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==Historical Perspective== | ==Historical Perspective== | ||
Human enterovirus 68 (EV-D68) was initially isolated in 1962 from samples of 4 hospitalized children presenting for [[pneumonia]] and [[bronchiolitis]] in California.<ref name="Schieble-1967">{{Cite journal | last1 = Schieble | first1 = JH. | last2 = Fox | first2 = VL. | last3 = Lennette | first3 = EH. | title = A probable new human picornavirus associated with respiratory diseases. | journal = Am J Epidemiol | volume = 85 | issue = 2 | pages = 297-310 | month = Mar | year = 1967 | doi = | PMID = 4960233 }}</ref> While early descriptions of of EV-D68 identified the virus as acid resistant, newer reports refuted earlier findings and consistently confirmed the virus's acid sensitivity.<ref name="pmid5543842">{{cite journal| author=| title=A collaborative report: rhinoviruses--extension of the numbering system. | journal=Virology | year= 1971 | volume= 43 | issue= 2 | pages= 524-6 | pmid=5543842 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=5543842 }} </ref><ref name="pmid11807226">{{cite journal| author=Savolainen C, Blomqvist S, Mulders MN, Hovi T| title=Genetic clustering of all 102 human rhinovirus prototype strains: serotype 87 is close to human enterovirus 70. | journal=J Gen Virol | year= 2002 | volume= 83 | issue= Pt 2 | pages= 333-40 | pmid=11807226 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11807226 }} </ref><ref name="pmid12403917">{{cite journal| author=Ishiko H, Miura R, Shimada Y, Hayashi A, Nakajima H, Yamazaki S et al.| title=Human rhinovirus 87 identified as human enterovirus 68 by VP4-based molecular diagnosis. | journal=Intervirology | year= 2002 | volume= 45 | issue= 3 | pages= 136-41 | pmid=12403917 | doi=65866 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12403917 }} </ref> Prior to 2005, reports of EV-D68 infections were very limited. Only 26 cases of verified EV-D68 infection were documented between 1970 and 2005. EV-D68 is thus considered one of the rarest infectious enteroviruses, representing approximately 0.1% of all enterovirus isolates in that time frame. Over the past few years, outbreaks of EV-D68 have been documented in Japan, the Philippines, the Netherlands, and also in several clusters in the USA.<ref name="pmid22694903">{{cite journal| author=Tokarz R, Firth C, Madhi SA, Howie SR, Wu W, Sall AA et al.| title=Worldwide emergence of multiple clades of enterovirus 68. | journal=J Gen Virol | year= 2012 | volume= 93 | issue= Pt 9 | pages= 1952-8 | pmid=22694903 | doi=10.1099/vir.0.043935-0 | pmc=PMC3542132 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22694903 }} </ref> | * Human enterovirus 68 (EV-D68) was initially isolated in 1962 from samples of 4 hospitalized children presenting for [[pneumonia]] and [[bronchiolitis]] in California.<ref name="Schieble-1967">{{Cite journal | last1 = Schieble | first1 = JH. | last2 = Fox | first2 = VL. | last3 = Lennette | first3 = EH. | title = A probable new human picornavirus associated with respiratory diseases. | journal = Am J Epidemiol | volume = 85 | issue = 2 | pages = 297-310 | month = Mar | year = 1967 | doi = | PMID = 4960233 }}</ref> | ||
* While early descriptions of of EV-D68 identified the virus as acid resistant, newer reports refuted earlier findings and consistently confirmed the virus's acid sensitivity.<ref name="pmid5543842">{{cite journal| author=| title=A collaborative report: rhinoviruses--extension of the numbering system. | journal=Virology | year= 1971 | volume= 43 | issue= 2 | pages= 524-6 | pmid=5543842 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=5543842 }} </ref><ref name="pmid11807226">{{cite journal| author=Savolainen C, Blomqvist S, Mulders MN, Hovi T| title=Genetic clustering of all 102 human rhinovirus prototype strains: serotype 87 is close to human enterovirus 70. | journal=J Gen Virol | year= 2002 | volume= 83 | issue= Pt 2 | pages= 333-40 | pmid=11807226 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11807226 }} </ref><ref name="pmid12403917">{{cite journal| author=Ishiko H, Miura R, Shimada Y, Hayashi A, Nakajima H, Yamazaki S et al.| title=Human rhinovirus 87 identified as human enterovirus 68 by VP4-based molecular diagnosis. | journal=Intervirology | year= 2002 | volume= 45 | issue= 3 | pages= 136-41 | pmid=12403917 | doi=65866 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12403917 }} </ref> | |||
* Prior to 2005, reports of EV-D68 infections were very limited. Only 26 cases of verified EV-D68 infection were documented between 1970 and 2005. EV-D68 is thus considered one of the rarest infectious enteroviruses, representing approximately 0.1% of all enterovirus isolates in that time frame. | |||
* Over the past few years, outbreaks of EV-D68 have been documented in Japan, the Philippines, the Netherlands, and also in several clusters in the USA.<ref name="pmid22694903">{{cite journal| author=Tokarz R, Firth C, Madhi SA, Howie SR, Wu W, Sall AA et al.| title=Worldwide emergence of multiple clades of enterovirus 68. | journal=J Gen Virol | year= 2012 | volume= 93 | issue= Pt 9 | pages= 1952-8 | pmid=22694903 | doi=10.1099/vir.0.043935-0 | pmc=PMC3542132 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22694903 }} </ref> | |||
* In September 2014, there was an outbreak of EV-D68 in the US with clusters reported in 10 states including Colorado, North Carolina, Georgia, Ohio, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Kentucky. | |||
* Analysis of VP1 Genes of EV-D68 has helped identify three distinct clades namely A, B, and C from the prototype EV-D68 Fermon strain. Two sub-clades (B1 and B2) were identified, with most 2014 EV-D68 outbreak strains belonging to sub-cluster B2b2 (one of the two emerging clusters within sub-clade B2). | |||
* All three clades of EV-D68 have been reported in China, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, and the USA | |||
* In 2011, China and Phillipines was affected by the first EV-D68 sub-clade B2 strains. Sub-clade B1 contained the two strains from Ontario and three USA strains from the 2014 outbreak. | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 13:48, 1 November 2018
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
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Overview
Human enterovirus 68 (EV-D68) was initially isolated in 1962 from samples of 4 hospitalized children presenting for pneumonia and bronchiolitis in California. It is a rare disease that has recently become more clinically evident. The most recent outbreak occurred in USA on September 2014; it involved 10 states including Colorado, North Carolina, Georgia, Ohio, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Kentucky.
Historical Perspective
- Human enterovirus 68 (EV-D68) was initially isolated in 1962 from samples of 4 hospitalized children presenting for pneumonia and bronchiolitis in California.[1]
- While early descriptions of of EV-D68 identified the virus as acid resistant, newer reports refuted earlier findings and consistently confirmed the virus's acid sensitivity.[2][3][4]
- Prior to 2005, reports of EV-D68 infections were very limited. Only 26 cases of verified EV-D68 infection were documented between 1970 and 2005. EV-D68 is thus considered one of the rarest infectious enteroviruses, representing approximately 0.1% of all enterovirus isolates in that time frame.
- Over the past few years, outbreaks of EV-D68 have been documented in Japan, the Philippines, the Netherlands, and also in several clusters in the USA.[5]
- In September 2014, there was an outbreak of EV-D68 in the US with clusters reported in 10 states including Colorado, North Carolina, Georgia, Ohio, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Kentucky.
- Analysis of VP1 Genes of EV-D68 has helped identify three distinct clades namely A, B, and C from the prototype EV-D68 Fermon strain. Two sub-clades (B1 and B2) were identified, with most 2014 EV-D68 outbreak strains belonging to sub-cluster B2b2 (one of the two emerging clusters within sub-clade B2).
- All three clades of EV-D68 have been reported in China, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, and the USA
- In 2011, China and Phillipines was affected by the first EV-D68 sub-clade B2 strains. Sub-clade B1 contained the two strains from Ontario and three USA strains from the 2014 outbreak.
References
- ↑ Schieble, JH.; Fox, VL.; Lennette, EH. (1967). "A probable new human picornavirus associated with respiratory diseases". Am J Epidemiol. 85 (2): 297–310. PMID 4960233. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ "A collaborative report: rhinoviruses--extension of the numbering system". Virology. 43 (2): 524–6. 1971. PMID 5543842.
- ↑ Savolainen C, Blomqvist S, Mulders MN, Hovi T (2002). "Genetic clustering of all 102 human rhinovirus prototype strains: serotype 87 is close to human enterovirus 70". J Gen Virol. 83 (Pt 2): 333–40. PMID 11807226.
- ↑ Ishiko H, Miura R, Shimada Y, Hayashi A, Nakajima H, Yamazaki S; et al. (2002). "Human rhinovirus 87 identified as human enterovirus 68 by VP4-based molecular diagnosis". Intervirology. 45 (3): 136–41. doi:65866 Check
|doi=value (help). PMID 12403917. - ↑ Tokarz R, Firth C, Madhi SA, Howie SR, Wu W, Sall AA; et al. (2012). "Worldwide emergence of multiple clades of enterovirus 68". J Gen Virol. 93 (Pt 9): 1952–8. doi:10.1099/vir.0.043935-0. PMC 3542132. PMID 22694903.