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==Overview== | |||
==Risk Factors== | ==Risk Factors== | ||
Revision as of 20:45, 2 January 2019
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Shadan Mehraban, M.D.[2]
Overview
Risk Factors
Risk factors leading to female breast cancer:[1][2]
- Age: probability of breast cancer during the age groups is as follows:
- Birth to 39 years - 1 in 202
- 40 to 59 years - 1 in 26
- 60 to 69 years - 1 in 28.
- Personal history of benign breast biopsy associated with relative risk of 1.7 and history of atypical hyperplasia on biopsy with relative risk of 3.7.
- Breast pathology: Proliferative disease (PD) with atypia has greater risk of developing to breast cancer in comparison of PD.
- Family history: Greater breast cancer risk in women with first-degree relatives with breast cancer under 50 years old.
- Genetic predisposition
- High risk (associated with relative risk about 3.0 to 7.0)
- Moderate risk
- Homozygous ataxia-telangiectasia (ATM)
- Somatic mutation in CHEK2
- BRCA1 modifier gene: BRIP1
- BRCA2 modifier gene: PALB2
- Low risk
- These alleles have not designated yet
- Endogenous hormone exposure and reproductive factors:
- Early menarche: Under age of 13 years
- Parity: Nulliparus is associated with increased risk of breast cancer
- Age at first full term pregnancy: Younger age ( under 20 years considered as low risk and after 30 years old considered as high risk ) may decrease risk of breast cancer
- Breast feeding > 16 months decreased risk of breast cancer
- Testosterone: Increased relative risk to 2.86-3.28
- Age at menopause: Older menopausal age (aged > 55 years ) associated with greater risk of breast cancer
- Exogenous hormone exposure
- Long term exposure> 5 years: increases chances of breast cancer
- Time of usage: nearly menopausal age associated with development to breast cancer
- Part or current use of contraceptive pills: relative risk of 1.07 to 1.2
- Current use of hormonal replacement therapy: relative risk of 1.2
- Lifestyle: These factors may increase risk of developing breast cancers.
- Alcohol consumption: approximately 2 to 5 drinks per day, developed with relative risk 1.4
- Recreational exercise: relative risk of 0.70
- Obesity: BMI = 25-29.9 and BMI >30 have relative risk of 1.28
- Previous history of radiation: at the age < 35 years old
References
- ↑ Shah R, Rosso K, Nathanson SD (2014). "Pathogenesis, prevention, diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer". World J Clin Oncol. 5 (3): 283–98. doi:10.5306/wjco.v5.i3.283. PMC 4127601. PMID 25114845.
- ↑ Clemons M, Goss P (2001). "Estrogen and the risk of breast cancer". N Engl J Med. 344 (4): 276–85. doi:10.1056/NEJM200101253440407. PMID 11172156.