Acute promyelocytic leukemia physical examination: Difference between revisions
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==Physical examination== | ==Physical examination== | ||
*'''[[Petechiae]]''': [[Petechia|Petechiae]] are pinpoint [[hemorrhages]] in the skin. [[Petechia|Petechiae]] are a result of the coagulopathy (disseminated intravascular coagulation) of acute promyelocytic leukemia. Compared to patients with other types of leukemia, patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia is more likely to present with petechiae.<ref name="pmid19946580">{{cite journal |vauthors=Suárez-Cuenca JA, Arellano-Sánchez JL, Scherling-Ocampo AA, Sánchez-Hernández G, Pérez-Guevara D, Chalapud-Revelo JR |title=Rapidly progressing, fatal and acute promyelocytic leukaemia that initially manifested as a painful third molar: a case report |journal=J Med Case Rep |volume=3 |issue= |pages=102 |date=November 2009 |pmid=19946580 |pmc=2783043 |doi=10.1186/1752-1947-3-102 |url=}}</ref> | *'''[[Petechiae]]''': [[Petechia|Petechiae]] are pinpoint [[hemorrhages]] in the skin. [[Petechia|Petechiae]] are a result of the [[coagulopathy]] (disseminated intravascular coagulation) of acute promyelocytic leukemia. Compared to [[Patient|patients]] with other types of [[leukemia]], [[Patient|patients]] with acute promyelocytic leukemia is more likely to present with [[Petechia|petechiae]].<ref name="pmid19946580">{{cite journal |vauthors=Suárez-Cuenca JA, Arellano-Sánchez JL, Scherling-Ocampo AA, Sánchez-Hernández G, Pérez-Guevara D, Chalapud-Revelo JR |title=Rapidly progressing, fatal and acute promyelocytic leukaemia that initially manifested as a painful third molar: a case report |journal=J Med Case Rep |volume=3 |issue= |pages=102 |date=November 2009 |pmid=19946580 |pmc=2783043 |doi=10.1186/1752-1947-3-102 |url=}}</ref> | ||
*'''[[Ecchymoses]]''': Ecchymoses are larger hemorrhages in the skin. Ecchymoses are also known as purpura. Patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia are more likely to have ecchymoses compared to patients with other types of leukemia. | *'''[[Ecchymoses]]''': [[Ecchymoses]] are larger [[hemorrhages]] in the [[skin]]. [[Ecchymoses]] are also known as [[purpura]]. [[Patient|Patients]] with acute promyelocytic leukemia are more likely to have [[ecchymoses]] compared to [[Patient|patients]] with other types of leukemia. | ||
*'''Mucosal bleeding''': Bleeding from the nares, oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract, and urinary bleeding is common in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia.<ref name="pmid21645417">{{cite journal| author=Hu R, Wu Y, Jiang X, Zhang W, Xu L| title=Clinical symptoms and chemotherapy completion in elderly patients with newly diagnosed acute leukemia: a retrospective comparison study with a younger cohort. | journal=BMC Cancer | year= 2011 | volume= 11 | issue= | pages= 224 | pmid=21645417 | doi=10.1186/1471-2407-11-224 | pmc=3130702 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21645417 }} </ref> | *'''Mucosal bleeding''': [[Bleeding]] from the [[nares]], [[oral]] [[cavity]], [[gastrointestinal tract]], and [[urinary]] [[bleeding]] is common in [[Patient|patients]] with acute promyelocytic leukemia.<ref name="pmid21645417">{{cite journal| author=Hu R, Wu Y, Jiang X, Zhang W, Xu L| title=Clinical symptoms and chemotherapy completion in elderly patients with newly diagnosed acute leukemia: a retrospective comparison study with a younger cohort. | journal=BMC Cancer | year= 2011 | volume= 11 | issue= | pages= 224 | pmid=21645417 | doi=10.1186/1471-2407-11-224 | pmc=3130702 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21645417 }} </ref> | ||
*'''[[Splenomegaly]]''': In some cases, patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia can have enlarged | *'''[[Splenomegaly]]''': In some cases, [[Patient|patients]] with acute promyelocytic leukemia can have enlarged [[spleen]]<nowiki/>s. This is a result of [[extramedullary hematopoiesis]] ([[blood]] [[Cell (biology)|cell]] production in areas other than the [[bone marrow]]. [[Splenomegaly]] can cause [[abdominal]] [[discomfort]]. | ||
*'''[[Pallor]]''': Pallor, or paleness of the skin, is due to the development of anemia, which commonly occurs in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia.<ref name="pmid21645417">{{cite journal| author=Hu R, Wu Y, Jiang X, Zhang W, Xu L| title=Clinical symptoms and chemotherapy completion in elderly patients with newly diagnosed acute leukemia: a retrospective comparison study with a younger cohort. | journal=BMC Cancer | year= 2011 | volume= 11 | issue= | pages= 224 | pmid=21645417 | doi=10.1186/1471-2407-11-224 | pmc=3130702 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21645417 }} </ref> | *'''[[Pallor]]''': [[Pallor]], or [[paleness]] of the [[skin]], is due to the development of [[anemia]], which commonly occurs in [[Patient|patients]] with acute promyelocytic leukemia.<ref name="pmid21645417">{{cite journal| author=Hu R, Wu Y, Jiang X, Zhang W, Xu L| title=Clinical symptoms and chemotherapy completion in elderly patients with newly diagnosed acute leukemia: a retrospective comparison study with a younger cohort. | journal=BMC Cancer | year= 2011 | volume= 11 | issue= | pages= 224 | pmid=21645417 | doi=10.1186/1471-2407-11-224 | pmc=3130702 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21645417 }} </ref> | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 13:22, 18 January 2019
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Shyam Patel [2]
Overview
The physical examination findings in acute promyelocytic leukemia include petechiae, ecchymoses, mucosal bleeding, splenomegaly, and/or pallor. The bleeding-related physical examination findings have a higher specificity for acute promyelocytic leukemia compared to other types of leukemia.
Physical examination
- Petechiae: Petechiae are pinpoint hemorrhages in the skin. Petechiae are a result of the coagulopathy (disseminated intravascular coagulation) of acute promyelocytic leukemia. Compared to patients with other types of leukemia, patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia is more likely to present with petechiae.[1]
- Ecchymoses: Ecchymoses are larger hemorrhages in the skin. Ecchymoses are also known as purpura. Patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia are more likely to have ecchymoses compared to patients with other types of leukemia.
- Mucosal bleeding: Bleeding from the nares, oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract, and urinary bleeding is common in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia.[2]
- Splenomegaly: In some cases, patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia can have enlarged spleens. This is a result of extramedullary hematopoiesis (blood cell production in areas other than the bone marrow. Splenomegaly can cause abdominal discomfort.
- Pallor: Pallor, or paleness of the skin, is due to the development of anemia, which commonly occurs in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia.[2]
References
- ↑ Suárez-Cuenca JA, Arellano-Sánchez JL, Scherling-Ocampo AA, Sánchez-Hernández G, Pérez-Guevara D, Chalapud-Revelo JR (November 2009). "Rapidly progressing, fatal and acute promyelocytic leukaemia that initially manifested as a painful third molar: a case report". J Med Case Rep. 3: 102. doi:10.1186/1752-1947-3-102. PMC 2783043. PMID 19946580.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Hu R, Wu Y, Jiang X, Zhang W, Xu L (2011). "Clinical symptoms and chemotherapy completion in elderly patients with newly diagnosed acute leukemia: a retrospective comparison study with a younger cohort". BMC Cancer. 11: 224. doi:10.1186/1471-2407-11-224. PMC 3130702. PMID 21645417.