Pneumomediastinum epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions
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===Case-fatality rate/Mortality rate=== | ===Case-fatality rate/Mortality rate=== | ||
* | *Pneumomediastinum is a clinical condition with potential complications that can cause high morbidity and mortality rates. | ||
* | *A retrospective review of medical records from January 1, 2002, to December 31, 2011, was conducted at a university-based urban trauma center. | ||
*According to the study, 72 patients out of 3327 (2.2%) patients with blunt trauma had pneumomediastinum. Patients with pneumomediastinum had higher Injury Severity Scores (P < .001) and chest Abbreviated Injury Scale scores (P < 0.001) compared with those without pneumomediastinum<ref name="LeeChong2015">{{cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Wayne S.|last2=Chong|first2=Vincent E.|last3=Victorino|first3=Gregory P.|title=Computed Tomographic Findings and Mortality in Patients With Pneumomediastinum From Blunt Trauma|journal=JAMA Surgery|volume=150|issue=8|year=2015|pages=757|issn=2168-6254|doi=10.1001/jamasurg.2015.1138}}</ref>. | |||
*Pneumomediastinum was associated with higher mortality (9 [12.5%] vs 118 [3.6%] patients; P < .001) and longer mean (SD) hospital stays (11.3 [14.6] vs 5.1 [8.8] days; P < 0.001), intensive care unit stays (5.4 [10.2] vs 1.8 [5.7] days; P < 0.001), and ventilator days (1.7 [4.2] vs 0.6 [4.0] days; P < 0.03). | |||
*According to the study Pneumomediastinum size was not associated with in-hospital mortality (P = 0.22). However, the location of air in the posterior mediastinum was associated with increased mortality of 25% (7 of 28 patients; P = 0.007). | |||
*Air in all mediastinal compartments was also associated with increased mortality of 40.0% (4 of 10 patients; P = 0.01). Presence of hemothorax along with PNM was associated with mortality of 22.2% (8 of 36 patients; P = 0.01). | |||
===Age=== | ===Age=== | ||
Revision as of 17:31, 12 December 2018
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Trusha Tank, M.D.[2]
Overview
Pneumomediastinum is a rare condition. Epidemiology of pneumomediastinum reflects the epidemiology of diseases associated with the condition.
Epidemiology and Demographics
Incidence
- Even though the incidence of spontaneous pneumomediastinum is low, there is not any study showing accurate cases of the condition per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
Prevalence
- Spontaneous pneumomediastinum is more common in young men and pregnant women.
- 4 cases out of 100,000 of the general population were between the ages of 5 and 34 years, with the predominance being young adult men[2][1].
- The prevalence of spontaneous pneumomediastinum is reported between 2.3 to 125 in 100,000 individual.[3].
- In a retrospective study reported a prevalence of 0.3% in children presenting in the emergency room with underlying asthma and acute exacerbation. Mean age was 11.8 years with a male:female ratio of 1.15:1[4].
- 70% of cases of pneumomediastinum in children are due to bronchospasm or respiratory tract infection.
Case-fatality rate/Mortality rate
- Pneumomediastinum is a clinical condition with potential complications that can cause high morbidity and mortality rates.
- A retrospective review of medical records from January 1, 2002, to December 31, 2011, was conducted at a university-based urban trauma center.
- According to the study, 72 patients out of 3327 (2.2%) patients with blunt trauma had pneumomediastinum. Patients with pneumomediastinum had higher Injury Severity Scores (P < .001) and chest Abbreviated Injury Scale scores (P < 0.001) compared with those without pneumomediastinum[5].
- Pneumomediastinum was associated with higher mortality (9 [12.5%] vs 118 [3.6%] patients; P < .001) and longer mean (SD) hospital stays (11.3 [14.6] vs 5.1 [8.8] days; P < 0.001), intensive care unit stays (5.4 [10.2] vs 1.8 [5.7] days; P < 0.001), and ventilator days (1.7 [4.2] vs 0.6 [4.0] days; P < 0.03).
- According to the study Pneumomediastinum size was not associated with in-hospital mortality (P = 0.22). However, the location of air in the posterior mediastinum was associated with increased mortality of 25% (7 of 28 patients; P = 0.007).
- Air in all mediastinal compartments was also associated with increased mortality of 40.0% (4 of 10 patients; P = 0.01). Presence of hemothorax along with PNM was associated with mortality of 22.2% (8 of 36 patients; P = 0.01).
Age
- Patients of all age groups may develop [disease name].
- The incidence of [disease name] increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is [#] years.
- [Disease name] commonly affects individuals younger than/older than [number of years] years of age.
- [Chronic disease name] is usually first diagnosed among [age group].
- [Acute disease name] commonly affects [age group].
Race
- There is no racial predilection to [disease name].
- [Disease name] usually affects individuals of the [race 1] race. [Race 2] individuals are less likely to develop [disease name].
Gender
- [Disease name] affects men and women equally.
- [Gender 1] are more commonly affected by [disease name] than [gender 2]. The [gender 1] to [gender 2] ratio is approximately [number > 1] to 1.
Region
- The majority of [disease name] cases are reported in [geographical region].
- [Disease name] is a common/rare disease that tends to affect [patient population 1] and [patient population 2].
Developed Countries
Developing Countries
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Newcomb AE, Clarke CP (November 2005). "Spontaneous pneumomediastinum: a benign curiosity or a significant problem?". Chest. 128 (5): 3298–302. doi:10.1378/chest.128.5.3298. PMID 16304275.
- ↑ Oertel MF, Korinth MC, Reinges MH, Krings T, Terbeck S, Gilsbach JM (October 2006). "Pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of pneumorrhachis". Eur Spine J. 15 Suppl 5: 636–43. doi:10.1007/s00586-006-0160-6. PMC 1602196. PMID 16835735.
- ↑ Chalumeau M, Le Clainche L, Sayeg N, Sannier N, Michel JL, Marianowski R, Jouvet P, Scheinmann P, de Blic J (January 2001). "Spontaneous pneumomediastinum in children". Pediatr. Pulmonol. 31 (1): 67–75. PMID 11180677.
- ↑ Stack AM, Caputo GL (April 1996). "Pneumomediastinum in childhood asthma". Pediatr Emerg Care. 12 (2): 98–101. PMID 8859917.
- ↑ Lee, Wayne S.; Chong, Vincent E.; Victorino, Gregory P. (2015). "Computed Tomographic Findings and Mortality in Patients With Pneumomediastinum From Blunt Trauma". JAMA Surgery. 150 (8): 757. doi:10.1001/jamasurg.2015.1138. ISSN 2168-6254.