Prostate cancer pathophysiology: Difference between revisions
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*The prostate gland is a zinc-accumulating, citrate-producing organ<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.9790/0853-1506020411}}</ref> | *The prostate gland is a zinc-accumulating, citrate-producing organ<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.9790/0853-1506020411}}</ref> | ||
*The protein ZIP1 is responsible for the active transport of zinc into prostate cells | *The protein ZIP1 is responsible for the active transport of zinc into prostate cells | ||
*One of zinc’s important roles is to change the metabolism of the cell in order to produce citrate, an important component of semen *The process of zinc accumulation, alteration of metabolism, and citrate production is energy inefficient and prostate cells sacrifice enormous of energy (ATP) in order to accomplish this task. | *One of zinc’s important roles is to change the metabolism of the cell in order to produce citrate, an important component of semen | ||
*The process of zinc accumulation, alteration of metabolism, and citrate production is energy inefficient and prostate cells sacrifice enormous of energy (ATP) in order to accomplish this task. | |||
*Prostate cancer cells are generally devoid of zinc. This allows prostate cancer cells to save energy not making citrate, and utilize the new abundance of energy to grow and spread | *Prostate cancer cells are generally devoid of zinc. This allows prostate cancer cells to save energy not making citrate, and utilize the new abundance of energy to grow and spread | ||
*The absence of zinc is thought to occur via a silencing of the gene that producing the transporter protein ZIP1 | *The absence of zinc is thought to occur via a silencing of the gene that producing the transporter protein ZIP1 | ||
*ZIP1 is now called a tumor suppressor gene product for the gene SLC39A1.The cause of epigenetic silencing is unknown | *ZIP1 is now called a tumor suppressor gene product for the gene SLC39A1.The cause of epigenetic silencing is unknown | ||
*Zinc inhibits BF- | *Zinc inhibits BF-kB pathways, Is anti- proliferative,and induces apoptosis in abnormal cells | ||
*Unfortunately, oral ingestion of zinc is ineffective since high concentrations of zinc into prostate cells is not possible without the active transporter ZIP1 | *Unfortunately, oral ingestion of zinc is ineffective since high concentrations of zinc into prostate cells is not possible without the active transporter ZIP1 | ||
*RUNX2 is a transcription factor that prevents the cancer cells from undergoing apoptosis thereby contributing to the development of prostate cancer | *RUNX2 is a transcription factor that prevents the cancer cells from undergoing apoptosis thereby contributing to the development of prostate cancer | ||
Revision as of 19:21, 17 December 2018
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
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Overview
On microscopic histopathological analysis, increased gland density, small circular glands, basal cells lacking, and cytological abnormalities are characteristic findings of prostate cancer.
Pathogenesis
- Prostate cancer is classified as an adenocarcinoma, or glandular cancer. The region of prostate gland where the adenocarcinoma is most common is the peripheral zone.[1]
- Initially, small clumps of cancer cells remain confined to otherwise normal prostate glands, a condition known as carcinoma in situ or prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN).[2]
- Although there is no proof that PIN is a cancer precursor, it is closely associated with cancer. Over time these cancer cells begin to multiply and spread to the surrounding prostate tissue (the stroma) forming a tumor.[2]
- Eventually, the tumor may grow large enough to invade nearby organs such as the seminal vesicles or the rectum, or the tumor cells may develop the ability to travel in the blood stream and lymphatic system.[2]
- Prostate cancer is considered a malignant tumor because it is a mass of cells which can invade other parts of the body. This invasion of other organs is called metastasis. Prostate cancer most commonly metastasizes to the bones, lymph nodes, rectum, and bladder.[2]
- The prostate gland is a zinc-accumulating, citrate-producing organ[3]
- The protein ZIP1 is responsible for the active transport of zinc into prostate cells
- One of zinc’s important roles is to change the metabolism of the cell in order to produce citrate, an important component of semen
- The process of zinc accumulation, alteration of metabolism, and citrate production is energy inefficient and prostate cells sacrifice enormous of energy (ATP) in order to accomplish this task.
- Prostate cancer cells are generally devoid of zinc. This allows prostate cancer cells to save energy not making citrate, and utilize the new abundance of energy to grow and spread
- The absence of zinc is thought to occur via a silencing of the gene that producing the transporter protein ZIP1
- ZIP1 is now called a tumor suppressor gene product for the gene SLC39A1.The cause of epigenetic silencing is unknown
- Zinc inhibits BF-kB pathways, Is anti- proliferative,and induces apoptosis in abnormal cells
- Unfortunately, oral ingestion of zinc is ineffective since high concentrations of zinc into prostate cells is not possible without the active transporter ZIP1
- RUNX2 is a transcription factor that prevents the cancer cells from undergoing apoptosis thereby contributing to the development of prostate cancer
- The androgen receptor helps prostate cancer cells to survive and is a target for many anticancer research studies; so far, inhibiting androgen receptor
- Prostate specific membrane antigen(PSMA) stimulates the development of prostate cancer by increasing folate levels for cancer cells to use to survive and grow
- PSMA increases available folates for use by hydrolyzing glutamate folate
Gross Pathology
Prostate cancer is uncommonly apparent on gross.[4]
Microscopic Pathology
- Architecture
- Increased gland density
- Small circular glands
- In rare subtypes - large branching glands
- Basal cells lacking
- Cytological abnormalities:
Minor criteria:
- Nuclear hyperchromasia
- Wispy blue mucin
- Pink amorphous secretions
- Intraluminal crystalloid
- Amphophilic cytoplasm
- Adjacent High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN)
- Mitoses - quite rare
Prostate adenocarcinoma: Microscopic View
{{#ev:youtube|1SZPLS1dxTo}}
Gleason score
- See Gleason score
Prostate: Adenocarcinoma (Gleason grade 1)
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Prostate: Adenocarcinoma (Gleason grade 2)
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Prostate: Adenocarcinoma (Gleason grade 3)
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Prostate: Adenocarcinoma (Gleason grade 4)
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Prostate: Adenocarcinoma (Gleason grade 5)
{{#ev:youtube|F7V0Zl7a2FY}}
References
- ↑ "Prostate Cancer". National Cancer Institute. Retrieved 12 October 2014.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 "Male Genitals - Prostate Neoplasms". Pathology study images. University of Virginia School of Medicine. Archived from the original on 2011-04-28. Retrieved 2011-04-28.
There are many connections between the prostatic venous plexus and the vertebral veins. The veins forming the prostatic plexus do not contain valves and it is thought that straining to urinate causes prostatic venous blood to flow in a reverse direction and enter the vertebral veins carrying malignant cells to the vertebral column.
- ↑ . doi:10.9790/0853-1506020411. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ Prostatic carcinoma.Dr Ian Bickle and Dr Saqba Farooq et al. Radiopaedia.org 2015.http://radiopaedia.org/articles/prostatic-carcinoma-1
- ↑ Humphrey PA (2007). "Diagnosis of adenocarcinoma in prostate needle biopsy tissue". J. Clin. Pathol. 60 (1): 35–42. doi:10.1136/jcp.2005.036442. PMC 1860598. PMID 17213347. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ "Prostate cancer.Libre pathology 2015".