Breast cancer future or investigational therapies: Difference between revisions
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:*Anti-PD-L1 antibodies (Atezolizumab and Durvalumab) | :*Anti-PD-L1 antibodies (Atezolizumab and Durvalumab) | ||
====Anti-CTLA-4 antibodies (Ipilimumab and Tremelimumab)==== | ====Anti-CTLA-4 antibodies (Ipilimumab and Tremelimumab)==== | ||
*Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) is a T-cell inhibitory receptor that is expressed on activated CD8+ T cells and CD4+ regulatory T cells that express CD25 and Foxp3. | *Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) is a T-cell inhibitory receptor that is expressed on activated CD8+ T cells and CD4+ regulatory T cells that express CD25 and Foxp3. | ||
*Immune checkpoint inhibitors might be combined with targeted therapy (i.e Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) inhibitors) | *Immune checkpoint inhibitors might be combined with targeted therapy (i.e Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) inhibitors) | ||
===Adoptive cell therapy=== | ===Adoptive cell therapy=== | ||
*Adoptive cell therapy is defined as the induction of anti-tumor immune responses via the isolation of highly active and tumor-specific lymphocytes, such as TILs, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), Th cells, NK and DC cells. | *Adoptive cell therapy is defined as the induction of anti-tumor immune responses via the isolation of highly active and tumor-specific lymphocytes, such as TILs, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), Th cells, NK and DC cells. | ||
:*Chimeric antigen receptors T-cell-based therapy | :*Chimeric antigen receptors T-cell-based therapy | ||
:*T cell receptors (TCRs)—engineered T cells | :*T cell receptors (TCRs)—engineered T cells | ||
===Cancer vaccines=== | ===Cancer vaccines=== | ||
*Cancer-testis antigens (CTA) as a vaccine target | *Cancer-testis antigens (CTA) as a vaccine target | ||
*Personalized peptide vaccination (PPV) | *Personalized peptide vaccination (PPV) | ||
*Antigen-presenting cell (APC) and DC-based tumor vaccination | *Antigen-presenting cell (APC) and DC-based tumor vaccination | ||
===Antibody–drug conjugates (ADC)=== | ===Antibody–drug conjugates (ADC)=== | ||
*Utilization of monoclonal antibodies that recognize TAAs/TSAs and preferably internalizes when bound to the tumour cells to deliver highly potent cytotoxic agents. | *Utilization of monoclonal antibodies that recognize TAAs/TSAs and preferably internalizes when bound to the tumour cells to deliver highly potent cytotoxic agents. | ||
===Exosomes=== | ===Exosomes=== | ||
*Exosomes are mall 30–100 nm sized extracellular vesicles | *Exosomes are mall 30–100 nm sized extracellular vesicles | ||
*They are are present in many eukaryotic fluids (normal and malignant) | *They are are present in many eukaryotic fluids (normal and malignant) | ||
*Particles that encapsulate contents, such as microRNAs. | *Particles that encapsulate contents, such as microRNAs. | ||
*Exosome messaging contributes to: | *Exosome messaging contributes to: | ||
:*TME interactions, including: | :*TME interactions, including: | ||
::*Immune suppression and immune escape, | ::*Immune suppression and immune escape, | ||
| Line 35: | Line 35: | ||
::*May manipulate tumor progression and metastatic cascade | ::*May manipulate tumor progression and metastatic cascade | ||
==Endoxifen== | ==Endoxifen== | ||
<nowiki>*</nowiki>Endoxifen is a nonsteroidal selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) of the triphenylethylene group. It is an active metabolite of tamoxifen and has been found to be effective in patients that have failed previous hormonal therapies (tamoxifen, aromatase inhibitors, and fulvestrant). | |||
==Personalized medicine and I-SPY 2 clinical trial== | ==Personalized medicine and I-SPY 2 clinical trial== | ||
<references /> | <references /> | ||
Revision as of 19:30, 26 April 2019
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Soroush Seifirad, M.D.[2]
Immunotherapeutic interventions
Generally, cancer immunotherapy refers to immune checkpoint inhibitors and cytokines, adoptive cell therapy, and cancer vaccines.
Immune checkpoint inhibitors
Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)
- Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) is an inhibitory immune checkpoint inhibitor that limits T-cell effector function within tissues, and it is expressed on the surfaces of immune effector cells (T-cells, B cells, NK cells, DCs, and many TILs)and has two known ligands, namely, PD-L1 and PD-L2.
- Anti-PD-1 antibodies (Pembrolizumab, JS001, PDR001, and Nivolumab)
- Anti-PD-L1 antibodies (Atezolizumab and Durvalumab)
Anti-CTLA-4 antibodies (Ipilimumab and Tremelimumab)
- Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) is a T-cell inhibitory receptor that is expressed on activated CD8+ T cells and CD4+ regulatory T cells that express CD25 and Foxp3.
- Immune checkpoint inhibitors might be combined with targeted therapy (i.e Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) inhibitors)
Adoptive cell therapy
- Adoptive cell therapy is defined as the induction of anti-tumor immune responses via the isolation of highly active and tumor-specific lymphocytes, such as TILs, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), Th cells, NK and DC cells.
- Chimeric antigen receptors T-cell-based therapy
- T cell receptors (TCRs)—engineered T cells
Cancer vaccines
- Cancer-testis antigens (CTA) as a vaccine target
- Personalized peptide vaccination (PPV)
- Antigen-presenting cell (APC) and DC-based tumor vaccination
Antibody–drug conjugates (ADC)
- Utilization of monoclonal antibodies that recognize TAAs/TSAs and preferably internalizes when bound to the tumour cells to deliver highly potent cytotoxic agents.
Exosomes
- Exosomes are mall 30–100 nm sized extracellular vesicles
- They are are present in many eukaryotic fluids (normal and malignant)
- Particles that encapsulate contents, such as microRNAs.
- Exosome messaging contributes to:
- TME interactions, including:
- Immune suppression and immune escape,
- Invasive growth, adhesion, angiogenesis,
- Radiation resistance, chemo-resistance
- Genetic intercellular exchange,
- May manipulate tumor progression and metastatic cascade
Endoxifen
*Endoxifen is a nonsteroidal selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) of the triphenylethylene group. It is an active metabolite of tamoxifen and has been found to be effective in patients that have failed previous hormonal therapies (tamoxifen, aromatase inhibitors, and fulvestrant).