Horseshoe kidney pathophysiology: Difference between revisions

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Revision as of 03:57, 5 January 2019

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:

Overview

Most people with horseshoe kidneys are totally asymptomatic and their kidneys function normally throughout their lives. About quarter of cases are found incidentally, usually during a CT scan due to some other problem. Nonetheless, there are lots of other patients who are predisposed to certain medical issues. These issues include:

Ureteropelvic junction obstruction : It is the most common problem in horseshoe kidney. It is caused by crossing of ureter over the fused isthmus leading to its obstruction.
Kidney Stones : Stones usually occur when there is obstruction leading to decreased urine output and stasis of urine which create environment for stone formation.
Recurrent infections : Again due to stasis of urine, because stasis of urine create medium for bacterial growth
Hydronephrosis : Basically it is caused by back-flow of urine due to obstruction of ureteropelvic junction.
Increased incidence of certain cancers such as renal cell carcinoma, wilms tumor and carcinoid tumors.

Pathophysiology

Most people with horseshoe kidneys are totally asymptomatic and their kidneys function normally throughout their lives. About quarter of cases are found incidentally, usually during a CT scan due to some other problem. Nonetheless, there are lots of other patients who are predisposed to certain medical issues. These issues include:
1. Ureteropelvic junction obstruction : It is the most common problem in horseshoe kidney. It is caused by crossing of ureter over the fused isthmus leading to its obstruction.
2. Kidney Stones : Stones usually occur when there is obstruction leading to decreased urine output and stasis of urine which create environment for stone formation.
3. Recurrent infections : Again due to stasis of urine, because stasis of urine create medium for bacterial growth
4. Hydronephrosis : Basically it is caused by back-flow of urine due to obstruction of ureteropelvic junction.
5. Increased incidence of certain cancers such as renal cell carcinoma, wilms tumor and carcinoid tumors.

Genetics

[Disease name] is transmitted in [mode of genetic transmission] pattern.

OR

Genes involved in the pathogenesis of [disease name] include:

[Gene1]
[Gene2]
[Gene3]

OR

The development of [disease name] is the result of multiple genetic mutations such as:

[Mutation 1]
[Mutation 2]
[Mutation 3]

Associated Conditions

Gross Pathology

On gross pathology, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].

Microscopic Pathology

On microscopic histopathological analysis, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].

References

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-{|class="infobox" style="position: fixed; top: 65%; right: 10px; margin: 0 0 0 0; border: 0; float: right;
+{| class="infobox" style="position: fixed; top: 65%; right: 10px; margin: 0 0 0 0; border: 0; float: right;"
 |-
 | {{#ev:youtube|https://https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mdKt8kLGfVA|350}}
@@ Line 9: / Line 9: @@
 {{CMG}}; {{AE}}
 ==Overview==
-The exact pathogenesis of [disease name] is not fully understood.
+Most people with horseshoe kidneys are totally asymptomatic and their kidneys function normally throughout their lives. About quarter of cases are found incidentally, usually during a CT scan due to some other problem. Nonetheless, there are lots of other patients who are predisposed to certain medical issues. These issues include:
+# Ureteropelvic junction obstruction : It is the most common problem in horseshoe kidney. It is caused by crossing of ureter over the fused isthmus leading to its obstruction.
-OR
+# Kidney Stones : Stones usually occur when there is obstruction leading to decreased urine output and stasis of urine which create environment for stone formation.
+# Recurrent infections : Again due to stasis of urine, because stasis of urine create medium for bacterial growth
-It is thought that [disease name] is the result of / is mediated by / is produced by / is caused by either [hypothesis 1], [hypothesis 2], or [hypothesis 3].
+# Hydronephrosis : Basically it is caused by back-flow of urine due to obstruction of ureteropelvic junction.
+# Increased incidence of certain cancers such as renal cell carcinoma, wilms tumor and carcinoid tumors.
-OR
-[Pathogen name] is usually transmitted via the [transmission route] route to the human host.
-OR
-Following transmission/ingestion, the [pathogen] uses the [entry site] to invade the [cell name] cell.
-OR
-[Disease or malignancy name] arises from [cell name]s, which are [cell type] cells that are normally involved in [function of cells].
-OR
-The progression to [disease name] usually involves the [molecular pathway].
-OR
-The pathophysiology of [disease/malignancy] depends on the histological subtype.
 ==Pathophysiology==
-===Physiology===
+*Most people with horseshoe kidneys are totally asymptomatic and their kidneys function normally throughout their lives. About quarter of cases are found incidentally, usually during a CT scan due to some other problem. Nonetheless, there are lots of other patients who are predisposed to certain medical issues. These issues include:
-The normal physiology of [name of process] can be understood as follows:
+*# Ureteropelvic junction obstruction : It is the most common problem in horseshoe kidney. It is caused by crossing of ureter over the fused isthmus leading to its obstruction.
+*# Kidney Stones : Stones usually occur when there is obstruction leading to decreased urine output and stasis of urine which create environment for stone formation.
-===Pathogenesis===
+*# Recurrent infections : Again due to stasis of urine, because stasis of urine create medium for bacterial growth
-*The exact pathogenesis of [disease name] is not completely understood.
+*# Hydronephrosis : Basically it is caused by back-flow of urine due to obstruction of ureteropelvic junction.
-OR
+*# Increased incidence of certain cancers such as renal cell carcinoma, wilms tumor and carcinoid tumors.
-*It is understood that [disease name] is the result of / is mediated by / is produced by / is caused by either [hypothesis 1], [hypothesis 2], or [hypothesis 3].
-*[Pathogen name] is usually transmitted via the [transmission route] route to the human host.
-*Following transmission/ingestion, the [pathogen] uses the [entry site] to invade the [cell name] cell.
-*[Disease or malignancy name] arises from [cell name]s, which are [cell type] cells that are normally involved in [function of cells].
-*The progression to [disease name] usually involves the [molecular pathway].
-*The pathophysiology of [disease/malignancy] depends on the histological subtype.
 ==Genetics==