Vaginal cancer risk factors: Difference between revisions
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:* Approximately 85 percent of the cases of vaginal cancer occur in women who are over the age of 40, and nearly 50 percent of cases occur in women age 70 or older.. | :* Approximately 85 percent of the cases of vaginal cancer occur in women who are over the age of 40, and nearly 50 percent of cases occur in women age 70 or older<ref name="pmid24423603">{{cite journal |vauthors=Strander B, Hällgren J, Sparén P |title=Effect of ageing on cervical or vaginal cancer in Swedish women previously treated for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3: population based cohort study of long term incidence and mortality |journal=BMJ |volume=348 |issue= |pages=f7361 |date=January 2014 |pmid=24423603 |pmc=3898577 |doi=10.1136/bmj.f7361 |url=}}</ref>. | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 18:06, 21 January 2019
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
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Overview
The risk factors of vaginal cancer may include vaginal adenosis, cervical cancer, diethylstilbestrol, human papillomavirus infection, HIV infection, unhealthy lifestyle, and age.
Risk factors
Clinical data has suggested that the development of vaginal cancer is related to several factors.
- Vaginal adenosis:
- Clinical research suggest that having adenosis increases the risk of developing clear cell carcinoma. Although it is very small, many doctors feel that any woman with adenosis should have very careful screening and follow-up[1].
- Surveies show having cervical cancer increases the risk of vaginal squamous cell cancer. This is most likely because cervical and vaginal cancers have similar risk factors[2].
- Diethylstilbestrol (DES):
- Clinical data show women whose mothers took Diethylstilbestrol (DES) develop clear-cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina more often than would normally be expected. These women are called "DES daughters"[3].
- Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection:
- Certain types of HPV (type 16 and 18) have been strongly associated with vaginal cancers[4].
- HIV infection:
- Clinical studies show human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) also increases the risk of vaginal cancer[5].
- Unhealthy lifestyle:
- Epidemiological research demonstrates smoking and alcohol increase the risk of vaginal cancer[6].
- Age:
- Approximately 85 percent of the cases of vaginal cancer occur in women who are over the age of 40, and nearly 50 percent of cases occur in women age 70 or older[7].
References
- ↑ Vessey MP (1989). "Epidemiological studies of the effects of diethylstilboestrol". IARC Sci. Publ. (96): 335–48. PMID 2680951.
- ↑ Jain G, Sabeena S, Vasudeva A, Mundkur A, Srinivas SP, Arunkumar G, Kumar P (December 2018). "A report of human papilloma virus-16 associated vaginal carcinoma after thirty-two years of successful radiation therapy for cervical cancer". Virusdisease. 29 (4): 537–539. doi:10.1007/s13337-018-0479-8. PMID 30539058.
- ↑ Huo D, Anderson D, Palmer JR, Herbst AL (September 2017). "Incidence rates and risks of diethylstilbestrol-related clear-cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina and cervix: Update after 40-year follow-up". Gynecol. Oncol. 146 (3): 566–571. doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2017.06.028. PMID 28689666.
- ↑ Pham T, Bi X, Hoang H, Ishizaki A, Nguyen M, Nguyen CH, Nguyen HP, Pham TV, Ichimura H (November 2018). "Human Papillomavirus Genotypes and HPV16 E6/E7 Variants among Patients with Genital Cancers in Vietnam". Jpn. J. Infect. Dis. 71 (6): 419–426. doi:10.7883/yoken.JJID.2018.206. PMID 29962490. Vancouver style error: initials (help)
- ↑ Davies O, Rajamanoharan S, Balachandran T (November 2015). "Cervical screening in HIV-positive women in the East of England: recent CD4 as the predictive risk factor". Int J STD AIDS. 26 (13): 945–50. doi:10.1177/0956462414563624. PMID 25505037.
- ↑ Santoso JT, Crigger M, English E, Wan J, Likes W (June 2012). "Smoking cessation counseling in women with genital intraepithelial neoplasia". Gynecol. Oncol. 125 (3): 716–9. doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2012.02.018. PMID 22366589.
- ↑ Strander B, Hällgren J, Sparén P (January 2014). "Effect of ageing on cervical or vaginal cancer in Swedish women previously treated for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3: population based cohort study of long term incidence and mortality". BMJ. 348: f7361. doi:10.1136/bmj.f7361. PMC 3898577. PMID 24423603.