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** Eslicarbazepin
** Eslicarbazepin
*** It can be used for treatment of focal-onset seizures in adult and children under 4 y/o.<ref name="pmid29067682">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chang XC, Yuan H, Wang Y, Xu HQ, Hong WK, Zheng RY |title=Eslicarbazepine acetate add-on for drug-resistant partial epilepsy |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume=10 |issue= |pages=CD008907 |date=October 2017 |pmid=29067682 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD008907.pub3 |url=}}</ref>
*** It can be used for treatment of focal-onset seizures in adult and children under 4 y/o.<ref name="pmid29067682">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chang XC, Yuan H, Wang Y, Xu HQ, Hong WK, Zheng RY |title=Eslicarbazepine acetate add-on for drug-resistant partial epilepsy |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume=10 |issue= |pages=CD008907 |date=October 2017 |pmid=29067682 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD008907.pub3 |url=}}</ref>
*** The initial dosage is 400 mg/daily for adults. The maximum dosing is maintenance dose of 800 mg/daily.<ref name="pmid18508949">{{cite journal |vauthors=Almeida L, Minciu I, Nunes T, Butoianu N, Falcão A, Magureanu SA, Soares-da-Silva P |title=Pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and tolerability of eslicarbazepine acetate in children and adolescents with epilepsy |journal=J Clin Pharmacol |volume=48 |issue=8 |pages=966–77 |date=August 2008 |pmid=18508949 |doi=10.1177/0091270008319706 |url=}}</ref>
*** The initial dosage is 400 mg/daily for adults.  
*** The maximum dosing is maintenance dose of 800 mg/daily.<ref name="pmid18508949">{{cite journal |vauthors=Almeida L, Minciu I, Nunes T, Butoianu N, Falcão A, Magureanu SA, Soares-da-Silva P |title=Pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and tolerability of eslicarbazepine acetate in children and adolescents with epilepsy |journal=J Clin Pharmacol |volume=48 |issue=8 |pages=966–77 |date=August 2008 |pmid=18508949 |doi=10.1177/0091270008319706 |url=}}</ref>
*** The most common side effects of this drug are dizziness, drowsiness, nausea, headache, fatigue, vertigo, ataxia, diplopia, blurred vision, and tremor.<ref name="pmid25528898">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sperling MR, Abou-Khalil B, Harvey J, Rogin JB, Biraben A, Galimberti CA, Kowacs PA, Hong SB, Cheng H, Blum D, Nunes T, Soares-da-Silva P |title=Eslicarbazepine acetate as adjunctive therapy in patients with uncontrolled partial-onset seizures: Results of a phase III, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial |journal=Epilepsia |volume=56 |issue=2 |pages=244–53 |date=February 2015 |pmid=25528898 |pmc=4354260 |doi=10.1111/epi.12894 |url=}}</ref>
*** The most common side effects of this drug are dizziness, drowsiness, nausea, headache, fatigue, vertigo, ataxia, diplopia, blurred vision, and tremor.<ref name="pmid25528898">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sperling MR, Abou-Khalil B, Harvey J, Rogin JB, Biraben A, Galimberti CA, Kowacs PA, Hong SB, Cheng H, Blum D, Nunes T, Soares-da-Silva P |title=Eslicarbazepine acetate as adjunctive therapy in patients with uncontrolled partial-onset seizures: Results of a phase III, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial |journal=Epilepsia |volume=56 |issue=2 |pages=244–53 |date=February 2015 |pmid=25528898 |pmc=4354260 |doi=10.1111/epi.12894 |url=}}</ref>
** Lacosamide
** Lacosamide
*** It can be used for treatment of focal-onset seizures in adult and children older than 4 y/o.<ref name="pmid19043448">{{cite journal |vauthors=Perucca E, Yasothan U, Clincke G, Kirkpatrick P |title=Lacosamide |journal=Nat Rev Drug Discov |volume=7 |issue=12 |pages=973–4 |date=December 2008 |pmid=19043448 |doi=10.1038/nrd2764 |url=}}</ref>
*** It can be used for treatment of focal-onset seizures in adult and children older than 4 y/o.<ref name="pmid19043448">{{cite journal |vauthors=Perucca E, Yasothan U, Clincke G, Kirkpatrick P |title=Lacosamide |journal=Nat Rev Drug Discov |volume=7 |issue=12 |pages=973–4 |date=December 2008 |pmid=19043448 |doi=10.1038/nrd2764 |url=}}</ref>
*** The initial dosage is 50 mg twice/daily as adjunctive therapy in adults and 100 mg twice per day as monotherapy  . The maximum dosage is 200 to 400 mg per day. Children should be dosed according to body weight.<ref name="pmid17635557">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ben-Menachem E, Biton V, Jatuzis D, Abou-Khalil B, Doty P, Rudd GD, Halász P, Kälviäinen R, Mazurkiewicz-Beldzińska M, Rosenow F, Doty P, Hebert D, Sullivan T |title=Efficacy and safety of oral lacosamide as adjunctive therapy in adults with partial-onset seizures |journal=Epilepsia |volume=48 |issue=7 |pages=1308–17 |date=July 2007 |pmid=17635557 |doi=10.1111/j.1528-1167.2007.01188.x |url=}}</ref>
*** The initial dosage is 50 mg twice/daily as adjunctive therapy in adults and 100 mg twice per day as monotherapy  .  
*** The maximum dosage is 200 to 400 mg per day. Children should be dosed according to body weight.<ref name="pmid17635557">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ben-Menachem E, Biton V, Jatuzis D, Abou-Khalil B, Doty P, Rudd GD, Halász P, Kälviäinen R, Mazurkiewicz-Beldzińska M, Rosenow F, Doty P, Hebert D, Sullivan T |title=Efficacy and safety of oral lacosamide as adjunctive therapy in adults with partial-onset seizures |journal=Epilepsia |volume=48 |issue=7 |pages=1308–17 |date=July 2007 |pmid=17635557 |doi=10.1111/j.1528-1167.2007.01188.x |url=}}</ref>
*** The most common side effects are Dizziness, nausea, vertigo, and ataxia.<ref name="pmid190434482">{{cite journal |vauthors=Perucca E, Yasothan U, Clincke G, Kirkpatrick P |title=Lacosamide |journal=Nat Rev Drug Discov |volume=7 |issue=12 |pages=973–4 |date=December 2008 |pmid=19043448 |doi=10.1038/nrd2764 |url=}}</ref>
*** The most common side effects are Dizziness, nausea, vertigo, and ataxia.<ref name="pmid190434482">{{cite journal |vauthors=Perucca E, Yasothan U, Clincke G, Kirkpatrick P |title=Lacosamide |journal=Nat Rev Drug Discov |volume=7 |issue=12 |pages=973–4 |date=December 2008 |pmid=19043448 |doi=10.1038/nrd2764 |url=}}</ref>
** Lamotrigine
*** It can be used for adjunctive treatment for primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures and focal seizures in adults and children under two y/o.<ref name="pmid15111659">{{cite journal |vauthors=French JA, Kanner AM, Bautista J, Abou-Khalil B, Browne T, Harden CL, Theodore WH, Bazil C, Stern J, Schachter SC, Bergen D, Hirtz D, Montouris GD, Nespeca M, Gidal B, Marks WJ, Turk WR, Fischer JH, Bourgeois B, Wilner A, Faught RE, Sachdeo RC, Beydoun A, Glauser TA |title=Efficacy and tolerability of the new antiepileptic drugs I: treatment of new onset epilepsy: report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee and Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society |journal=Neurology |volume=62 |issue=8 |pages=1252–60 |date=April 2004 |pmid=15111659 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*** The initial dosage is 25 mg/daily.
*** The maximum dosage is 225 to 375 mg/daily<ref name="pmid15452293">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hirsch LJ, Weintraub D, Du Y, Buchsbaum R, Spencer HT, Hager M, Straka T, Bazil CW, Adams DJ, Resor SR, Morrell MJ |title=Correlating lamotrigine serum concentrations with tolerability in patients with epilepsy |journal=Neurology |volume=63 |issue=6 |pages=1022–6 |date=September 2004 |pmid=15452293 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*** The most common side effects are rash and nausea.<ref name="pmid189813742">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hirsch LJ, Arif H, Nahm EA, Buchsbaum R, Resor SR, Bazil CW |title=Cross-sensitivity of skin rashes with antiepileptic drug use |journal=Neurology |volume=71 |issue=19 |pages=1527–34 |date=November 2008 |pmid=18981374 |doi=10.1212/01.wnl.0000334295.50403.4c |url=}}</ref>
** Oxcarbazepine
** Oxcarbazepine
*** It can be used for treatment of
*** The initial dosage is
*** The most common side effects are
** Phenytoin
** Phenytoin
** Rufinamide
** Rufinamide

Revision as of 01:04, 5 December 2018

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:

overview

Medical Therapy

Pharmacologic medical therapies for epilepsy is antiseizure drugs such as:

  • Drugs that affect voltage-dependent Na+ channels
    • Carbamazepin:
      • It can be used in treatment of both generalized and focal epilepsy.
      • The initial dose is 2-3 mg/kg per day divided into at least two time.
      • The maximum dosing is 10 mg/kg three-times-daily.
      • The most common side effects of this drug are GI disturbance, rash, hyponatremia and fluid retention.[1] [2]
    • Eslicarbazepin
      • It can be used for treatment of focal-onset seizures in adult and children under 4 y/o.[3]
      • The initial dosage is 400 mg/daily for adults.
      • The maximum dosing is maintenance dose of 800 mg/daily.[4]
      • The most common side effects of this drug are dizziness, drowsiness, nausea, headache, fatigue, vertigo, ataxia, diplopia, blurred vision, and tremor.[5]
    • Lacosamide
      • It can be used for treatment of focal-onset seizures in adult and children older than 4 y/o.[6]
      • The initial dosage is 50 mg twice/daily as adjunctive therapy in adults and 100 mg twice per day as monotherapy .
      • The maximum dosage is 200 to 400 mg per day. Children should be dosed according to body weight.[7]
      • The most common side effects are Dizziness, nausea, vertigo, and ataxia.[8]
    • Lamotrigine
      • It can be used for adjunctive treatment for primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures and focal seizures in adults and children under two y/o.[9]
      • The initial dosage is 25 mg/daily.
      • The maximum dosage is 225 to 375 mg/daily[10]
      • The most common side effects are rash and nausea.[11]
    • Oxcarbazepine
      • It can be used for treatment of
      • The initial dosage is
      • The most common side effects are
    • Phenytoin
    • Rufinamide
  • Drugs that affect Ca currents
    • Ethosuximide
  • Drugs that affect GABA activity
    • Benzodiazepines
    • Phenobarbital
    • Tiagabine
    • Vigabatrin
  • Drugs that affect glutamate receptor
    • Perampanel
  • Drugs with multiple mechanisms of action
    • Felbamate
    • Topiramate
    • Valporate
  • Drugs with other mechanisms of action
    • Brivaracetam
    • Gabapentin
    • Levetiracetam
    • Pregabalin

References

  1. ↑ Hirsch LJ, Arif H, Nahm EA, Buchsbaum R, Resor SR, Bazil CW (November 2008). "Cross-sensitivity of skin rashes with antiepileptic drug use". Neurology. 71 (19): 1527–34. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000334295.50403.4c. PMID 18981374.
  2. ↑ Cereghino JJ, Brock JT, Van Meter JC, Penry JK, Smith LD, White BG (May 1974). "Carbamazepine for epilepsy. A controlled prospective evaluation". Neurology. 24 (5): 401–10. PMID 4207990.
  3. ↑ Chang XC, Yuan H, Wang Y, Xu HQ, Hong WK, Zheng RY (October 2017). "Eslicarbazepine acetate add-on for drug-resistant partial epilepsy". Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 10: CD008907. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008907.pub3. PMID 29067682.
  4. ↑ Almeida L, Minciu I, Nunes T, Butoianu N, Falcão A, Magureanu SA, Soares-da-Silva P (August 2008). "Pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and tolerability of eslicarbazepine acetate in children and adolescents with epilepsy". J Clin Pharmacol. 48 (8): 966–77. doi:10.1177/0091270008319706. PMID 18508949.
  5. ↑ Sperling MR, Abou-Khalil B, Harvey J, Rogin JB, Biraben A, Galimberti CA, Kowacs PA, Hong SB, Cheng H, Blum D, Nunes T, Soares-da-Silva P (February 2015). "Eslicarbazepine acetate as adjunctive therapy in patients with uncontrolled partial-onset seizures: Results of a phase III, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial". Epilepsia. 56 (2): 244–53. doi:10.1111/epi.12894. PMC 4354260. PMID 25528898.
  6. ↑ Perucca E, Yasothan U, Clincke G, Kirkpatrick P (December 2008). "Lacosamide". Nat Rev Drug Discov. 7 (12): 973–4. doi:10.1038/nrd2764. PMID 19043448.
  7. ↑ Ben-Menachem E, Biton V, Jatuzis D, Abou-Khalil B, Doty P, Rudd GD, Halász P, Kälviäinen R, Mazurkiewicz-Beldzińska M, Rosenow F, Doty P, Hebert D, Sullivan T (July 2007). "Efficacy and safety of oral lacosamide as adjunctive therapy in adults with partial-onset seizures". Epilepsia. 48 (7): 1308–17. doi:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2007.01188.x. PMID 17635557.
  8. ↑ Perucca E, Yasothan U, Clincke G, Kirkpatrick P (December 2008). "Lacosamide". Nat Rev Drug Discov. 7 (12): 973–4. doi:10.1038/nrd2764. PMID 19043448.
  9. ↑ French JA, Kanner AM, Bautista J, Abou-Khalil B, Browne T, Harden CL, Theodore WH, Bazil C, Stern J, Schachter SC, Bergen D, Hirtz D, Montouris GD, Nespeca M, Gidal B, Marks WJ, Turk WR, Fischer JH, Bourgeois B, Wilner A, Faught RE, Sachdeo RC, Beydoun A, Glauser TA (April 2004). "Efficacy and tolerability of the new antiepileptic drugs I: treatment of new onset epilepsy: report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee and Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society". Neurology. 62 (8): 1252–60. PMID 15111659.
  10. ↑ Hirsch LJ, Weintraub D, Du Y, Buchsbaum R, Spencer HT, Hager M, Straka T, Bazil CW, Adams DJ, Resor SR, Morrell MJ (September 2004). "Correlating lamotrigine serum concentrations with tolerability in patients with epilepsy". Neurology. 63 (6): 1022–6. PMID 15452293.
  11. ↑ Hirsch LJ, Arif H, Nahm EA, Buchsbaum R, Resor SR, Bazil CW (November 2008). "Cross-sensitivity of skin rashes with antiepileptic drug use". Neurology. 71 (19): 1527–34. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000334295.50403.4c. PMID 18981374.

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