Methylmalonyl CoA epimerase: Difference between revisions
(I have removed threonine and methionine as they are not branched-chain-amino acids. I have added leucine which is. The wikipedia article on branched chain amino acids states "....there are three BCAAs: leucine, isoleucine and valine") |
imported>Boghog (consistent citation formatting) |
||
| Line 27: | Line 27: | ||
|LocusSupplementaryData= | |LocusSupplementaryData= | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Methylmalonyl CoA epimerase''' ({{EC number|5.1.99.1}}, ''methylmalonyl-CoA racemase'', ''methylmalonyl coenzyme A racemase'', ''DL-methylmalonyl-CoA racemase'', ''2-methyl-3-oxopropanoyl-CoA 2-epimerase [incorrect]'') is an [[enzyme]] involved in [[fatty acid catabolism]] that is encoded in human by the "MCEE" [[gene]] located on [[chromosome 2]]. | '''Methylmalonyl CoA epimerase''' ({{EC number|5.1.99.1}}, ''methylmalonyl-CoA racemase'', ''methylmalonyl coenzyme A racemase'', ''DL-methylmalonyl-CoA racemase'', ''2-methyl-3-oxopropanoyl-CoA 2-epimerase [incorrect]'') is an [[enzyme]] involved in [[fatty acid metabolism|fatty acid catabolism]] that is encoded in human by the "MCEE" [[gene]] located on [[chromosome 2]]. It is routinely and incorrectly labeled as "methylmalonyl-CoA racemase". It is not a [[epimerase and racemase|racemase]] because the CoA [[moiety (chemistry)|moiety]] has 5 other [[stereocenter|stereocenters]]. | ||
== Structure == | == Structure == | ||
The "MCEE" [[gene]] is located in the 2p13 region and contains 4 [[exon]]s, and encodes for a [[protein]] that is approximately 18 kDa in size and located to the [[mitochondrial matrix]].<ref>{{cite web|url= | The "MCEE" [[gene]] is located in the 2p13 region and contains 4 [[exon]]s, and encodes for a [[protein]] that is approximately 18 kDa in size and located to the [[mitochondrial matrix]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q96PE7|title=MCEE - Methylmalonyl-CoA epimerase, mitochondrial precursor - Homo sapiens (Human) - MCEE gene & protein|website=www.uniprot.org}}</ref> Several natural variants in amino acid sequences exist. The structure of the MCEE protein has been resolved by [[X-ray crystallography]] <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/entry/pdb/3RMU|title=PDB 3rmu structure summary ‹ Protein Data Bank in Europe (PDBe) ‹ EMBL-EBI|first=Protein Data Bank in|last=Europe|website=www.ebi.ac.uk}}</ref> at 1.8-angstrom resolution. | ||
==Function== | == Function == | ||
The MCEE gene encodes an enzyme that interconverts D- and L- methylmalonyl-CoA during the degradation of [[branched-chain amino acid]]s, [[odd chain-length fatty acid]]s, and other metabolites. In biochemistry terms, it catalyzes the reaction that converts (''S'')-[[methylmalonyl-CoA]] to the (''R'') form.<ref>{{cite journal | title = Metabolism of propionic acid in animal tissues. IX. Methylmalonyl coenzyme A racemase | | The MCEE gene encodes an enzyme that interconverts D- and L- methylmalonyl-CoA during the degradation of [[branched-chain amino acid]]s, [[odd chain-length fatty acid]]s, and other metabolites. In biochemistry terms, it catalyzes the reaction that converts (''S'')-[[methylmalonyl-CoA]] to the (''R'') form.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mazumder R, Sasakawa T, Kaziro Y, Ochoa S | title = Metabolism of propionic acid in animal tissues. IX. Methylmalonyl coenzyme A racemase | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 237 | pages = 3065–8 | date = October 1962 | pmid = 13934211 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Overath P, Kellerman GM, Lynen F, Fritz HP, Keller HJ | title = [On the mechanism of the rearrangement of methylmalonyl-Co A into succinyl-Co A. II. Experiments on the mechanism of action of methylmalonyl-Co A isomerase and methylmalonyl-Co A racemase] | journal = Biochemische Zeitschrift | volume = 335 | pages = 500–18 | date = 1962 | pmid = 14482843 }}</ref> This enzyme [[catalysis|catalyses]] the following [[chemical reaction]] | ||
: ('' | : (''S'')-methylmalonyl-CoA <math>\rightleftharpoons</math> (''R'')-methylmalonyl-CoA | ||
Methylmalonyl CoA epimerase plays an important role in the catabolism of [[Fatty Acid|fatty acids]] with odd-length carbon chains. In the catabolism of even-chain [[Saturation (chemistry)|saturated]] fatty acids, the [[Beta oxidation|β-oxidation pathway]] breaks down fatty acyl-CoA molecules in repeated sequences of four reactions to yield one [[acetyl CoA]] per repeated sequence. This means that, for each round of β-oxidation, the fatty acyl-Co-A is shortened by two carbons. If the fatty acid began with an even number of carbons, this process could break down an entire saturated fatty acid into acetyl-CoA units. If the fatty acid began with an odd number of carbons, however, β-oxidation would break the fatty acyl-CoA down until the three carbon propionyl-CoA is formed. In order to convert this to the metabolically useful [[succinyl-CoA]], three reactions are needed. The propionyl-CoA is first carboxylated to (''S'')-methylmalonyl-CoA by the enzyme [[Propionyl-CoA carboxylase]]. Methylmalonyl CoA epimerase then catalyzes the rearrangement of (''S'')-methylmalonyl-CoA to the (''R'') form in a reaction that uses a [[vitamin B12]] [[cofactor (biochemistry)|cofactor]] and a resonance-stabilized [[carbanion]] [[Reactive intermediate|intermediate]]. The (''R'')-methylmalonyl-CoA is then converted to succinyl-CoA in a reaction catalyzed by [[methylmalonyl-CoA mutase]]. | Methylmalonyl CoA epimerase plays an important role in the catabolism of [[Fatty Acid|fatty acids]] with odd-length carbon chains. In the catabolism of even-chain [[Saturation (chemistry)|saturated]] fatty acids, the [[Beta oxidation|β-oxidation pathway]] breaks down fatty acyl-CoA molecules in repeated sequences of four reactions to yield one [[acetyl CoA]] per repeated sequence. This means that, for each round of β-oxidation, the fatty acyl-Co-A is shortened by two carbons. If the fatty acid began with an even number of carbons, this process could break down an entire saturated fatty acid into acetyl-CoA units. If the fatty acid began with an odd number of carbons, however, β-oxidation would break the fatty acyl-CoA down until the three carbon propionyl-CoA is formed. In order to convert this to the metabolically useful [[succinyl-CoA]], three reactions are needed. The propionyl-CoA is first carboxylated to (''S'')-methylmalonyl-CoA by the enzyme [[Propionyl-CoA carboxylase]]. Methylmalonyl CoA epimerase then catalyzes the rearrangement of (''S'')-methylmalonyl-CoA to the (''R'') form in a reaction that uses a [[vitamin B12]] [[cofactor (biochemistry)|cofactor]] and a resonance-stabilized [[carbanion]] [[Reactive intermediate|intermediate]]. The (''R'')-methylmalonyl-CoA is then converted to succinyl-CoA in a reaction catalyzed by [[methylmalonyl-CoA mutase]]. | ||
| Line 44: | Line 44: | ||
== Clinical significance == | == Clinical significance == | ||
[[Mutations]] in the MCEE gene causes [[methymalonyl-Coa epimerase deficiency]] (MCEED),<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Bikker H, Bakker HD, Abeling NG, Poll-The BT, Kleijer WJ, Rosenblatt DS, Waterham HR, Wanders RJ, Duran M |title=A homozygous nonsense mutation in the methylmalonyl-CoA epimerase gene (MCEE) results in mild methylmalonic aciduria |journal= | [[Mutations]] in the MCEE gene causes [[methymalonyl-Coa epimerase deficiency]] (MCEED),<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bikker H, Bakker HD, Abeling NG, Poll-The BT, Kleijer WJ, Rosenblatt DS, Waterham HR, Wanders RJ, Duran M | title = A homozygous nonsense mutation in the methylmalonyl-CoA epimerase gene (MCEE) results in mild methylmalonic aciduria | journal = Human Mutation | volume = 27 | issue = 7 | pages = 640–3 | date = July 2006 | pmid = 16752391 | doi = 10.1002/humu.20373 }}</ref> a rare [[autosomal recessive]] [[inborn error of metabolism]] in amino acid metabolisms involving [[branched-chain amino acid]]s [[valine]], [[leucine]], and [[isoleucine]]. Patients with MCEED may present with life-threatening neonatal [[metabolic acidosis]], [[hyperammonemia]], [[feeding difficulties]], and [[coma]]. | ||
==References== | == References == | ||
{{Reflist}} | {{Reflist}} | ||
==External links== | == External links == | ||
* {{MeshName|methylmalonyl-CoA+epimerase}} | * {{MeshName|methylmalonyl-CoA+epimerase}} | ||
Latest revision as of 10:32, 25 November 2018
| methylmalonyl CoA epimerase | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| File:Methylmalonyl-CoA epimerase 1JC5.png | |||||||||
| Identifiers | |||||||||
| EC number | 5.1.99.1 | ||||||||
| Databases | |||||||||
| IntEnz | IntEnz view | ||||||||
| BRENDA | BRENDA entry | ||||||||
| ExPASy | NiceZyme view | ||||||||
| KEGG | KEGG entry | ||||||||
| MetaCyc | metabolic pathway | ||||||||
| PRIAM | profile | ||||||||
| PDB structures | RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum | ||||||||
| Gene Ontology | AmiGO / QuickGO | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| methylmalonyl CoA epimerase | |
|---|---|
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | MCEE |
| Entrez | 84693 |
| HUGO | 16732 |
| OMIM | 608419 |
| RefSeq | NM_028626 |
| UniProt | Q96PE7 |
| Other data | |
| EC number | 5.1.99.1 |
| Locus | Chr. 2 p13.3 |
Methylmalonyl CoA epimerase (EC 5.1.99.1, methylmalonyl-CoA racemase, methylmalonyl coenzyme A racemase, DL-methylmalonyl-CoA racemase, 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoyl-CoA 2-epimerase [incorrect]) is an enzyme involved in fatty acid catabolism that is encoded in human by the "MCEE" gene located on chromosome 2. It is routinely and incorrectly labeled as "methylmalonyl-CoA racemase". It is not a racemase because the CoA moiety has 5 other stereocenters.
Structure
The "MCEE" gene is located in the 2p13 region and contains 4 exons, and encodes for a protein that is approximately 18 kDa in size and located to the mitochondrial matrix.[1] Several natural variants in amino acid sequences exist. The structure of the MCEE protein has been resolved by X-ray crystallography [2] at 1.8-angstrom resolution.
Function
The MCEE gene encodes an enzyme that interconverts D- and L- methylmalonyl-CoA during the degradation of branched-chain amino acids, odd chain-length fatty acids, and other metabolites. In biochemistry terms, it catalyzes the reaction that converts (S)-methylmalonyl-CoA to the (R) form.[3][4] This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
- (S)-methylmalonyl-CoA <math>\rightleftharpoons</math> (R)-methylmalonyl-CoA
Methylmalonyl CoA epimerase plays an important role in the catabolism of fatty acids with odd-length carbon chains. In the catabolism of even-chain saturated fatty acids, the β-oxidation pathway breaks down fatty acyl-CoA molecules in repeated sequences of four reactions to yield one acetyl CoA per repeated sequence. This means that, for each round of β-oxidation, the fatty acyl-Co-A is shortened by two carbons. If the fatty acid began with an even number of carbons, this process could break down an entire saturated fatty acid into acetyl-CoA units. If the fatty acid began with an odd number of carbons, however, β-oxidation would break the fatty acyl-CoA down until the three carbon propionyl-CoA is formed. In order to convert this to the metabolically useful succinyl-CoA, three reactions are needed. The propionyl-CoA is first carboxylated to (S)-methylmalonyl-CoA by the enzyme Propionyl-CoA carboxylase. Methylmalonyl CoA epimerase then catalyzes the rearrangement of (S)-methylmalonyl-CoA to the (R) form in a reaction that uses a vitamin B12 cofactor and a resonance-stabilized carbanion intermediate. The (R)-methylmalonyl-CoA is then converted to succinyl-CoA in a reaction catalyzed by methylmalonyl-CoA mutase.
Acting as a general base, the enzyme abstracts a proton from the β-carbon of (R)-methylmalonyl-CoA. This results in the formation of a carbanion intermediate in which the α-carbon is stabilized by resonance. The enzyme then acts as a general acid to protonate the β-carbon, resulting in the formation of (S)-methylmalonyl-CoA.
Clinical significance
Mutations in the MCEE gene causes methymalonyl-Coa epimerase deficiency (MCEED),[5] a rare autosomal recessive inborn error of metabolism in amino acid metabolisms involving branched-chain amino acids valine, leucine, and isoleucine. Patients with MCEED may present with life-threatening neonatal metabolic acidosis, hyperammonemia, feeding difficulties, and coma.
References
- ↑ "MCEE - Methylmalonyl-CoA epimerase, mitochondrial precursor - Homo sapiens (Human) - MCEE gene & protein". www.uniprot.org.
- ↑ Europe, Protein Data Bank in. "PDB 3rmu structure summary ‹ Protein Data Bank in Europe (PDBe) ‹ EMBL-EBI". www.ebi.ac.uk.
- ↑ Mazumder R, Sasakawa T, Kaziro Y, Ochoa S (October 1962). "Metabolism of propionic acid in animal tissues. IX. Methylmalonyl coenzyme A racemase". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 237: 3065–8. PMID 13934211.
- ↑ Overath P, Kellerman GM, Lynen F, Fritz HP, Keller HJ (1962). "[On the mechanism of the rearrangement of methylmalonyl-Co A into succinyl-Co A. II. Experiments on the mechanism of action of methylmalonyl-Co A isomerase and methylmalonyl-Co A racemase]". Biochemische Zeitschrift. 335: 500–18. PMID 14482843.
- ↑ Bikker H, Bakker HD, Abeling NG, Poll-The BT, Kleijer WJ, Rosenblatt DS, Waterham HR, Wanders RJ, Duran M (July 2006). "A homozygous nonsense mutation in the methylmalonyl-CoA epimerase gene (MCEE) results in mild methylmalonic aciduria". Human Mutation. 27 (7): 640–3. doi:10.1002/humu.20373. PMID 16752391.
External links
- methylmalonyl-CoA+epimerase at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)