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{{SK}} Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS); TRAPS; familial Hibernian fever; FHF; familial Caledonian fever | {{SK}} Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS); TRAPS; familial Hibernian fever; FHF; familial Caledonian fever | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
'''TNF receptor-associated periodic syndrome''' (also known as '''TRAPS''' or '''familial Hibernian fever''') is a [[periodic fever syndrome]] associated with | '''TNF receptor-associated periodic syndrome''' (also known as '''TRAPS''' or '''familial Hibernian fever''') is a [[periodic fever syndrome]] associated with mutation in a [[Receptor (biochemistry)|receptor]] for the molecule [[Tumor necrosis factors|tumor necrosis factor]] (TNF). Since this disease first described in Ireland, it was called Hibernian fever in reference to the ancient Latin name for Ireland, Hibernia. | ||
==Historical Perspective== | ==Historical Perspective== | ||
*TNF receptor-associated periodic syndrome was first described by Dr. Williamson in 1982 in an Irish-Scottish family affected by an autosomal dominant pattern disorder.<ref>{{Cite journal | *TNF receptor-associated periodic syndrome was first described by Dr. Williamson in 1982 in an Irish-Scottish family affected by an autosomal dominant pattern disorder.<ref>{{Cite journal | ||
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The main source of TNF is cells in the [[immune system]] called [[macrophage]]s which produce it in response to infection and other stimuli. TNF helps activate other immune cells and plays a major role in the initiation of [[inflammation]]. Individuals with TRAPS have a mutation in the [[CD120|tumor necrosis factor receptor-1]] (TNFR1) [[gene]]. The mechanisms by which mutations in TNFR1 lead to the TRAPS [[phenotype]] are still under investigation. | The main source of TNF is cells in the [[immune system]] called [[macrophage]]s which produce it in response to infection and other stimuli. TNF helps activate other immune cells and plays a major role in the initiation of [[inflammation]]. Individuals with TRAPS have a mutation in the [[CD120|tumor necrosis factor receptor-1]] (TNFR1) [[gene]]. The mechanisms by which mutations in TNFR1 lead to the TRAPS [[phenotype]] are still under investigation. | ||
==Differentiating ((Page name)) from Other Diseases== | ==Differentiating ((Page name)) from Other Diseases== | ||
[Disease name] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], [clinical feature 2], and [clinical feature 3], such as [differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3]. | *[Disease name] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], [clinical feature 2], and [clinical feature 3], such as [differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3]. | ||
==Epidemiology and Demographics== | ==Epidemiology and Demographics== | ||
*The incidence/prevalence of TNF receptor associated periodic syndrome is approximately 0.06 per 100,000 individuals of 16 years of age or younger worldwide.<ref name="LainkaNeudorf2009">{{cite journal|last1=Lainka|first1=E.|last2=Neudorf|first2=U.|last3=Lohse|first3=P.|last4=Timmann|first4=C.|last5=Stojanov|first5=S.|last6=Huss|first6=K.|last7=von Kries|first7=R.|last8=Niehues|first8=T.|title=Incidence of TNFRSF1A mutations in German children: epidemiological, clinical and genetic characteristics|journal=Rheumatology|volume=48|issue=8|year=2009|pages=987–991|issn=1462-0324|doi=10.1093/rheumatology/kep140}}</ref> | *The incidence/prevalence of TNF receptor associated periodic syndrome is approximately 0.06 per 100,000 individuals of 16 years of age or younger worldwide.<ref name="LainkaNeudorf2009">{{cite journal|last1=Lainka|first1=E.|last2=Neudorf|first2=U.|last3=Lohse|first3=P.|last4=Timmann|first4=C.|last5=Stojanov|first5=S.|last6=Huss|first6=K.|last7=von Kries|first7=R.|last8=Niehues|first8=T.|title=Incidence of TNFRSF1A mutations in German children: epidemiological, clinical and genetic characteristics|journal=Rheumatology|volume=48|issue=8|year=2009|pages=987–991|issn=1462-0324|doi=10.1093/rheumatology/kep140}}</ref> | ||
*TNF receptor associated periodic syndrome commonly affects individuals of 3 years of age. However, due to overlap of the symptoms with other disorders and possible misdiagnosis, it may be diagnosed in adolescence or adulthood. In addition, the variants with low penetrance tend to manifest later in the adult life.<ref name="CantariniIacoponi2011">{{cite journal|last1=Cantarini|first1=L.|last2=Iacoponi|first2=F.|last3=Lucherini|first3=O.M.|last4=Obici|first4=L.|last5=Brizi|first5=M.G.|last6=Cimaz|first6=R.|last7=Rigante|first7=D.|last8=Benucci|first8=M.|last9=Sebastiani|first9=G.D.|last10=Brucato|first10=A.|last11=Sabadini|first11=L.|last12=Simonini|first12=G.|last13=Giani|first13=T.|last14=Pasini|first14=F. Laghi|last15=Baldari|first15=C.T.|last16=Bellisai|first16=F.|last17=Valentini|first17=G.|last18=Bombardieri|first18=S.|last19=Paolazzi|first19=G|last20=Galeazzi|first20=M.|title=Validation of a Diagnostic Score for the Diagnosis of Autoinflammatory Diseases in Adults|journal=International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology|volume=24|issue=3|year=2011|pages=695–702|issn=0394-6320|doi=10.1177/039463201102400315}}</ref> | *TNF receptor associated periodic syndrome commonly affects individuals of 3 years of age. However, due to overlap of the symptoms with other disorders and possible misdiagnosis, it may be diagnosed in adolescence or adulthood. In addition, the variants with low penetrance tend to manifest later in the adult life.<ref name="CantariniIacoponi2011">{{cite journal|last1=Cantarini|first1=L.|last2=Iacoponi|first2=F.|last3=Lucherini|first3=O.M.|last4=Obici|first4=L.|last5=Brizi|first5=M.G.|last6=Cimaz|first6=R.|last7=Rigante|first7=D.|last8=Benucci|first8=M.|last9=Sebastiani|first9=G.D.|last10=Brucato|first10=A.|last11=Sabadini|first11=L.|last12=Simonini|first12=G.|last13=Giani|first13=T.|last14=Pasini|first14=F. Laghi|last15=Baldari|first15=C.T.|last16=Bellisai|first16=F.|last17=Valentini|first17=G.|last18=Bombardieri|first18=S.|last19=Paolazzi|first19=G|last20=Galeazzi|first20=M.|title=Validation of a Diagnostic Score for the Diagnosis of Autoinflammatory Diseases in Adults|journal=International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology|volume=24|issue=3|year=2011|pages=695–702|issn=0394-6320|doi=10.1177/039463201102400315}}</ref> | ||
==Risk Factors== | ==Risk Factors== | ||
There are no established risk factors for TNF receptor associated periodic syndrome. | *There are no established risk factors for TNF receptor associated periodic syndrome. However, attacks may be triggered by factors such as: | ||
==Screening== | ==Screening== | ||
There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening for TNF receptor associated periodic syndrome. | There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening for TNF receptor associated periodic syndrome. | ||
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The overall sensitivity and specificity of this set of critria for the diagnosis of this disorder is 59% and 84%, respectively. | *The overall sensitivity and specificity of this set of critria for the diagnosis of this disorder is 59% and 84%, respectively. | ||
*The gold standard diagnostic study for TNF receptor associated periodic syndrome is the genetic analysis.<ref name="QuinteroSaba2019">{{cite journal|last1=Quintero|first1=Javier|last2=Saba|first2=Jihan|last3=Garcia|first3=Carlos|title=Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor-1 Associated Periodic Syndrome: Case Report and Review of an Auto-inflammatory Disorder|journal=Cureus|year=2019|issn=2168-8184|doi=10.7759/cureus.3916}}</ref> | *The gold standard diagnostic study for TNF receptor associated periodic syndrome is the genetic analysis.<ref name="QuinteroSaba2019">{{cite journal|last1=Quintero|first1=Javier|last2=Saba|first2=Jihan|last3=Garcia|first3=Carlos|title=Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor-1 Associated Periodic Syndrome: Case Report and Review of an Auto-inflammatory Disorder|journal=Cureus|year=2019|issn=2168-8184|doi=10.7759/cureus.3916}}</ref> | ||
===History and Symptoms=== | ===History and Symptoms=== | ||
The hallmark of TNF-a receptor-associated periodic syndrome is recurrent fever episodes lasting 1 to 4 weeks or more. Fever is accompanied by other symptoms including but not limited to | *The hallmark of TNF-a receptor-associated periodic syndrome is recurrent fever episodes lasting 1 to 4 weeks or more. Fever is accompanied by other symptoms including but not limited to:<ref name="CantariniIacoponi2011">{{cite journal|last1=Cantarini|first1=L.|last2=Iacoponi|first2=F.|last3=Lucherini|first3=O.M.|last4=Obici|first4=L.|last5=Brizi|first5=M.G.|last6=Cimaz|first6=R.|last7=Rigante|first7=D.|last8=Benucci|first8=M.|last9=Sebastiani|first9=G.D.|last10=Brucato|first10=A.|last11=Sabadini|first11=L.|last12=Simonini|first12=G.|last13=Giani|first13=T.|last14=Pasini|first14=F. Laghi|last15=Baldari|first15=C.T.|last16=Bellisai|first16=F.|last17=Valentini|first17=G.|last18=Bombardieri|first18=S.|last19=Paolazzi|first19=G|last20=Galeazzi|first20=M.|title=Validation of a Diagnostic Score for the Diagnosis of Autoinflammatory Diseases in Adults|journal=International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology|volume=24|issue=3|year=2011|pages=695–702|issn=0394-6320|doi=10.1177/039463201102400315}}</ref> | ||
***Skin rash | |||
**Abdominal pain | |||
**Diarrhea | |||
**Puffy eyes (due to periorbital edema) | |||
**Migrating muscle and joint pain | |||
**Erythema of the eye | |||
===Physical Examination=== | ===Physical Examination=== | ||
Common physical examination findings of TNF receptor-associated periodic syndrome include fever, skin rash, lymphadenopathy, and splenomegaly.<ref name="CantariniIacoponi2011">{{cite journal|last1=Cantarini|first1=L.|last2=Iacoponi|first2=F.|last3=Lucherini|first3=O.M.|last4=Obici|first4=L.|last5=Brizi|first5=M.G.|last6=Cimaz|first6=R.|last7=Rigante|first7=D.|last8=Benucci|first8=M.|last9=Sebastiani|first9=G.D.|last10=Brucato|first10=A.|last11=Sabadini|first11=L.|last12=Simonini|first12=G.|last13=Giani|first13=T.|last14=Pasini|first14=F. Laghi|last15=Baldari|first15=C.T.|last16=Bellisai|first16=F.|last17=Valentini|first17=G.|last18=Bombardieri|first18=S.|last19=Paolazzi|first19=G|last20=Galeazzi|first20=M.|title=Validation of a Diagnostic Score for the Diagnosis of Autoinflammatory Diseases in Adults|journal=International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology|volume=24|issue=3|year=2011|pages=695–702|issn=0394-6320|doi=10.1177/039463201102400315}}</ref> | |||
*Cutaneous manifestations of TRAPS include an erythematous rash that overlies an area with myalgia, erysiplas-like erythema, and urticaria. | |||
*Eye involvement is characteristics for this disease among other autoinflammatory diseases and may manifest with conjunctivitis, periorbital edema, and uveitis. | |||
===Laboratory Findings=== | ===Laboratory Findings=== | ||
*An elevated concentration of blood acute phase reactants are suggestive of TNF receptor-associated periodic syndrome. | *An elevated concentration of blood acute phase reactants are suggestive of TNF receptor-associated periodic syndrome. | ||
Revision as of 18:56, 21 June 2019
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Synonyms and keywords: Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS); TRAPS; familial Hibernian fever; FHF; familial Caledonian fever
Overview
TNF receptor-associated periodic syndrome (also known as TRAPS or familial Hibernian fever) is a periodic fever syndrome associated with mutation in a receptor for the molecule tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Since this disease first described in Ireland, it was called Hibernian fever in reference to the ancient Latin name for Ireland, Hibernia.
Historical Perspective
- TNF receptor-associated periodic syndrome was first described by Dr. Williamson in 1982 in an Irish-Scottish family affected by an autosomal dominant pattern disorder.[1]
- The association between the TNFRSF1A gene locus and TNF receptor-associated periodic syndrome was made in 1998.[2]
- In 2003, Dr. Weyhreter was the first to use etanercept (a fusion protein of the extracellular domain of TNFRSF1A and the Fc portion of IgG1) for the treatment of TRAPS, which results successful treatment of the patient.[3]
Classification
There is no established system for the classification of TNF receptor associated periodic syndrome.
Pathophysiology
- TNF receptor associated periodic syndrome is an autosomal dominannt inherited disorder due to mutation in the TNF Receptor Super Family 1A (TNFRSF1A) gene.[4]
- Mutation in the gene is associated with abnormally structured TNF receptor which leads to impaired TNF-a binding and subsequent abnormal function of this factor in apoptosis and NF-κB pathway. However, the exact mechanisms causing febrile episodes remain to be cleared.[5][6][7]
- Another hypothese is that mutation in the gene results in intracellular accumulation of the receptor. This abnormal accumulation of the receptor leads to an exaggerated inflammatory response to low levels of innate stimuli such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS).[8]
The main source of TNF is cells in the immune system called macrophages which produce it in response to infection and other stimuli. TNF helps activate other immune cells and plays a major role in the initiation of inflammation. Individuals with TRAPS have a mutation in the tumor necrosis factor receptor-1 (TNFR1) gene. The mechanisms by which mutations in TNFR1 lead to the TRAPS phenotype are still under investigation.
Differentiating ((Page name)) from Other Diseases
- [Disease name] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], [clinical feature 2], and [clinical feature 3], such as [differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].
Epidemiology and Demographics
- The incidence/prevalence of TNF receptor associated periodic syndrome is approximately 0.06 per 100,000 individuals of 16 years of age or younger worldwide.[9]
- TNF receptor associated periodic syndrome commonly affects individuals of 3 years of age. However, due to overlap of the symptoms with other disorders and possible misdiagnosis, it may be diagnosed in adolescence or adulthood. In addition, the variants with low penetrance tend to manifest later in the adult life.[10]
Risk Factors
- There are no established risk factors for TNF receptor associated periodic syndrome. However, attacks may be triggered by factors such as:
Screening
There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening for TNF receptor associated periodic syndrome.
Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis
Diagnosis
Diagnostic Study of Choice
- Diagnosis is based on the clinical features. In 2017, Eurofever registry developed a set of criteria for the diagnosis of the four major periodic fever syndromes. Table below is the diagnostic criteria for TRAPS.[11]
| Presence | Score |
|---|---|
| Periorbital oedema | 21 |
| Duration of episodes >6 days | 19 |
| Migratory rash | 18 |
| Myalgia | 6 |
| Reletavies affected | 7 |
| Absence | Score |
| Vomiting | 14 |
| Aphthous stomatitis | 15 |
- The overall sensitivity and specificity of this set of critria for the diagnosis of this disorder is 59% and 84%, respectively.
- The gold standard diagnostic study for TNF receptor associated periodic syndrome is the genetic analysis.[12]
History and Symptoms
- The hallmark of TNF-a receptor-associated periodic syndrome is recurrent fever episodes lasting 1 to 4 weeks or more. Fever is accompanied by other symptoms including but not limited to:[10]
- Skin rash
- Abdominal pain
- Diarrhea
- Puffy eyes (due to periorbital edema)
- Migrating muscle and joint pain
- Erythema of the eye
Physical Examination
Common physical examination findings of TNF receptor-associated periodic syndrome include fever, skin rash, lymphadenopathy, and splenomegaly.[10]
- Cutaneous manifestations of TRAPS include an erythematous rash that overlies an area with myalgia, erysiplas-like erythema, and urticaria.
- Eye involvement is characteristics for this disease among other autoinflammatory diseases and may manifest with conjunctivitis, periorbital edema, and uveitis.
Laboratory Findings
- An elevated concentration of blood acute phase reactants are suggestive of TNF receptor-associated periodic syndrome.
Electrocardiogram
- There are no ECG findings associated with TNF receptor-associated periodic syndrome.
X-ray
- There are no x-ray findings associated with TNF receptor-associated periodic syndrome.
Echocardiography or Ultrasound
- There are no echocardiography/ultrasound findings associated with TNF receptor-associated periodic syndrome.
CT scan
- There are no CT scan findings associated with TNF receptor-associated periodic syndrome.
MRI
- There are no MRI findings associated with TNF receptor-associated periodic syndrome.
Other Imaging Findings
- There are no other imaging findings associated with TNF receptor-associated periodic syndrome.
Other Diagnostic Studies
- There are no other diagnostic studies associated with TNF receptor-associated periodic syndrome.
Treatment
Medical Therapy
- There is no treatment for TNF receptor-associated periodic syndrome; the mainstay of therapy is supportive care.
Several medications have been studied for the treatment of TRAPS including etanercept, infliximab[13], tacrolimus[14] and Il-1Ra (anakinra)[15]. Studies on treatment efficacy in a larger group of patients affected with TRAPS are however lacking to date.
Surgery
- Surgical intervention is not recommended for the management of TNF receptor-associated periodic syndrome.
Primary Prevention
- There are no established measures for the primary prevention of TNF receptor-associated periodic syndrome.
Secondary Prevention
- There are no established measures for the secondary prevention of TNF receptor-associated periodic syndrome.
References
- ↑ L. M. Williamson, D. Hull, R. Mehta, W. G. Reeves, B. H. Robinson & P. J. Toghill (1982). "Familial Hibernian fever". The Quarterly journal of medicine. 51 (204): 469–480. PMID 7156325.
- ↑ McDermott, Michael F.; Ogunkolade, B. William; McDermott, Elizabeth M.; Jones, Lisa C.; Wan, Ying; Quane, Kathleen A.; McCarthy, John; Phelan, Mark; Molloy, Michael G.; Powell, Richard J.; Amos, Christopher I.; Hitman, Graham A. (1998). "Linkage of Familial Hibernian Fever to Chromosome 12p13". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 62 (6): 1446–1451. doi:10.1086/301886. ISSN 0002-9297.
- ↑ Weyhreter, Heike; Schwartz, Marianne; Kristensen, Tim D.; Valerius, Niels H.; Paerregaard, Anders (2003). "A new mutation causing autosomal dominant periodic fever syndrome in a Danish family". The Journal of Pediatrics. 142 (2): 191–193. doi:10.1067/mpd.2003.15. ISSN 0022-3476.
- ↑ M. F. McDermott, I. Aksentijevich, J. Galon, E. M. McDermott, B. W. Ogunkolade, M. Centola, E. Mansfield, M. Gadina, L. Karenko, T. Pettersson, J. McCarthy, D. M. Frucht, M. Aringer, Y. Torosyan, A. M. Teppo, M. Wilson, H. M. Karaarslan, Y. Wan, I. Todd, G. Wood, R. Schlimgen, T. R. Kumarajeewa, S. M. Cooper, J. P. Vella, C. I. Amos, J. Mulley, K. A. Quane, M. G. Molloy, A. Ranki, R. J. Powell, G. A. Hitman, J. J. O'Shea & D. L. Kastner (1999). "Germline mutations in the extracellular domains of the 55 kDa TNF receptor, TNFR1, define a family of dominantly inherited autoinflammatory syndromes". Cell. 97 (1): 133–144. PMID 10199409. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Nedjai, Belinda; Hitman, Graham A.; Yousaf, Nasim; Chernajovsky, Yuti; Stjernberg-Salmela, Susanna; Pettersson, Tom; Ranki, Annamari; Hawkins, Philip N.; Arkwright, Peter D.; McDermott, Michael F.; Turner, Mark D. (2008). "Abnormal tumor necrosis factor receptor I cell surface expression and NF-κB activation in tumor necrosis factor receptor–associated periodic syndrome". Arthritis & Rheumatism. 58 (1): 273–283. doi:10.1002/art.23123. ISSN 0004-3591.
- ↑ D'Osualdo, Andrea; Ferlito, Francesca; Prigione, Ignazia; Obici, Laura; Meini, Antonella; Zulian, Francesco; Pontillo, Alessandra; Corona, Fabrizia; Barcellona, Roberto; Duca, Marco Di; Santamaria, Giuseppe; Traverso, Francesco; Picco, Paolo; Baldi, Maurizia; Plebani, Alessandro; Ravazzolo, Roberto; Ceccherini, Isabella; Martini, Alberto; Gattorno, Marco (2006). "Neutrophils from patients withTNFRSF1A mutations display resistance to tumor necrosis factor–induced apoptosis: Pathogenetic and clinical implications". Arthritis & Rheumatism. 54 (3): 998–1008. doi:10.1002/art.21657. ISSN 0004-3591.
- ↑ Churchman, S M; Church, L D; Savic, S; Coulthard, L R; Hayward, B; Nedjai, B; Turner, M D; Mathews, R J; Baguley, E; Hitman, G A; Gooi, H C; Wood, P M D; Emery, P; McDermott, M F (2007). "A novel TNFRSF1A splice mutation associated with increased nuclear factor appaB (NF- B) transcription factor activation in patients with tumour necrosis factor receptor associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS)". Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 67 (11): 1589–1595. doi:10.1136/ard.2007.078667. ISSN 0003-4967.
- ↑ Simon, A.; Park, H.; Maddipati, R.; Lobito, A. A.; Bulua, A. C.; Jackson, A. J.; Chae, J. J.; Ettinger, R.; de Koning, H. D.; Cruz, A. C.; Kastner, D. L.; Komarow, H.; Siegel, R. M. (2010). "Concerted action of wild-type and mutant TNF receptors enhances inflammation in TNF receptor 1-associated periodic fever syndrome". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107 (21): 9801–9806. doi:10.1073/pnas.0914118107. ISSN 0027-8424.
- ↑ Lainka, E.; Neudorf, U.; Lohse, P.; Timmann, C.; Stojanov, S.; Huss, K.; von Kries, R.; Niehues, T. (2009). "Incidence of TNFRSF1A mutations in German children: epidemiological, clinical and genetic characteristics". Rheumatology. 48 (8): 987–991. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kep140. ISSN 1462-0324.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Cantarini, L.; Iacoponi, F.; Lucherini, O.M.; Obici, L.; Brizi, M.G.; Cimaz, R.; Rigante, D.; Benucci, M.; Sebastiani, G.D.; Brucato, A.; Sabadini, L.; Simonini, G.; Giani, T.; Pasini, F. Laghi; Baldari, C.T.; Bellisai, F.; Valentini, G.; Bombardieri, S.; Paolazzi, G; Galeazzi, M. (2011). "Validation of a Diagnostic Score for the Diagnosis of Autoinflammatory Diseases in Adults". International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology. 24 (3): 695–702. doi:10.1177/039463201102400315. ISSN 0394-6320.
- ↑ Federici, Silvia; Sormani, Maria Pia; Ozen, Seza; Lachmann, Helen J; Amaryan, Gayane; Woo, Patricia; Koné-Paut, Isabelle; Dewarrat, Natacha; Cantarini, Luca; Insalaco, Antonella; Uziel, Yosef; Rigante, Donato; Quartier, Pierre; Demirkaya, Erkan; Herlin, Troels; Meini, Antonella; Fabio, Giovanna; Kallinich, Tilmann; Martino, Silvana; Butbul, Aviel Yonatan; Olivieri, Alma; Kuemmerle-Deschner, Jasmin; Neven, Benedicte; Simon, Anna; Ozdogan, Huri; Touitou, Isabelle; Frenkel, Joost; Hofer, Michael; Martini, Alberto; Ruperto, Nicolino; Gattorno, Marco (2015). "Evidence-based provisional clinical classification criteria for autoinflammatory periodic fevers". Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 74 (5): 799–805. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-206580. ISSN 0003-4967.
- ↑ Quintero, Javier; Saba, Jihan; Garcia, Carlos (2019). "Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor-1 Associated Periodic Syndrome: Case Report and Review of an Auto-inflammatory Disorder". Cureus. doi:10.7759/cureus.3916. ISSN 2168-8184.
- ↑ Church LD, Churchman SM, Hawkins PN, McDermott MF. Hereditary auto-inflammatory disorders and biologics. Springer Semin Immunopathol. 2006 Jun;27(4):494-508. Epub 2006 May 4. PMID 16738958
- ↑ Ida H, Aramaki T, Arima K, Origuchi T, Kawakami A, Eguchi K. Successful treatment using tacrolimus (FK506) in a patient with TNF receptor-associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS) complicated by monocytic fasciitis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2006 Jun 26; PMID 16801330
- ↑ Gattorno M, Pelagatti MA, Meini A, Obici L, et al. Persistent efficacy of anakinra in patients with tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated periodic syndrome. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;58:1516-1520. PMID 18438813
Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) 142680 Template:WH Template:WS