutation<ref name="pmid12421138">{{cite journal |vauthors=Press RD, Bauer KA, Kujovich JL, Heit JA |title=Clinical utility of factor V leiden (R506Q) testing for the diagnosis and management of thromboembolic disorders |journal=Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. |volume=126 |issue=11 |pages=1304–18 |date=November 2002 |pmid=12421138 |doi=10.1043/0003-9985(2002)126<1304:CUOFVL>2.0.CO;2 |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Factor V Leiden mutation<ref name="pmid20626623">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mannucci PM, Asselta R, Duga S, Guella I, Spreafico M, Lotta L, Merlini PA, Peyvandi F, Kathiresan S, Ardissino D |title=The association of factor V Leiden with myocardial infarction is replicated in 1880 patients with premature disease |journal=J. Thromb. Haemost. |volume=8 |issue=10 |pages=2116–21 |date=October 2010 |pmid=20626623 |doi=10.1111/j.1538-7836.2010.03982.x |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27797270">{{cite journal |vauthors=Campello E, Spiezia L, Simioni P |title=Diagnosis and management of factor V Leiden |journal=Expert Rev Hematol |volume=9 |issue=12 |pages=1139–1149 |date=December 2016 |pmid=27797270 |doi=10.1080/17474086.2016.1249364 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15003896">{{cite journal |vauthors=Van Rooden CJ, Rosendaal FR, Meinders AE, Van Oostayen JA, Van Der Meer FJ, Huisman MV |title=The contribution of factor V Leiden and prothrombin G20210A mutation to the risk of central venous catheter-related thrombosis |journal=Haematologica |volume=89 |issue=2 |pages=201–6 |date=February 2004 |pmid=15003896 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23615845">{{cite journal| author=Dentali F, Pomero F, Borretta V, Gianni M, Squizzato A, Fenoglio L et al.| title=Location of venous thrombosis in patients with FVL or prothrombin G20210A mutations: systematic review and meta-analysis. | journal=Thromb Haemost | year= 2013 | volume= 110 | issue= 1 | pages= 191-4 | pmid=23615845 | doi=10.1160/TH13-02-0163 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23615845  }}</ref>
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* Proximal DVT is more commonly observed as compared to distal DVT
* Proximal DVT is more commonly observed as compared to distal DVT
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
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* Pulmonary embolism
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* N/A
* N/A
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* Inactivates factor Va and factor VIIIa
* Inactivates factor Va and factor VIIIa
|-
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Protein C deficiency<ref name="pmid2195715">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kohler J, Kasper J, Witt I, von Reutern GM |title=Ischemic stroke due to protein C deficiency |journal=Stroke |volume=21 |issue=7 |pages=1077–80 |date=July 1990 |pmid=2195715 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Protein C deficiency<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Bernard Khor]] & [[Elizabeth M. Van Cott]]
| title = Laboratory tests for protein C deficiency
| journal = [[American journal of hematology]]
| volume = 85
| issue = 6
| pages = 440–442
| year = 2010
| month = June
| doi = 10.1002/ajh.21679
| pmid = 20309856
}}</ref><ref name="pmid11336597">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pescatore SL |title=Clinical management of protein C deficiency |journal=Expert Opin Pharmacother |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=431–9 |date=March 2001 |pmid=11336597 |doi=10.1517/14656566.2.3.431 |url=}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal
| author = [[Gustavo A. Rodriguez-Leal]], [[Segundo Moran]], [[Roberto Corona-Cedillo]] & [[Rocio Brom-Valladares]]
| title = Portal vein thrombosis with protein C-S deficiency in a non-cirrhotic patient
| journal = [[World journal of hepatology]]
| volume = 6
| issue = 7
| pages = 532–537
| year = 2014
| month = July
| doi = 10.4254/wjh.v6.i7.532
| pmid = 25068006
}}</ref>
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* Recurrent venous thromboembolism
* Recurrent venous thromboembolism
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Venous thrombosis
* Pulmonary embolism
* Arterial thrombosis(rarely)
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| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Protein C functional assay
* Protein C functional assay
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* Risk of thrombotic skin necrosis following warfarin administration
* Risk of thrombotic skin necrosis following warfarin administration
|-
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Protein S deficiency<ref name=":0" />
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Protein S deficiency<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Kristi J. Smock]], [[Elizabeth A. Plumhoff]], [[Piet Meijer]], [[Peihong Hsu]], [[Nicole D. Zantek]], [[Nahla M. Heikal]] & [[Elizabeth M. Van Cott]]
| title = Protein S testing in patients with protein S deficiency, factor V Leiden, and rivaroxaban by North American Specialized Coagulation Laboratories
| journal = [[Thrombosis and haemostasis]]
| volume = 116
| issue = 1
| pages = 50–57
| year = 2016
| month = July
| doi = 10.1160/TH15-12-0918
| pmid = 27075008
}}</ref>
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* Suspected in patients with a strong family history of VTE  
* Suspected in patients with a strong family history of VTE  
|-
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Prothrombin gene mutation
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Prothrombin gene mutation<ref name="pmid17474891">{{cite journal| author=Cooper PC, Rezende SM| title=An overview of methods for detection of factor V Leiden and the prothrombin G20210A mutations. | journal=Int J Lab Hematol | year= 2007 | volume= 29 | issue= 3 | pages= 153-62 | pmid=17474891 | doi=10.1111/j.1751-553X.2007.00892.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17474891  }}</ref><ref name="pmid12421139">{{cite journal| author=McGlennen RC, Key NS| title=Clinical and laboratory management of the prothrombin G20210A mutation. | journal=Arch Pathol Lab Med | year= 2002 | volume= 126 | issue= 11 | pages= 1319-25 | pmid=12421139 | doi=10.1043/0003-9985(2002)126<1319:CALMOT>2.0.CO;2 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12421139  }}</ref><ref name="pmid236158452">{{cite journal| author=Dentali F, Pomero F, Borretta V, Gianni M, Squizzato A, Fenoglio L et al.| title=Location of venous thrombosis in patients with FVL or prothrombin G20210A mutations: systematic review and meta-analysis. | journal=Thromb Haemost | year= 2013 | volume= 110 | issue= 1 | pages= 191-4 | pmid=23615845 | doi=10.1160/TH13-02-0163 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23615845  }}</ref>
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* Hormonal oral contraceptive pills can increase the risk of VTE
* Hormonal oral contraceptive pills can increase the risk of VTE
|-
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)<ref name="pmid25535423">{{cite journal |vauthors=Venugopal A |title=Disseminated intravascular coagulation |journal=Indian J Anaesth |volume=58 |issue=5 |pages=603–8 |date=September 2014 |pmid=25535423 |pmc=4260307 |doi=10.4103/0019-5049.144666 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27276832">{{cite journal |vauthors=Makruasi N |title=Treatment of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation |journal=J Med Assoc Thai |volume=98 Suppl 10 |issue= |pages=S45–51 |date=November 2015 |pmid=27276832 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29178991">{{cite journal| author=Cui S, Fu Z, Feng Y, Xie X, Ma X, Liu T et al.| title=The disseminated intravascular coagulation score is a novel predictor for portal vein thrombosis in cirrhotic patients with hepatitis B. | journal=Thromb Res | year= 2018 | volume= 161 | issue=  | pages= 7-11 | pmid=29178991 | doi=10.1016/j.thromres.2017.11.010 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29178991  }}</ref>
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* Portal vein thrombosis
* Portal vein thrombosis
|-
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Antiphospholipid  antibody syndrome
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Antiphospholipid  antibody syndrome<ref name="pmid24319251">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lim W |title=Antiphospholipid syndrome |journal=Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program |volume=2013 |issue= |pages=675–80 |date=2013 |pmid=24319251 |doi=10.1182/asheducation-2013.1.675 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19624461">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pengo V, Tripodi A, Reber G, Rand JH, Ortel TL, Galli M, De Groot PG |title=Update of the guidelines for lupus anticoagulant detection. Subcommittee on Lupus Anticoagulant/Antiphospholipid Antibody of the Scientific and Standardisation Committee of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis |journal=J. Thromb. Haemost. |volume=7 |issue=10 |pages=1737–40 |date=October 2009 |pmid=19624461 |doi=10.1111/j.1538-7836.2009.03555.x |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid243192512">{{cite journal| author=Lim W| title=Antiphospholipid syndrome. | journal=Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program | year= 2013 | volume= 2013 | issue=  | pages= 675-80 | pmid=24319251 | doi=10.1182/asheducation-2013.1.675 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24319251  }}</ref><ref name="pmid29791828">{{cite journal| author=Garcia D, Erkan D| title=Diagnosis and Management of the Antiphospholipid Syndrome. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2018 | volume= 378 | issue= 21 | pages= 2010-2021 | pmid=29791828 | doi=10.1056/NEJMra1705454 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29791828  }}</ref><ref name="pmid23488294">{{cite journal| author=Kornacki J, Wirstlein P, Skrzypczak J| title=[Assessment of uterine arteries Doppler in the first half of pregnancy in women with thrombophilia]. | journal=Ginekol Pol | year= 2012 | volume= 83 | issue= 12 | pages= 916-21 | pmid=23488294 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23488294  }}</ref>
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{{WS}}
{{WS}}
[[Category: (name of the system)]]
[[Category: (name of the system)]]
<references />

Revision as of 19:16, 29 August 2018

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:

Differentiating [disease name] from other diseases on the basis of [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]

On the basis [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3], [disease name] must be differentiated from [disease 1], [disease 2], [disease 3], [disease 4], [disease 5], and [disease 6].

Diseases Clinical manifestations Para-clinical findings Gold standard Additional findings
Symptoms Physical examination
Lab Findings Imaging
Symptoms of DVT Symptoms of Pulmonary Embolism Symptoms of Myocardial Infarction Tenderness in extremities Edema in extremities Warmth in extremities PT aPTT Doppler ultrasound Chest CT scan
Antithrombin deficiency[1][2] + + - + + + Normal
  • Normal
  • Reduces the Increase in PTT after administration of heparin
  • Should be used for diagnosis and follow up
  • Occlusion of brachiocephalic vein
  • Large thrombus in superior vena cava
  • Decreased plasma antithrombin (AT III) activity
  • Nephrotic syndrome
  • Decreased inhibition of factor II and Xa
  • Antithrombin is a natural anticoagulant that is lost in the urine
Factor V Leiden mutation[3][4][5][6] + + + + + + N/A ↑
  • Recommended to do weekly
  • Proximal DVT is more commonly observed as compared to distal DVT
  • N/A
  • Inactivates factor Va and factor VIIIa
Protein C deficiency[7][8][9] + + - + + + Normal Normal / ↑
  • Hypercoagulation
  • Recurrent venous thromboembolism
  • Protein C functional assay
  • ELISA assay: may produce false positive result in cross reaction with rheumatoid factor
  • Factor VIII elevation in acute phase
  • Functional assay should not be performed if patient is on warfarin
  • Purpura fulminans (skin necrosis) could be a form of presentation
  • Risk of thrombotic skin necrosis following warfarin administration
Protein S deficiency[9][10] + + - + + + Normal Normal / ↑
  • Hypercoagulation
  • Recurrent venous thromboembolism
  • Protein S free antigen assay
  • Post phlebtic syndrome
  • Fetal loss
  • When performing the gold standard test, beware of interference from samples positive for Factor V mutation, protein C deficiency and oral anticoagulants (rivaroxaban)
  • Risk of thrombotic skin necrosis following warfarin administration
  • Suspected in patients with a strong family history of VTE
Prothrombin gene mutation[11][12][13] + + - + + + ↑ N/A
  • Proximal DVT is more commonly observed as compared to distal DVT
  • Detection of mutation using restriction enzyme and PCR
  • DNA testing for prothrombin G20210A mutation
  • Mutation causes increased production of prothrombin
  • Increased blood levels of prothrombin lead to venous clots in the circulatory system
  • Hormonal oral contraceptive pills can increase the risk of VTE
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)[14][15][16] + + +/- + + + ↑ ↑
  • Portal vein thrombosis is observed in patients with coexistent hepatitis B
  • N/A
  • Elevated fibrin degradation products (D-dimers)
  • Decreased fibrinogen
  • Decreased factor V and VIII
  • Shistocytes (helmet cells) on peripheral blood smear
  • Portal vein thrombosis
Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome[17][18][19][20][21] + + +/- + + + N/A ↑
  • Increased impedance of flow in uterine arteries at 12-20 weeks of gestation
  • Antiphospholipid antibody
  • Anticardiolipin antibody
  • Lupus anticoagulant
  • Anti-β2GPI antibody
  • Both, arterial and venous thrombosis can occur
  • History of spontaneous abortions
  • False positive VDRL
  • Stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA) are most common forms of presentation of arterial thrombosis

References

  1. ↑ Patnaik MM, Moll S (November 2008). "Inherited antithrombin deficiency: a review". Haemophilia. 14 (6): 1229–39. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2516.2008.01830.x. PMID 19141163.
  2. ↑ Al Hadidi, Samer; Wu, Kristi; Aburahma, Ahmed; Alamarat, Zain (2017). "Family with clots: antithrombin deficiency". BMJ Case Reports: bcr-2017–221556. doi:10.1136/bcr-2017-221556. ISSN 1757-790X.
  3. ↑ Mannucci PM, Asselta R, Duga S, Guella I, Spreafico M, Lotta L, Merlini PA, Peyvandi F, Kathiresan S, Ardissino D (October 2010). "The association of factor V Leiden with myocardial infarction is replicated in 1880 patients with premature disease". J. Thromb. Haemost. 8 (10): 2116–21. doi:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2010.03982.x. PMID 20626623.
  4. ↑ Campello E, Spiezia L, Simioni P (December 2016). "Diagnosis and management of factor V Leiden". Expert Rev Hematol. 9 (12): 1139–1149. doi:10.1080/17474086.2016.1249364. PMID 27797270.
  5. ↑ Van Rooden CJ, Rosendaal FR, Meinders AE, Van Oostayen JA, Van Der Meer FJ, Huisman MV (February 2004). "The contribution of factor V Leiden and prothrombin G20210A mutation to the risk of central venous catheter-related thrombosis". Haematologica. 89 (2): 201–6. PMID 15003896.
  6. ↑ Dentali F, Pomero F, Borretta V, Gianni M, Squizzato A, Fenoglio L; et al. (2013). "Location of venous thrombosis in patients with FVL or prothrombin G20210A mutations: systematic review and meta-analysis". Thromb Haemost. 110 (1): 191–4. doi:10.1160/TH13-02-0163. PMID 23615845.
  7. ↑ Bernard Khor & Elizabeth M. Van Cott (2010). "Laboratory tests for protein C deficiency". American journal of hematology. 85 (6): 440–442. doi:10.1002/ajh.21679. PMID 20309856. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  8. ↑ Pescatore SL (March 2001). "Clinical management of protein C deficiency". Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2 (3): 431–9. doi:10.1517/14656566.2.3.431. PMID 11336597.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Gustavo A. Rodriguez-Leal, Segundo Moran, Roberto Corona-Cedillo & Rocio Brom-Valladares (2014). "Portal vein thrombosis with protein C-S deficiency in a non-cirrhotic patient". World journal of hepatology. 6 (7): 532–537. doi:10.4254/wjh.v6.i7.532. PMID 25068006. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  10. ↑ Kristi J. Smock, Elizabeth A. Plumhoff, Piet Meijer, Peihong Hsu, Nicole D. Zantek, Nahla M. Heikal & Elizabeth M. Van Cott (2016). "Protein S testing in patients with protein S deficiency, factor V Leiden, and rivaroxaban by North American Specialized Coagulation Laboratories". Thrombosis and haemostasis. 116 (1): 50–57. doi:10.1160/TH15-12-0918. PMID 27075008. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  11. ↑ Cooper PC, Rezende SM (2007). "An overview of methods for detection of factor V Leiden and the prothrombin G20210A mutations". Int J Lab Hematol. 29 (3): 153–62. doi:10.1111/j.1751-553X.2007.00892.x. PMID 17474891.
  12. ↑ McGlennen RC, Key NS (2002). "Clinical and laboratory management of the prothrombin G20210A mutation". Arch Pathol Lab Med. 126 (11): 1319–25. doi:10.1043/0003-9985(2002)126<1319:CALMOT>2.0.CO;2. PMID 12421139.
  13. ↑ Dentali F, Pomero F, Borretta V, Gianni M, Squizzato A, Fenoglio L; et al. (2013). "Location of venous thrombosis in patients with FVL or prothrombin G20210A mutations: systematic review and meta-analysis". Thromb Haemost. 110 (1): 191–4. doi:10.1160/TH13-02-0163. PMID 23615845.
  14. ↑ Venugopal A (September 2014). "Disseminated intravascular coagulation". Indian J Anaesth. 58 (5): 603–8. doi:10.4103/0019-5049.144666. PMC 4260307. PMID 25535423.
  15. ↑ Makruasi N (November 2015). "Treatment of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation". J Med Assoc Thai. 98 Suppl 10: S45–51. PMID 27276832.
  16. ↑ Cui S, Fu Z, Feng Y, Xie X, Ma X, Liu T; et al. (2018). "The disseminated intravascular coagulation score is a novel predictor for portal vein thrombosis in cirrhotic patients with hepatitis B." Thromb Res. 161: 7–11. doi:10.1016/j.thromres.2017.11.010. PMID 29178991.
  17. ↑ Lim W (2013). "Antiphospholipid syndrome". Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2013: 675–80. doi:10.1182/asheducation-2013.1.675. PMID 24319251.
  18. ↑ Pengo V, Tripodi A, Reber G, Rand JH, Ortel TL, Galli M, De Groot PG (October 2009). "Update of the guidelines for lupus anticoagulant detection. Subcommittee on Lupus Anticoagulant/Antiphospholipid Antibody of the Scientific and Standardisation Committee of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis". J. Thromb. Haemost. 7 (10): 1737–40. doi:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2009.03555.x. PMID 19624461.
  19. ↑ Lim W (2013). "Antiphospholipid syndrome". Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2013: 675–80. doi:10.1182/asheducation-2013.1.675. PMID 24319251.
  20. ↑ Garcia D, Erkan D (2018). "Diagnosis and Management of the Antiphospholipid Syndrome". N Engl J Med. 378 (21): 2010–2021. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1705454. PMID 29791828.
  21. ↑ Kornacki J, Wirstlein P, Skrzypczak J (2012). "[Assessment of uterine arteries Doppler in the first half of pregnancy in women with thrombophilia]". Ginekol Pol. 83 (12): 916–21. PMID 23488294.

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