Ovarian cancer differential diagnosis

Ovarian cancer Microchapters
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Fahimeh Shojaei, M.D.

Differentiating [Disease name] from other Diseases

Diseases		Clinical manifestations							Para-clinical findings				Gold standard	Additional findings
		Age of onset	Symptoms			Physical examination
									Lab Findings	Imaging		Immunohistopathology
			pelvic pain or pressure	vaginal discharge	GI dysturbance	Pleural effusion	Fever	Tenderness		CT scan/US	MRI
Gynecologic
Ovarian	Follicular cysts						–							It is associated with hyperestrogenism and endometrial hyperplasia
	Theca lutein cysts						–				Bilateral Multiple			It is associated with hydatidiform moles and choriocarcinoma
	Serous cystadenoma/carcinoma	>55 y/o									Bilateral			Most common ovarian neoplasm
	Mucinous cystadenoma/carcinoma	>55 y/o												It may cause pseudomyxoma peritonei
	Endometrioma		+							Complex mass on US				Infertility
	Teratoma	10-30 y/o							High level of HCG and LDH					It may cause ovarian torsion May content thyroid tissue and cause hyperthyroidism
	Dysgerminoma								High level of HCG and LDH			Sheets fried egg appearance cells		Same as male seminomas
	Choriocarcinoma								High level of B-hCG			Trophoblastic tissue origin		It is associated with bilateral Theca lutein cysts Cannonball metastases to the lungs May cause hemoptysis
	Yolk sac tumor	Young children Male infants							High levels of AFP			Yellow appearance Hemorrhagic Schiller-Duval bodies (glomeruli like structures)		The other name is ovarian endodermal sinus tumor
	Fibroma		Pulling sensation in the groin									Spindle-shaped fibroblast		It may cause Meigs syndrome (ovarian fibroma, ascites, and hydrothorax)
	Thecoma			Postmenopausal bleeding					High level of estrogen
	Granulosa cell tumor	50-60 y/o		Postmenopausal bleeding					High level of estrogen and progestron			Call-Exner bodies		In postmenopausal women may cause breast tenderness
	Sertoli-leydig cell tumor
	Brenner tumor											Yellow/pale appearance Transitional cell tumor (resembles bladder) Coffee bean nuclei on H&E
	Krukenberg tumor										Bilateral	GI adenocarcinoma metastases Mucin-secreting signet cell
Tubal	tubo-ovarian abscess													fever and vaginal discharge
	Ectopic pregnancy
	Hydrosalpinx													infertility
	Tuberculosis salpingitis
	Epithelial carcinoma
	serous tubal intraepithelial neoplasm
Uterine	Myoma
	Sarcoma
	Pregnancy
Non-gynecologic
GIT	Appendiceal abscess
	Appendiceal neoplasm
	Diverticular abscess
	GI neoplasm													abdominal pain Intestinal obstruction and bleeding in small bowel,
Renal	Pelvic kidney													tract infection (UTI), obstruction, and renal calculi.
Others	Retroperitoneal sarcoma													Gastrointestinal symptoms, such as early satiety, obstruction,lower extremity edema, Serous ascites

check sites of cancer that may metastasize to the ovaries (eg, stomach, colorectal, breast)

check rectum, liver, spleen, lungs, inguinal or supraclavicular lymph nodes for ovary metastase