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| | | | style="text-align: center; text-shadow: 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); font-size: 100%;" | [[Career development in cardiothoracic surgery|{{fontcolor|#F8F8FF|Career development in Cardiothoracic Surgery}}]] |
| {{Peptic Ulcer Diease}} | | |- |
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| {{CMG}}; {{AE}} : {{MKK}}
| | [[Career development in cardiothoracic surgery overview|{{fontcolor|#F8F8FF|Overview}}]] |
| ==Overview== | | |- |
| Peptic ulcer disease results from the distruption of the normal epithelial lining of the walls of stomach and small intestine. The disrupted epithelium may sometimes be superimposed by Helicobacter pylori infection. Risk factors of peptic ulcer disease include ingestion of Non-Steroidal Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs), stress, .
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| *Helicobacter pylori-(previously called as Campylobacter pylori), gram-negative,helix-shaped, microaerophilic bacteria
| | [[Career development in cardiothoracic surgery current events|{{fontcolor|#F8F8FF|Current Events}}]] |
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| [Pathogen name] is usually transmitted via the [transmission route] route to the human host. | | | style="padding: 2px 10px; background: #4479BA; border-radius: 5px 5px 5px 5px; text-shadow: 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); box-shadow: 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);" | |
| | | [[Career development in cardiothoracic surgery advice from attendings|{{fontcolor|#F8F8FF|Advice From Attendings}}]] |
| OR
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| Following transmission/ingestion, the [pathogen] uses the [entry site] to invade the [cell name] cell.
| | [[Career development in cardiothoracic surgery advice from trainees|{{fontcolor|#F8F8FF|Advice From Trainees}}]] |
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| OR
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| | | [[Career development in cardiothoracic surgery educational materials|{{fontcolor|#F8F8FF|Educational Materials}}]] |
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| [Disease or malignancy name] arises from [cell name]s, which are [cell type] cells that are normally involved in [function of cells].
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| | | [[Career development in cardiothoracic surgery faqs|{{fontcolor|#F8F8FF|FAQs}}]] |
| OR
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| The progression to [disease name] usually involves the [molecular pathway].
| | [[Career development in cardiothoracic surgery training paradigm|{{fontcolor|#F8F8FF|Training Paradigm}}]] |
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| OR
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| | | [[Career development in cardiothoracic surgery residency|{{fontcolor|#F8F8FF|Residency}}]] |
| The pathophysiology of [disease/malignancy] depends on the histological subtype.
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| '''Causes'''
| | [[Career development in cardiothoracic surgery fellowship|{{fontcolor|#F8F8FF|Fellowship}}]] |
| {{family tree/start}} | | |- |
| {{family tree/start | | | | | | | | > | A01 | < | | | | | | |A01 = BOX 1 in ROW 1}}
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| ^
| | [[Career development in cardiothoracic surgery job outlook|{{fontcolor|#F8F8FF|Job Outlook}}]] |
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| | | [[Career development in cardiothoracic surgery scholarships/grants/awards/funding|{{fontcolor|#F8F8FF|Scholarships/Grants/Awards/Funding}}]] |
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| | | [[Career development in cardiothoracic surgery societies|{{fontcolor|#F8F8FF|Societies}}]] |
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| | | [[Career development in cardiothoracic surgery helpful links|{{fontcolor|#F8F8FF|Helpful Links}}]] |
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| There is no life-threatening cause.
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| Peptic ulcer disease may be caused by : <ref name="pmid19683340">{{cite journal| author=Malfertheiner P, Chan FK, McColl KE| title=Peptic ulcer disease. | journal=Lancet | year= 2009 | volume= 374 | issue= 9699 | pages= 1449-61 | pmid=19683340 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60938-7 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19683340 }} </ref>
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| *Infections:
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| **Bacteria:
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| ***Helicobacter pylori (60% gastric and 50-75% duodenal ulcers ) .
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| *Drugs-NSAIDs including aspirin{<ref name="pmid11960062">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hirschowitz BI, Lanas A |title=Atypical and aggressive upper gastrointestinal ulceration associated with aspirin abuse |journal=J. Clin. Gastroenterol. |volume=34 |issue=5 |pages=523–8 |year=2002 |pmid=11960062 |doi= |url=}}</ref>.Clopidogrel,spironolactone,sirolimus,bisphosphonates (when combined with NSAIDs),mycophenolate mofetil,spironolactone ,chemotherapy (hepatic infusion of 5 - fluorouracil ,selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors .
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| *Hormonal or mediator-induced including secondary acid hypersecretory states -Gastrinomas, systemic mastocytosis, carcinoid syndrome, myeloproliferative disorder, antral g - cell hyperfunction.
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| *Post-surgical -Antral exclusion and post gastric bypass surgery.
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| *Tumors-cancers and lymphoma
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| *Cameron ulcer (gastric ulcer where a hiatus hernia passes
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| through the diaphragmatic hiatus)
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| *True idiopathic ulcer
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| '''Rare causes of peptic ulcer disease''' <ref name="pmid19683340">{{cite journal| author=Malfertheiner P, Chan FK, McColl KE| title=Peptic ulcer disease. | journal=Lancet | year= 2009 | volume= 374 | issue= 9699 | pages= 1449-61 | pmid=19683340 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60938-7 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19683340 }} </ref>
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| * Crohn’s disease of the stomach or duodenum
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| * Eosinophilic gastroduodenitis
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| * Systemic mastocytosis
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| * Radiation damage
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| * Viral infections (eg, cytomegalovirus or herpes simplex
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| infection, in particular in immunocompromised
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| patients)
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| *Colonisation of stomach with H heilmanii
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| * Severe systemic disease
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| '''Genetic causes''' -<ref name="pmid17312377">{{cite journal| author=Jensen RT, Niederle B, Mitry E, Ramage JK, Steinmuller T, Lewington V et al.| title=Gastrinoma (duodenal and pancreatic). | journal=Neuroendocrinology | year= 2006 | volume= 84 | issue= 3 | pages= 173-82 | pmid=17312377 | doi=10.1159/000098009 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17312377 }} </ref>
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| *Peptic ulcer disease is caused by gastrinomas (Zollinger-Ellison syndrome)caused by a mutation in MEN gene present on chromosome 11q13.
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| Causes by Organ System[edit | edit source]
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| Cardiovascular No underlying causes
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| Chemical/Poisoning No underlying causes
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| Dental No underlying causes
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| Dermatologic No underlying causes
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| Drug Side Effecte serotonin reuptake -NSAIDs,Clopidogrel,spironolactone,sirolimus,bisphosphonates (when combined with NSAIDs),mycophenolate mofetil,spironolactone ,chemotherapy (hepatic infusion of 5 - fluorouracil ,selectivinhibitor
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| Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
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| Endocrine-
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| Environmental<ref name="pmid28834889">{{cite journal| author=Lee YB, Yu J, Choi HH, Jeon BS, Kim HK, Kim SW et al.| title=The association between peptic ulcer diseases and mental health problems: A population-based study: a STROBE compliant article. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 2017 | volume= 96 | issue= 34 | pages= e7828 | pmid=28834889 | doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000007828 | pmc=5572011 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28834889 }} </ref>-smoking, excess alcohol consumption, caffeine intake ,more common in patients with Diabetes Mellitus ,hypertension ,metabolic syndrome.
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| Gastroenterology -Crohn's disease, cirrhosis
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| Genetic-Zollinger -Ellison syndrome associated with MEN TYPE 1 syndrome caused by mutation in MEN gene present on chromosome 11q 13
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| Hematologic No underlying causes
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| Iatrogenic No underlying causes
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| Infectious Disease-Helicobacter pylori (60% gastric and 50-75% duodenal ulcers ), Herpes simplex virus type 1, Cytomegalovirus, Helicobacter heilmannii, Tuberculosis, syphilis, and mucormycosis
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| Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic No underlying causes
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| Neurologic No underlying causes
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| Nutritional/Metabolic No underlying causes
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| Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
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| Oncologic-non-beta cell tumor , carcinoid syndrome , gastrinomas
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| Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
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| Overdose/Toxicity No underlying causes
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| Psychiatric- severe stress, depressed mood, suicidal ideation and psychological counseling
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| Pulmonary-COPD, sarcoidosis
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| Renal/Electrolyte-hypercalcemia
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| Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy- No underlying causes
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| Sexual No underlying causes
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| Trauma No underlying causes
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| Urologic No underlying causes
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| Miscellaneous No underlying causes
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| Causes in Alphabetical Order[edit | edit source]
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| List the causes of the disease in alphabetical order.
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| Cause 1
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| Cause 2
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| Cause 3
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| Cause4
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| Cause 5
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| Cause 6
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| Cause 7
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| Cause 8
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| Cause 9
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| Cause 10
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| References[edit | edit source]
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| ==Pathophysiology==
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| ===Pathogenesis===
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| *The exact pathogenesis of [disease name] is not fully understood.
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| OR
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| *It is thought that [disease name] is the result of / is mediated by / is produced by / is caused by either [hypothesis 1], [hypothesis 2], or [hypothesis 3].
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| *[Pathogen name] is usually transmitted via the [transmission route] route to the human host.
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| *Following transmission/ingestion, the [pathogen] uses the [entry site] to invade the [cell name] cell.
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| *[Disease or malignancy name] arises from [cell name]s, which are [cell type] cells that are normally involved in [function of cells].
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| *The progression to [disease name] usually involves the [molecular pathway].
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| *The pathophysiology of [disease/malignancy] depends on the histological subtype.
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| ==Genetics== | |
| *[Disease name] is transmitted in [mode of genetic transmission] pattern.
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| *Genes involved in the pathogenesis of [disease name] include [gene1], [gene2], and [gene3].
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| *The development of [disease name] is the result of multiple genetic mutations.
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| ==Associated Conditions==
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| ==Gross Pathology==
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| *On gross pathology, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].
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| ==Microscopic Pathology==
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| *On microscopic histopathological analysis, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist|2}} | |
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| {{WH}}
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| {{WS}}
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| [[Category: (name of the system)]]
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