|
|
| Line 536: |
Line 536: |
| * Appearance depends on stage of evolution | | * Appearance depends on stage of evolution |
| |} | | |} |
|
| |
| Squamous cell carcinoma of the mouth must be differentiated from other mouth lesions such as oral candidiasis and aphthous ulcer
| |
|
| |
| <div style="width: 70%;">
| |
| <small><small>
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| !Disease
| |
| !Presentation
| |
| !Risk Factors
| |
| !Diagnosis
| |
| !Affected Organ Systems
| |
| !Important features
| |
| !Picture
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="3" |Diseases predominantly affecting the oral cavity
| |
| !
| |
| !
| |
| !
| |
| !
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Oral candidiasis|Oral Candidiasis]]
| |
| |
| |
| * [[Dysphagia]] or [[odynophagia]]
| |
| * White patches on the mouth and tongue
| |
| |
| |
| *[[Newborn]] babies
| |
|
| |
| *Denture users
| |
|
| |
| *Poorly controlled [[diabetes]]
| |
|
| |
| *As a side effect of medication, most commonly having taken [[antibiotic]]s. Inhaled [[corticosteroids]] for the treatment of lung conditions (e.g, [[asthma]] or [[COPD]]) may also result in oral candidiasis which may be reduced by regularly rinsing the mouth with water after taking the medication.
| |
|
| |
| *People with poor [[nutrition]], specifically [[vitamin A]], [[Iron deficiency anemia|iron]] and [[Folate deficiency|folate deficiencies]].
| |
|
| |
| *People with an [[immune deficiency]] (e.g. as a result of [[AIDS]]/[[HIV]] or [[chemotherapy]] treatment).
| |
|
| |
| *Women undergoing hormonal changes, like [[pregnancy]] or those on [[birth control pills]].
| |
|
| |
| *[[Organ transplantation]] patients
| |
| |
| |
| * Clinical diagnosis
| |
| * Confirmatory tests rarely needed
| |
| |'''Localized candidiasis'''
| |
| * [[Oral candidiasis|Oral]] and [[Esophageal candidiasis|esophageal candidasis]]
| |
| * [[Candida vulvovaginitis]]
| |
| * [[Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis]]
| |
|
| |
| '''Invasive candidasis'''
| |
| * [[Candidiasis|Candidaemia]]
| |
| * [[Endocarditis|Candida endocarditis]]
| |
| * [[Osteoarthritis|Candida osteoarticular disease]]
| |
| |
| |
| * [[Osteoarthritis|Oral candidiaisis is]] a benign self limiting disease unless accompanied by [[immunosuppression]].
| |
| |[[File:Human tongue infected with oral candidiasis--By James Heilman, MD - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, httpscommons.wikimedia.orgwindex.phpcurid=11717223.jpg|thumb|Tongue infected with oral candidiasis - By James Heilman, MD - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, httpscommons.wikimedia.orgwindex.phpcurid=11717223.jpg|400x400px]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Herpes simplex|Herpes simplex oral lesions]]
| |
| |
| |
| * [[Fever]]
| |
| * [[Sore throat]]
| |
| * Painful [[ulcer]]s
| |
| |
| |
| * Stress
| |
| * Recent [[URTI]]
| |
| * Female sex
| |
| |
| |
| * Physical examination
| |
| * [[Viral culture]]
| |
| * [[Tzanck smear]]
| |
| |
| |
| * Orofacial Infection
| |
| * [[Herpes simplex anogenital infection|Anogenital Infection]]
| |
| * [[Herpes simplex ocular infection|Ocular Infection]]
| |
| * [[Herpes simplex encephalitis|Herpes Encephalitis]]
| |
| * [[Herpes simplex neonatorum|Neonatal Herpes]]
| |
| * [[Herpetic whitlow|Herpetic Whitlow]]
| |
| * [[Herpes gladiatorum|Herpes Gladiatorum]]
| |
| |
| |
| * The symptoms of primary [[HSV]] infection generally resolve within two weeks
| |
| |[[File:Herpesinfection - By James Heilman, MD - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, httpscommons.wikimedia.orgwindex.phpcurid=19051042.jpg|thumb|Oral herpes simplex infection - By James Heilman, MD - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, httpscommons.wikimedia.orgwindex.phpcurid=19051042.jpg|400x400px]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Aphthous ulcer|Aphthous ulcers]]
| |
| |
| |
| * Painful, red spot or bump that develops into an open [[ulcer]]
| |
| |
| |
| * Being a female
| |
| * Between the ages of 10-40
| |
| * Family history of [[Aphthous ulcer|aphthous ulcers]]
| |
| |
| |
| * Physical examination
| |
| * Diagnosis of exclusion
| |
| |
| |
| * Oral cavity
| |
| |
| |
| * Self-limiting , [[Pain]] decreases in 7 to 10 days, with complete healing in 1 to 3 weeks
| |
| |[[File:Afta foto - By Ebarruda - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, httpscommons.wikimedia.orgwindex.phpcurid=7903358.jpg|thumb|Apthous ulcer on the under surface of the tongue|By Ebarruda - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, httpscommons.wikimedia.orgwindex.phpcurid=7903358|400x400px]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Squamous cell carcinoma]]
| |
| |
| |
| *Non healing [[ulcer]], [[nodule]], indurated plaque or mass
| |
| *May involve [[skin]], [[lips]], inside the [[mouth]], [[throat]] or [[esophagus]]
| |
| |
| |
| * Chronic sun or [[Ultraviolet|UV exposure]]
| |
| * Fair [[skin]]
| |
| * [[Elderly]] age (>45 yrs)
| |
| * [[Male sex]]
| |
| * [[Smoking]]
| |
| |
| |
| *[[Physical exam]]
| |
| *[[Biopsy]]
| |
| |
| |
| *[[Oral Cavity]]
| |
| **Floor of [[mouth]]
| |
| **Lateral [[tongue]]
| |
| *[[Throat]]
| |
| *[[Esophagus]]
| |
| |
| |
| *[[Malignant]]
| |
| *Can spread to [[TMJ]]
| |
| *Some times associated with [[leukoplakia]]
| |
| |[[File:PLoS oral cancer.png|thumb|400x400px|Squamous cell carcinoma - By Luca Pastore, Maria Luisa Fiorella, Raffaele Fiorella, Lorenzo Lo Muzio - http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/showImageLarge.action?uri=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.0050212.g001, CC BY 2.5, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=15252632]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Leukoplakia]]
| |
| |
| |
| *White leathery spots on the [[mucous membranes]] of the [[tongue]] and inside of the [[mouth]]
| |
| *Lateral borders of [[tongue]]
| |
| |
| |
| *Atypical [[Tobacco]] use
| |
| *Chronic [[irritation]]
| |
| *[[Immunodeficiency]]
| |
| *[[Bloodroot]] ([[Sanguinarine|sanguinaria]])
| |
| |
| |
| *[[Physical exam]]
| |
| *Diagnosis of exclusion
| |
| *[[Biopsy]]
| |
| |
| |
| *[[Vulva|Vulvar]] lesions occur independent of oral lesions
| |
| |
| |
| *Associated with [[HIV]]
| |
| *Persistant white spots
| |
| *[[Benign]] but can progress to [[carcinoma]] after almost 10 years
| |
| *Oral proliferative [[Leukoplakia|verrucous leukoplakia]] is an aggressive sub type with multiple lesions and higher conversion to [[warts]] or [[carcinoma]]<ref>{{Cite journal
| |
| | author = [[Ann M. Gillenwater]], [[Nadarajah Vigneswaran]], [[Hanadi Fatani]], [[Pierre Saintigny]] & [[Adel K. El-Naggar]]
| |
| | title = Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL): a review of an elusive pathologic entity!
| |
| | journal = [[Advances in anatomic pathology]]
| |
| | volume = 20
| |
| | issue = 6
| |
| | pages = 416–423
| |
| | year = 2013
| |
| | month = November
| |
| | doi = 10.1097/PAP.0b013e3182a92df1
| |
| | pmid = 24113312
| |
| }}</ref>
| |
| |[[File:Oral hairy leukoplakia (EBV, in HIV)a.jpg|thumb|400x300px|Leukoplakia - By Aitor III - Own work, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=9873087]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Melanoma]]
| |
| |
| |
| *A lesion with [[ABCD]]
| |
| **[[Asymmetry]]
| |
| **Border irregularity
| |
| **Color variation
| |
| **[[Diamete]]r changes
| |
| *[[Bleeding]] from the lesion
| |
| |
| |
| *[[Ultraviolet|UV radiations]]
| |
| *[[Genetic predisposition]]
| |
| *[[Old age]]
| |
| *[[Male gender]]
| |
| *Family or personal history of [[melanoma]]
| |
| *Multiple benign or atypical [[Nevus|nevi]]
| |
| |
| |
| *[[ABCD]] characteristics
| |
| *[[Bleeding]] or [[ulceration]] may show [[malignancy]]
| |
| *Serum [[LDH]] may be elevated in case of [[malignancy]]
| |
| *[[Biopsy]]
| |
| |
| |
| *Can [[metastasize]]
| |
| *All [[UV radiation]] or sun exposed areas can be effected independently
| |
| *1-2 to hundreds of [[granules]]
| |
| |
| |
| *[[Neural crest cell]] derivative
| |
| *Development begins with disruption of [[nevus]] growth control
| |
| *Progression involves [[MAPK/ERK pathway]]
| |
| *[[RAS|N-RAS]] or [[BRAF]] [[oncogene]] also involved
| |
| |[[File:Palate malign melanoma 01.jpg|thumb|400x400px|Oral melanoma - By Emmanouil K Symvoulakis, Dionysios E Kyrmizakis, Emmanouil I Drivas, Anastassios V Koutsopoulos, Stylianos G Malandrakis, Charalambos E Skoulakis and John G Bizakis - Symvoulakis et al. Head & Face Medicine 2006 2:7 doi:10.1186/1746-160X-2-7 (Open Access), [1], CC BY-SA 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=9839811]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Fordyce spots]]
| |
| |
| |
| *Rice-like [[granules]] or [[spots]]
| |
| *Small, [[painless]], [[raised]], [[pale]], red or white
| |
| *1 to 3 mm in [[diameter]]
| |
| |
| |
| *Greasy skin types
| |
| *Some [[Rheumatic|rheumatic disorders]]
| |
| *[[Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer]]
| |
| **Lower [[gingiva]] (gums)
| |
| **[[Vestibular system|Vestibular mucosa]]
| |
| |
| |
| *[[Physical exam]]
| |
| *Small [[keratin]]-filled [[pseudocysts]]
| |
| *May be seen on [[incidental]] [[mucosal]] [[biopsy]]
| |
| **[[Biopsy]] not done for them primarily
| |
| |
| |
| *[[Oral cavity]]
| |
| **[[Vermillion border|Vermilion border]] of the lips
| |
| **[[Oral mucosa]] of the upper lip
| |
| *[[Buccal mucosa]] in the commissural region often bilaterally
| |
| *[[Genitals]]
| |
| |
| |
| *[[Benign neoplasms]] with [[sebaceous]] features
| |
| *Visible [[sebaceous glands]]
| |
| *No surrounding [[mucosal]] change
| |
| *Several adjacent [[glands]] may coalesce into a larger cauliflower-like cluster
| |
| |[[File:Fospot.jpg|thumb|400x400px|Fordyce spots - Por Perene - Obra do próprio, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=19772899]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Burning mouth syndrome]]
| |
| |
| |
| *Burning or [[tingling]] on the [[lips]], [[tongue]], or entire [[mouth]]
| |
| |
| |
| *[[Nutritional deficiencies]]
| |
| *Chronic [[anxiety]] or [[depression]]
| |
| *[[Diabetes type 2]]
| |
| *[[Menopause]]
| |
| *[[Oral thrush]] or [[dry mouth]], or damaged [[nerves]] transmitting taste
| |
| *[[Female gender ]]
| |
| *[[Menopause]]
| |
| |
| |
| *[[Presentation]]
| |
| *[[Physical exam]]
| |
| |
| |
| *[[Oral cavity]]
| |
| |
| |
| *Pain typically is low in the morning and builds up over the day
| |
| *Low dosages of [[benzodiazepines]], [[tricyclic antidepressants]] or [[anticonvulsants]] may be effective
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Torus palatinus]]
| |
| |
| |
| *Bony growth on midline of the [[hard palate]]
| |
| *[[Nodular]] mass covered with normal [[mucosa]]
| |
| |
| |
| *[[Genetic predisposition]]
| |
| **[[Autosomal dominant]]
| |
| |
| |
| *[[Physical exam]]
| |
| *Types
| |
| **[[Torus palatinus|Flat tori]]
| |
| **[[Torus palatinus|Spindle tori]]
| |
| **[[Torus palatinus|Nodular tori]]
| |
| **[[Torus palatinus|Lobular tori]]
| |
| |
| |
| *[[Hard palate]]
| |
| |
| |
| *More common in [[Asian]] and Inuit populations
| |
| *Twice more common in [[females]]
| |
| *Repeated [[trauma]] can cause [[bleeding]]
| |
| *[[Surgery]] may be required in symptomatic
| |
| |[[File:06-06-06palataltoria.jpg|thumb|Torus palatinus|400x400px|Torus palatinus - By Photo taken by dozenist, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=846591]]
| |
| |-
| |
| | colspan="4" |'''Diseases involving oral cavity and other organ systems'''
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Behçet's disease|Behcet's disease]]
| |
| |
| |
| *Painful [[mouth sores]]
| |
| *[[Acne]] like skin lesions
| |
| *Headache, [[fever]], poor [[balance]], [[disorientation]]
| |
| *[[Abdominal pain]], [[diarrhea]] or [[bleeding]]
| |
| *[[Uveitis]]
| |
| *Joint [[swelling]] and joint [[pain]]
| |
| *Genital [[sores]] wit [[pain]] and [[scaring]]
| |
| *[[Aneurysms]]
| |
| |
| |
| *Over active [[immune system]]
| |
| |
| |
| *[[Physical examination]]
| |
| |
| |
| *[[Mouth]]
| |
| *[[Genitals]]
| |
| *[[GIT]]
| |
| *[[Eye]]
| |
| *[[Joints]]
| |
| *[[Skin]]
| |
| *[[Vascular system]]
| |
| *[[Brain]]
| |
| |
| |
| *[[Outbreaks]] of exaggerated [[inflammation]]
| |
| *Affects smaller [[blood vessels]]
| |
| |[[File:Behcets disease.jpg|thumb|400x400px|Behcet's disease - By Ahmet Altiner MD, Rajni Mandal MD - http://dermatology.cdlib.org/1611/articles/18_2009-10-20/2.jpg, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=17863021]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Crohn's disease]]
| |
| |
| |
| *Chronic, episodic [[diarrhea]] or [[constipation]]
| |
| *[[Abdominal pain]]
| |
| *[[Vomiting]]
| |
| *[[Weight loss]] or [[weight gain]]
| |
| |
| |
| *[[Smoking]]
| |
| *[[Whites]] and [[European]] [[Jews]]
| |
| *[[Hormonal contraception]]
| |
| *Diets high in microparticles, sweet, fatty or refined foods
| |
| *Industrialized country
| |
| |
| |
| *Typical [[history]] and [[symptoms]]
| |
| *[[Skip lesions]] on [[biopsy]]
| |
| *[[Anti saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies|Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA)]]
| |
| *[[Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies]] ([[ANCA]])
| |
| |
| |
| *[[Eyes]]
| |
| *[[Joints]]
| |
| *[[Skin]]
| |
| |
| |
| *May lead to
| |
| **[[Obstruction]]s
| |
| **[[Abscess]]es
| |
| **Free [[perforation]]
| |
| **[[Hemorrhage]]
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Agranulocytosis]]
| |
| |
| |
| *[[Fever]] or [[chills]]
| |
| *Frequent [[infections]]
| |
| *Unusual [[redness]], [[pain]], or [[swelling]] around a wound
| |
| *Mouth [[ulcers]]
| |
| *[[Abdominal pain]]
| |
| *[[Burning sensation when urinating]]
| |
| *[[Sore throat]]
| |
| |
| |
| *[[Medications]]<ref name="PMID17142169">{{cite journal |author=Andrès E, Zimmer J, Affenberger S, Federici L, Alt M, Maloisel F. |title=Idiosyncratic drug-induced agranulocytosis: Update of an old disorder. |journal=Eur J Intern Med. |volume=17|issue=8 |pages=529-35 |year=2006|pmid 17142169|doi=|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17142169}}</ref>
| |
| *[[List of chemotherapeutic agents#Cytotoxic Chemotherapy|Cytotoxic chemotherapy]]
| |
| *[[Hematological malignancy|Hematologic malignancies]]
| |
| *[[Autoimmune disorders]]
| |
| |
| |
| *[[Neutropenia]] <100 cells per micro litre
| |
| *[[Eosinopenia]]
| |
| *[[Basopenia]]
| |
| |
| |
| *[[Oral cavity]]
| |
| *[[Skin]]
| |
| *[[GIT]]
| |
| *[[Urinary system]]
| |
| *[[Conjunctiva]]
| |
| |
| |
| *[[Immunocompromised|Immunocompromization]]
| |
| *Types
| |
| **[[Drug-induced]]
| |
| **[[Malignant]]
| |
| **[[Autoimmune]]
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Syphilis]]<ref>title="By Internet Archive Book Images [No restrictions], via Wikimedia Commons" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A_manual_of_syphilis_and_the_venereal_diseases%2C_(1900)_(14595882378).jpg"</ref>
| |
| |
| |
| *[[Chancre]]
| |
| *Regional [[lymphadenopathy]]
| |
| |
| |
| *[[Multiple sexual partners]]
| |
| *Illicit [[drug use]]
| |
| *[[Unprotected sex]]
| |
| *[[Homosexual men|Men who have sex with men]]
| |
| *Residence in highly prevalent areas
| |
| *[[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|HIV]] infection
| |
| *Presence of other [[STI]]s
| |
| *Previous history of [[Sexually transmitted disease|STIs]]
| |
| *[[Intravenous drug use]]
| |
| |
| |
| *[[Darkfield microscope|Darkfield microscopy]]
| |
| *Non [[Treponema|treponemal]] tests like [[VDRL]] and [[RPR test]])
| |
| *[[Treponema|Treponemal]] tests[[FTA-ABS|FTA-ABS tests]], (TP-PA) assay, [[Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)|enzyme immunoassays]], and [[Chemiluminescence|chemiluminescence immunoassays]])
| |
| |
| |
| *[[Oral cavity]]
| |
| *[[Penis]]
| |
| *[[Cervix]]
| |
| *[[Labia]]
| |
| *[[Anal canal]]
| |
| *[[Rectum ]]
| |
| *[[CNS]]
| |
| *[[Cardiovascular|CVS]]
| |
| |
| |
| *[[Primary syphilis]]
| |
| **[[Chancre]]
| |
| *[[Secondary syphilis]]
| |
| **[[Condyloma latum|Condylomata lata]]
| |
| *[[Latent syphilis]]
| |
| **[[Asymptomatic]]
| |
| *[[Tertiary syphilis]]
| |
| **[[Gumma|Gummas]]
| |
| **[[Neurosyphilis]]
| |
| |[[File:Hutchinson teeth congenital syphilis PHIL 2385.rsh.jpg|thumb|400x400px|oral syphilis - By CDC/Susan Lindsley - http://phil.cdc.gov/phil_images/20021114/34/PHIL_2385_lores.jpg, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2134349]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Coxsackie virus]]
| |
| |
| |
| *[[Fever]]
| |
| *[[Sores]] in the [[mouth]]
| |
| *[[Rash]] with [[blisters]]
| |
| *[[Aches]]
| |
| |
| |
| *[[Pregnancy]]
| |
| *[[immunodeficiency]]
| |
| |
| |
| *[[History]] and [[Physical exam]]
| |
| *[[Swabbing|Throat swabs]]
| |
| *Swabs from the lesion
| |
| *[[Tzanck test]]
| |
| |
| |
| *[[Oral cavity]]
| |
| *[[Skin]]
| |
| |
| |
| *Symptomatic treatment
| |
| |[[File:Hand foot mouth disease 07a.jpg|thumb|400x400px|Hand-foot-and-mouth disease - adapted from atlasdermatologico.com<ref name="urlDermatology Atlas">{{cite web |url=http://www.atlasdermatologico.com.br/ |title=Dermatology Atlas |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Chickenpox|Chicken pox]]
| |
| |
| |
| *[[Conjunctival]] symptoms
| |
| *[[Catarrhal]] symptoms
| |
| *Characteristic [[spots]] on the trunk appearing in two or three waves
| |
| *[[Itching]]
| |
| |
| |
| *[[Pregnancy]]
| |
| *[[Premature infants]] born to susceptible mothers
| |
| *All [[infants]] born at less than 28 weeks [[gestation]] or who weigh =1000 grams
| |
| *[[Immunocompromised]]
| |
| |
| |
| *[[History]] and [[physical exam]]
| |
| *[[PCR]] to detect [[VZV]] in [[skin lesions]] ([[vesicles]], [[scabs]], [[Maculopapular|maculopapular lesions]])
| |
| |
| |
| *[[Oral cavity]]
| |
| *[[Skin]]
| |
| |
| |
| *[[Sodium bicarbonate]] in baths or [[antihistamines]] for [[itching]]
| |
| *[[Paracetamol]] ([[acetaminophen]]) for [[fever]]
| |
| *[[Prednisolone]] is [[contraindicated]]
| |
| |[[File:Herpangina2016.jpg|thumb|400x400px|Chickenpox - By James Heilman, MD - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=52872565]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Measles]]
| |
| |
| |
| *[[Fever]]
| |
| *[[Rash]]
| |
| *[[Cough]]
| |
| *[[Coryza]] (runny nose)
| |
| *[[Conjunctivitis]] (pink eye)
| |
| *[[Malaise]]
| |
| *[[Koplick spots]] in mouth
| |
| |
| |
| *Unvaccinated individuals<ref name="pmid11135778">{{cite journal| author=Feikin DR, Lezotte DC, Hamman RF, Salmon DA, Chen RT, Hoffman RE| title=Individual and community risks of measles and pertussis associated with personal exemptions to immunization. | journal=JAMA | year= 2000 | volume= 284 | issue= 24 | pages= 3145-50 | pmid=11135778 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11135778 }} </ref><ref name="pmid9009400">{{cite journal| author=Ratnam S, West R, Gadag V, Williams B, Oates E| title=Immunity against measles in school-aged children: implications for measles revaccination strategies. | journal=Can J Public Health | year= 1996 | volume= 87 | issue= 6 | pages= 407-10 | pmid=9009400 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9009400 }} </ref>
| |
| *Crowded and/or unsanitary conditions
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| *Traveling to less developed and developing countries
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| *Immunocompromized
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| *Winter and [[spring]] seasons
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| *Born after 1956 and never fully vaccinated
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| *Health care workers
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| *[[History]] and [[examination]]
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| *[[PCR]] for [[Measles]]-specific [[IgM|IgM antibody]]
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| *[[PCR]] for [[Measles]] [[RNA]]
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| *[[Oral cavity]]
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| *[[Skin]]
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| *[[Respiratory tract]]
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| *[[Eyes]]
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| *[[Throat]]
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| *Caused by [[Morbillivirus]]
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| *Primary site of infection is the [[respiratory epithelium]] of the [[nasopharynx]]
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| *Transmitted in [[respiratory secretions]], via [[aerosol droplets]] containing [[Virus|virus particles]]
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| |[[File:Koplik spots, measles 6111 lores.jpg|thumb|400x400px|Koplick spots (Measles) - By CDC - http://phil.cdc.gov/PHIL_Images/20040908/4f54ee8f0e5f49f58aaa30c1bc6413ba/6111_lores.jpg, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=824483]]
| |
| |}</small></small>
| |
| </div>
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|
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|
| ==References== | | ==References== |
| {{reflist|2}} | | {{reflist|2}} |
