Craniopharyngioma overview: Difference between revisions
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==Epidemiology and demographics== | ==Epidemiology and demographics== | ||
The demographic patterns of craniopharyngioma are not well described because the tumor is rare. In addition, most cancer registries collect data only on malignant conditions and, therefore, they are not useful in the study of craniopharyngioma, considered to be of borderline histological malignancy. Incidence rates are similar in males and females and between Caucasians and African Americans. Tumors are more common among children of age 5 to 15 years and older adults of greater than 65 years,the lowest rates occur among those aged 15 to 34 years. Survival is highest for patients diagnosed at a younger age. | |||
==Risk factors== | ==Risk factors== | ||
Revision as of 18:35, 7 February 2019
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Marjan Khan M.B.B.S.[2]
Overview
Craniopharyngioma is a rare, benign tumor of the central nervous system (CNS). It is a partly cystic embryonic malformation that can occur in the sellar/parasellar region and can result in a wide array of symptomatology such as headaches, nausea and vomiting, visual disturbances, and endocrine disturbances.It has an incidence of 0.5 to 2 cases per million persons per year. Half of these cases occur during the first two decades of life. It represents 1.2% to 4% of all childhood intracranial tumors. It has a classical bimodal distribution of incidence with increased incidence rates in patients aged five to 14 years and 50 to 74 years. Craniopharyngioma has a very high recurrence rate, with reported rates as high as 50%. There are two subtypes of craniopharyngioma: adamantinomatous and papillary. It most commonly presents with signs of increased intracranial pressure (ICP) including a headache and nausea and vomiting along with visual and endocrine disturbances. In children, failure to thrive and decreased growth rate can be the initial presentation. Multiple modalities can be implemented in the management of craniopharyngioma, including neurological surgery, radiotherapy, and instillation of sclerosing substances.
Historical perspective
Primitive concepts of the function of the pituitary gland were formulated in the 4th century BC by Hippocrates. Harvey Cushing (1869–1939), has had a major impact in the understanding of pituitary function and surgery but he was not the first surgeon to attempt pituitary surgery; this honor goes in 1889 to Sir Victor Horsley. Hermann Schloffer (1868–1937), an Austrian surgeon, guided by the works of Davide Giordano, performed the first transfacial transsphenoidal approach in 1907. In the 1960s, transsphenoidal surgery underwent a revival and has been universally accepted thanks to great figures such as Guiot and Hardy.
Classification
- Craniopharyngiomas occur in two histological subtypes; an adamantinomatous form and Papillary.
- Adamantinomatous form that is the most common pediatric variant and a Papillary form that is found almost exclusively in adults.
- The pediatric form is thought to arise from epithelial remnants of the craniophayngeal duct or Rathke's pouch, an embryologic structure that develops into the anterior pituitary.
- Both forma typically have solid and cystic components and are often calcified on imaging.
- Recent genetic analysis has also shown differences between these two subtypes.
- Mutations in B-catenin (CTNNB1), a downstream effector of the Wnt pathway that is, involved in cellular growth and development, has been described in 60–96% of adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas.
- Papillary craniopharyngiomas recently have been discovered to frequently harbor V600E mutations of the BRAF gene, which is a key player in the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway.
Pathophysiology
Craniopharyngiomas are epithelial tumors that usually arise in the pituitary stalk adjacent to the optic chiasm. On gross pathology, craniopharyngiomas are cystic or partially cystic with solid areas.The cyst is filled with a turbid, proteinaceous material of brownish-yellow color that glitters and sparkles because of a high content of floating cholesterol crystals On microscopic histopathology, it is categorized into two subtypes: Adamantinomatous and papillary.
Differentiating craniopharyngioma from other diseases
Craniopharyngioma must be differentiated from other pituitary masses such as sarcoid, pituitary adenoma, aneurysm, teratoma, tuberculosis, rathke cleft cyst, chordoma, hypothalamic glioma, hamartoma of tuber cinereum, histiocytosis, meningioma and optic nerve glioma.
Epidemiology and demographics
The demographic patterns of craniopharyngioma are not well described because the tumor is rare. In addition, most cancer registries collect data only on malignant conditions and, therefore, they are not useful in the study of craniopharyngioma, considered to be of borderline histological malignancy. Incidence rates are similar in males and females and between Caucasians and African Americans. Tumors are more common among children of age 5 to 15 years and older adults of greater than 65 years,the lowest rates occur among those aged 15 to 34 years. Survival is highest for patients diagnosed at a younger age.
Risk factors
No predisposing risk factors have been identified.