Breast cancer risk factors: Difference between revisions
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{{Breast cancer}} | {{Breast cancer}} | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Common risk factors in the development of breast cancer are family history, dense breast, obesity, radiation therapy, older age at first birth or never having given birth, hormone replacement therapy, and | Common risk factors in the development of breast cancer are family history, dense breast, obesity, radiation therapy, older age at first birth or never having given birth, hormone replacement therapy, and alcohol. | ||
==Common Risk Factor== | ==Common Risk Factor== | ||
* Although less than 15 percent of women with breast cancer have a positive family history, a woman’s risk of breast cancer nearly doubles if she has a first-degree relative (mother, sister, daughter) with history of breast cancer. | * Although less than 15 percent of women with breast cancer have a positive family history, a woman’s risk of breast cancer nearly doubles if she has a first-degree relative (mother, sister, daughter) with the history of breast cancer. | ||
* Around 5-10 percent | * Around 5-10 percent of breast cancers are due to inherited gene mutations either from one’s mother or father. | ||
* ''BRCA1'' and ''BRCA2 mutations'' are the most common genetic abnormality in breast cancer. | * ''BRCA1'' and ''BRCA2 mutations'' are the most common genetic abnormality in breast cancer.Yoshida K, Miki Y (2004) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15546503 Role of BRCA1 and BRCA2 as regulators of DNA repair, transcription, and cell cycle in response to DNA damage.] ''Cancer Sci'' 95 (11):866-71. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/15546503 15546503] | ||
:* Women with a ''BRCA1 and'' ''BRCA2'' mutation have up to a 72% and 69% lifetime risk of developing breast cancer respectively. | :* Women with a ''BRCA1 and'' ''BRCA2'' mutation have up to a 72% and 69% lifetime risk of developing breast cancer respectively. | ||
:* Patients with ''BRCA1'' or ''BRCA2'' are often younger compared to their counterparts without these mutations. | :* Patients with ''BRCA1'' or ''BRCA2'' are often younger compared to their counterparts without these mutations. | ||
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* We should keep in mind that around 85% of women with breast cancers have no family history. | * We should keep in mind that around 85% of women with breast cancers have no family history. | ||
'''A personal history of breast cancer or benign (noncancer) breast disease''' | '''A personal history of breast cancer or benign (noncancer) breast disease'''Breast Cancer. National Cancer Institute (2016) http://www.cancer.gov/types/breast/patient/breast-prevention-pdq#section/_12 Accessed on January 15, 2016 | ||
*Women with any of the following have an increased risk of breast cancer: | *Women with any of the following have an increased risk of breast cancer: | ||
:*A personal history of invasive breast cancer, ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), or lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS). | :*A personal history of invasive breast cancer, ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), or lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS). | ||
:*A personal history of benign (noncancer) breast disease. | :*A personal history of benign (noncancer) breast disease. | ||
'''A family history of breast cancer''' | '''A family history of breast cancer''' | ||
*Women with a family history of breast cancer in a first-degree relative (mother, sister, or daughter) have an increased risk of breast cancer. | *Women with a family history of breast cancer in a first-degree relative (mother, sister, or daughter) have an increased risk of breast cancer.Brewer HR, Jones ME, Schoemaker MJ, Ashworth A, Swerdlow AJ (2017) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28578505 Family history and risk of breast cancer: an analysis accounting for family structure.] ''Breast Cancer Res Treat'' 165 (1):193-200. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10549-017-4325-2 DOI:10.1007/s10549-017-4325-2] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/28578505 28578505] | ||
'''Inherited gene changes''' | '''Inherited gene changes''' | ||
*Women who have inherited changes in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes or in certain other genes have a higher risk of breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and maybe colon cancer. | *Women who have inherited changes in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes or in certain other genes have a higher risk of breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and maybe colon cancer. | ||
| Line 26: | Line 26: | ||
*Men who have inherited certain changes in the BRCA2 gene have a higher risk of breast, prostate, and pancreatic cancers, and lymphoma. | *Men who have inherited certain changes in the BRCA2 gene have a higher risk of breast, prostate, and pancreatic cancers, and lymphoma. | ||
'''Dense breasts''' | '''Dense breasts''' | ||
*Having breast tissue that is dense on a mammogram is a factor in breast cancer risk. | *Having breast tissue that is dense on a mammogram is a factor in breast cancer risk.Freer PE (2015) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25763718 Mammographic breast density: impact on breast cancer risk and implications for screening.] ''Radiographics'' 35 (2):302-15. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/rg.352140106 DOI:10.1148/rg.352140106] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/25763718 25763718] | ||
:*The level of risk depends on how dense the breast tissue is. | :*The level of risk depends on how dense the breast tissue is. | ||
:*Women with very dense breasts have a higher risk of breast cancer than women with low breast density. | :*Women with very dense breasts have a higher risk of breast cancer than women with low breast density. | ||
| Line 35: | Line 35: | ||
::*Drink alcohol | ::*Drink alcohol | ||
'''Exposure of breast tissue to estrogen made in the body''' | '''Exposure of breast tissue to estrogen made in the body''' | ||
*Estrogen is a hormone made by the body. It helps the body develop and maintain female sex characteristics. Being exposed to estrogen over a long time may increase the risk of breast cancer. Estrogen levels are highest during the years a woman is menstruating. | *Estrogen is a hormone made by the body. It helps the body develop and maintain female sex characteristics. Being exposed to estrogen over a long time may increase the risk of breast cancer. Estrogen levels are highest during the years a woman is menstruating.Yue W, Wang JP, Li Y, Fan P, Liu G, Zhang N et al. (2010) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20104523 Effects of estrogen on breast cancer development: Role of estrogen receptor-independent mechanisms.] ''Int J Cancer'' 127 (8):1748-57. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.25207 DOI:10.1002/ijc.25207] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/20104523 20104523] | ||
*A woman's exposure to estrogen is increased in the following ways: | *A woman's exposure to estrogen is increased in the following ways: | ||
:*Early menstruation: Beginning to have menstrual periods at age 11 or younger increases the number of years the breast tissue is exposed to estrogen. | :*Early menstruation: Beginning to have menstrual periods at age 11 or younger increases the number of years the breast tissue is exposed to estrogen. | ||
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:*Older age at first birth or never having given birth: Because estrogen levels are lower during pregnancy, breast tissue is exposed to more estrogen in women who become pregnant for the first time after age 35 or who never become pregnant. | :*Older age at first birth or never having given birth: Because estrogen levels are lower during pregnancy, breast tissue is exposed to more estrogen in women who become pregnant for the first time after age 35 or who never become pregnant. | ||
'''Taking hormone therapy for symptoms of menopause''' | '''Taking hormone therapy for symptoms of menopause''' | ||
*Hormones, such as estrogen and progesterone, can be made into a pill form in a laboratory. Estrogen, progestin, or both may be given to replace the estrogen no longer made by the ovaries in postmenopausal women or women who have had their ovaries removed. This is called hormone replacement therapy (HRT) or hormone therapy (HT). Combination HRT/HT is estrogen combined with progestin. This type of HRT/HT increases the risk of breast cancer. Studies show that when women stop taking estrogen combined with progestin, the risk of breast cancer decreases. | *Hormones, such as estrogen and progesterone, can be made into a pill form in a laboratory. Estrogen, progestin, or both may be given to replace the estrogen no longer made by the ovaries in postmenopausal women or women who have had their ovaries removed. This is called hormone replacement therapy (HRT) or hormone therapy (HT). Combination HRT/HT is estrogen combined with progestin. This type of HRT/HT increases the risk of breast cancer. Studies show that when women stop taking estrogen combined with progestin, the risk of breast cancer decreases.Howell A, Evans GD (2011) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21253794 Hormone replacement therapy and breast cancer.] ''Recent Results Cancer Res'' 188 ():115-24. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-10858-7_10 DOI:10.1007/978-3-642-10858-7_10] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/21253794 21253794] | ||
'''Radiation therapy to the breast or chest''' | '''Radiation therapy to the breast or chest''' | ||
*Radiation therapy to the chest for the treatment of cancer increases the risk of breast cancer, starting 10 years after treatment. The risk of breast cancer depends on the dose of radiation and the age at which it is given. | *Radiation therapy to the chest for the treatment of cancer increases the risk of breast cancer, starting 10 years after treatment. The risk of breast cancer depends on the dose of radiation and the age at which it is given.Ng AK, Travis LB (2009) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19930978 Radiation therapy and breast cancer risk.] ''J Natl Compr Canc Netw'' 7 (10):1121-8. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/19930978 19930978] The risk is highest if radiation treatment was used during puberty when breasts are forming. | ||
*Radiation therapy to treat cancer in one breast does not appear to increase the risk of cancer in the other breast. | *Radiation therapy to treat cancer in one breast does not appear to increase the risk of cancer in the other breast. | ||
*For women who have inherited changes in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, exposure to radiation, such as that from chest x-rays, may further increase the risk of breast cancer, especially in women who were x-rayed before 20 years of age. | *For women who have inherited changes in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, exposure to radiation, such as that from chest x-rays, may further increase the risk of breast cancer, especially in women who were x-rayed before 20 years of age. | ||
'''Obesity''' | '''Obesity''' | ||
*Obesity increases the risk of breast cancer, especially in postmenopausal women who have not used hormone replacement therapy. | *Obesity increases the risk of breast cancer, especially in postmenopausal women who have not used hormone replacement therapy.Picon-Ruiz M, Morata-Tarifa C, Valle-Goffin JJ, Friedman ER, Slingerland JM (2017) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28763097 Obesity and adverse breast cancer risk and outcome: Mechanistic insights and strategies for intervention.] ''CA Cancer J Clin'' 67 (5):378-397. [http://dx.doi.org/10.3322/caac.21405 DOI:10.3322/caac.21405] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/28763097 28763097] | ||
'''Drinking alcohol''' | '''Drinking alcohol''' | ||
*Drinking alcohol increases the risk of breast cancer. The level of risk rises as the amount of alcohol consumed rises. | *Drinking alcohol increases the risk of breast cancer. The level of risk rises as the amount of alcohol consumed rises.McDonald JA, Goyal A, Terry MB (2013) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24265860 Alcohol Intake and Breast Cancer Risk: Weighing the Overall Evidence.] ''Curr Breast Cancer Rep'' 5 (3):. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12609-013-0114-z DOI:10.1007/s12609-013-0114-z] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/24265860 24265860] | ||
==Less Common Risk Factors== | ==Less Common Risk Factors== | ||
====Tobacco==== | ====Tobacco==== | ||
*Most studies have not found an increased risk of breast cancer from active [[tobacco smoking]], although a number of studies suggest an increased risk of breast cancer in both active smokers and those exposed to [[passive smoking|secondhand smoke]] compared to women who reported no exposure to secondhand smoke. | *Most studies have not found an increased risk of breast cancer from active [[tobacco smoking]], although a number of studies suggest an increased risk of breast cancer in both active smokers and those exposed to [[passive smoking|secondhand smoke]] compared to women who reported no exposure to secondhand smoke. | ||
====Radiation==== | ====Radiation==== | ||
*Women who have received high-dose [[ionizing radiation]] to the chest (for example, as treatments for other cancers) have a relative risk of breast cancer between 2.1 to 4.0. | *Women who have received high-dose [[ionizing radiation]] to the chest (for example, as treatments for other cancers) have a relative risk of breast cancer between 2.1 to 4.0.{{cite web |author=[[American Cancer Society|ACS]] |year=2005 |title=Breast Cancer Facts & Figures 2005-2006 |url=http://www.cancer.org/downloads/STT/CAFF2005BrFacspdf2005.pdf |accessdate=2007-04-26}} | ||
====Impact of environmental estrogenic mimics==== | ====Impact of environmental estrogenic mimics==== | ||
*Although environmental exposures are not generally cited as risk factors for the disease (except for diet, pharmaceuticals and radiation), a substantial and growing body of evidence indicates that exposures to certain toxic chemicals and hormone-mimicking compounds, including chemicals used in pesticides, cosmetics and cleaning products, contribute to the development of breast cancer. | *Although environmental exposures are not generally cited as risk factors for the disease (except for diet, pharmaceuticals and radiation), a substantial and growing body of evidence indicates that exposures to certain toxic chemicals and hormone-mimicking compounds, including chemicals used in pesticides, cosmetics and cleaning products, contribute to the development of breast cancer. | ||
*A recent Canadian study concluded that female farm workers are three times more likely to have breast cancer. | *A recent Canadian study concluded that female farm workers are three times more likely to have breast cancer.{{cite news | author = Ctv.Ca News Staff | title= Breast cancer more likely in farm workers: study |url= http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20061012/breastcancer_farming_061012/20061012?hub=Health| publisher= Ctv.Ca |date=2006-10-12 |accessdate=2007-03-11 }} | ||
The increasing prevalence of these substances in the environment may explain the rising incidence of breast cancer, though direct evidence is sparse. | The increasing prevalence of these substances in the environment may explain the rising incidence of breast cancer, though direct evidence is sparse. | ||
====Dioxins==== | ====Dioxins==== | ||
*Although | *Although still controversial, there has long been a concern about the risk associated with environmental estrogenic compounds, such as [[dioxins]].Warner M, Eskenazi B, Mocarelli P, Gerthoux PM, Samuels S, Needham L et al. (2002) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12117637 Serum dioxin concentrations and breast cancer risk in the Seveso Women's Health Study.] ''Environ Health Perspect'' 110 (7):625-8. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.02110625 DOI:10.1289/ehp.02110625] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/12117637 12117637]Danjou AM, Fervers B, Boutron-Ruault MC, Philip T, Clavel-Chapelon F, Dossus L (2015) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25849111 Estimated dietary dioxin exposure and breast cancer risk among women from the French E3N prospective cohort.] ''Breast Cancer Res'' 17 ():39. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13058-015-0536-9 DOI:10.1186/s13058-015-0536-9] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/25849111 25849111] | ||
====Light levels==== | ====Light levels==== | ||
*Researchers at the [[National Cancer Institute]] and [[National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences]] have conducted a study that suggests that artificial light during the night can be a factor for breast cancer. | *Researchers at the [[National Cancer Institute]] and [[National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences]] have conducted a study that suggests that artificial light during the night can be a factor for breast cancer.''The Independent'' [http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/health_medical/article1090208.ece Avoid breast cancer. Sleep in the dark...] | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist|2}} | {{Reflist|2}} | ||
Revision as of 16:24, 13 March 2019
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Soroush Seifirad, M.D.[2]
Mirdula Sharma, MBBS [3]
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Overview
Common risk factors in the development of breast cancer are family history, dense breast, obesity, radiation therapy, older age at first birth or never having given birth, hormone replacement therapy, and alcohol.
Common Risk Factor
- Although less than 15 percent of women with breast cancer have a positive family history, a woman’s risk of breast cancer nearly doubles if she has a first-degree relative (mother, sister, daughter) with the history of breast cancer.
- Around 5-10 percent of breast cancers are due to inherited gene mutations either from one’s mother or father.
- BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations are the most common genetic abnormality in breast cancer.Yoshida K, Miki Y (2004) Role of BRCA1 and BRCA2 as regulators of DNA repair, transcription, and cell cycle in response to DNA damage. Cancer Sci 95 (11):866-71. PMID: 15546503
- Women with a BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation have up to a 72% and 69% lifetime risk of developing breast cancer respectively.
- Patients with BRCA1 or BRCA2 are often younger compared to their counterparts without these mutations.
- There is also an increased risk of developing ovarian cancer risk in subjects with mutated BRCA1 and 2.
- Although BRCA1 mutations are barely correlated to breast cancer in men, a 6.8% increased risk of developing breast cancer has been observed in men with BRCA2 mutations.
- We should keep in mind that around 85% of women with breast cancers have no family history.
A personal history of breast cancer or benign (noncancer) breast diseaseBreast Cancer. National Cancer Institute (2016) http://www.cancer.gov/types/breast/patient/breast-prevention-pdq#section/_12 Accessed on January 15, 2016
- Women with any of the following have an increased risk of breast cancer:
- A personal history of invasive breast cancer, ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), or lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS).
- A personal history of benign (noncancer) breast disease.
A family history of breast cancer
- Women with a family history of breast cancer in a first-degree relative (mother, sister, or daughter) have an increased risk of breast cancer.Brewer HR, Jones ME, Schoemaker MJ, Ashworth A, Swerdlow AJ (2017) Family history and risk of breast cancer: an analysis accounting for family structure. Breast Cancer Res Treat 165 (1):193-200. DOI:10.1007/s10549-017-4325-2 PMID: 28578505
Inherited gene changes
- Women who have inherited changes in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes or in certain other genes have a higher risk of breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and maybe colon cancer.
- The risk of breast cancer caused by inherited gene changes depends on the type of gene mutation, family history of cancer, and other factors.
- Men who have inherited certain changes in the BRCA2 gene have a higher risk of breast, prostate, and pancreatic cancers, and lymphoma.
Dense breasts
- Having breast tissue that is dense on a mammogram is a factor in breast cancer risk.Freer PE (2015) Mammographic breast density: impact on breast cancer risk and implications for screening. Radiographics 35 (2):302-15. DOI:10.1148/rg.352140106 PMID: 25763718
- The level of risk depends on how dense the breast tissue is.
- Women with very dense breasts have a higher risk of breast cancer than women with low breast density.
- Increased breast density is often an inherited trait, but it may also occur in women who:
- Have not had children
- Have the first pregnancy late in life
- Take postmenopausal hormones (HRT)
- Drink alcohol
Exposure of breast tissue to estrogen made in the body
- Estrogen is a hormone made by the body. It helps the body develop and maintain female sex characteristics. Being exposed to estrogen over a long time may increase the risk of breast cancer. Estrogen levels are highest during the years a woman is menstruating.Yue W, Wang JP, Li Y, Fan P, Liu G, Zhang N et al. (2010) Effects of estrogen on breast cancer development: Role of estrogen receptor-independent mechanisms. Int J Cancer 127 (8):1748-57. DOI:10.1002/ijc.25207 PMID: 20104523
- A woman's exposure to estrogen is increased in the following ways:
- Early menstruation: Beginning to have menstrual periods at age 11 or younger increases the number of years the breast tissue is exposed to estrogen.
- Starting menopause at a later age: The more years a woman menstruates, the longer her breast tissue is exposed to estrogen.
- Older age at first birth or never having given birth: Because estrogen levels are lower during pregnancy, breast tissue is exposed to more estrogen in women who become pregnant for the first time after age 35 or who never become pregnant.
Taking hormone therapy for symptoms of menopause
- Hormones, such as estrogen and progesterone, can be made into a pill form in a laboratory. Estrogen, progestin, or both may be given to replace the estrogen no longer made by the ovaries in postmenopausal women or women who have had their ovaries removed. This is called hormone replacement therapy (HRT) or hormone therapy (HT). Combination HRT/HT is estrogen combined with progestin. This type of HRT/HT increases the risk of breast cancer. Studies show that when women stop taking estrogen combined with progestin, the risk of breast cancer decreases.Howell A, Evans GD (2011) Hormone replacement therapy and breast cancer. Recent Results Cancer Res 188 ():115-24. DOI:10.1007/978-3-642-10858-7_10 PMID: 21253794
Radiation therapy to the breast or chest
- Radiation therapy to the chest for the treatment of cancer increases the risk of breast cancer, starting 10 years after treatment. The risk of breast cancer depends on the dose of radiation and the age at which it is given.Ng AK, Travis LB (2009) Radiation therapy and breast cancer risk. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 7 (10):1121-8. PMID: 19930978 The risk is highest if radiation treatment was used during puberty when breasts are forming.
- Radiation therapy to treat cancer in one breast does not appear to increase the risk of cancer in the other breast.
- For women who have inherited changes in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, exposure to radiation, such as that from chest x-rays, may further increase the risk of breast cancer, especially in women who were x-rayed before 20 years of age.
Obesity
- Obesity increases the risk of breast cancer, especially in postmenopausal women who have not used hormone replacement therapy.Picon-Ruiz M, Morata-Tarifa C, Valle-Goffin JJ, Friedman ER, Slingerland JM (2017) Obesity and adverse breast cancer risk and outcome: Mechanistic insights and strategies for intervention. CA Cancer J Clin 67 (5):378-397. DOI:10.3322/caac.21405 PMID: 28763097
Drinking alcohol
- Drinking alcohol increases the risk of breast cancer. The level of risk rises as the amount of alcohol consumed rises.McDonald JA, Goyal A, Terry MB (2013) Alcohol Intake and Breast Cancer Risk: Weighing the Overall Evidence. Curr Breast Cancer Rep 5 (3):. DOI:10.1007/s12609-013-0114-z PMID: 24265860
Less Common Risk Factors
Tobacco
- Most studies have not found an increased risk of breast cancer from active tobacco smoking, although a number of studies suggest an increased risk of breast cancer in both active smokers and those exposed to secondhand smoke compared to women who reported no exposure to secondhand smoke.
Radiation
- Women who have received high-dose ionizing radiation to the chest (for example, as treatments for other cancers) have a relative risk of breast cancer between 2.1 to 4.0.ACS (2005). "Breast Cancer Facts & Figures 2005-2006" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-04-26.
Impact of environmental estrogenic mimics
- Although environmental exposures are not generally cited as risk factors for the disease (except for diet, pharmaceuticals and radiation), a substantial and growing body of evidence indicates that exposures to certain toxic chemicals and hormone-mimicking compounds, including chemicals used in pesticides, cosmetics and cleaning products, contribute to the development of breast cancer.
- A recent Canadian study concluded that female farm workers are three times more likely to have breast cancer.Ctv.Ca News Staff (2006-10-12). "Breast cancer more likely in farm workers: study". Ctv.Ca. Retrieved 2007-03-11.
The increasing prevalence of these substances in the environment may explain the rising incidence of breast cancer, though direct evidence is sparse.
Dioxins
- Although still controversial, there has long been a concern about the risk associated with environmental estrogenic compounds, such as dioxins.Warner M, Eskenazi B, Mocarelli P, Gerthoux PM, Samuels S, Needham L et al. (2002) Serum dioxin concentrations and breast cancer risk in the Seveso Women's Health Study. Environ Health Perspect 110 (7):625-8. DOI:10.1289/ehp.02110625 PMID: 12117637Danjou AM, Fervers B, Boutron-Ruault MC, Philip T, Clavel-Chapelon F, Dossus L (2015) Estimated dietary dioxin exposure and breast cancer risk among women from the French E3N prospective cohort. Breast Cancer Res 17 ():39. DOI:10.1186/s13058-015-0536-9 PMID: 25849111
Light levels
- Researchers at the National Cancer Institute and National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences have conducted a study that suggests that artificial light during the night can be a factor for breast cancer.The Independent Avoid breast cancer. Sleep in the dark...