Hammer toe: Difference between revisions
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{{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor-In-Chief:''' {{CZ}} | {{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor-In-Chief:'''{{S.M.}} {{CZ}} | ||
{{SK}} Claw toe; hammertoe syndrome; mallet toe | {{SK}} Claw toe; hammertoe syndrome; mallet toe | ||
Revision as of 14:50, 26 June 2019
| Hammer toe | |
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| A Mallet Toe is evident on the 3rd digit | |
| ICD-10 | M20.4, Q66.8 |
| ICD-9 | 735.4, 755.66 |
| MeSH | D037801 |
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor-In-Chief: Sara Mohsin, M.D.[2] Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [3]
Synonyms and keywords: Claw toe; hammertoe syndrome; mallet toe
Overview
A hammer toe is a deformity of the second, third, or fourth toe causing it to be permanently bent at the proximal interphalangeal joint, resembling a hammer. Mallet toe is another name for this condition when affecting the distal interphalangeal joint.
Causes
Hammer toe most often results from wearing poorly-fit shoes that can force the toe against their tip, such as excessively high heels or shoes that are too short or narrow for the foot. This can lead to subluxation of the metatarsal phalangeal joints and formation of a hammer toe, often found in conjunction with bunions or other foot problems. It can also be caused by muscle, nerve, or joint damage resulting from conditions such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, stroke, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease or diabetes.[1][2]
Treatment
In many cases, conservative treatment consisting of physical therapy and new shoes with soft, spacious toe boxes is enough to resolve the condition, while in more severe or longstanding cases orthopedic surgery may be necessary to correct the deformity.[3][4][5][6][7][8][9]
References
- ↑ Ridley LJ, Han J, Ridley WE, Xiang H (2018). "Claw toe". J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol. 62 Suppl 1: 126. doi:10.1111/1754-9485.07_12786. PMID 30309185.
- ↑ Ceccarini P, Rinonapoli G, Sebastiani E, Bisaccia M, Ceccarini A, Caraffa A (2019). "Clinical Comparison Between Shortening Osteotomy of the Proximal Phalanx Neck and Arthrodesis in Hammer Toe Surgery at Mid-TermFollow-Up". J Foot Ankle Surg. 58 (2): 221–225. doi:10.1053/j.jfas.2018.08.002. PMID 30553747.
- ↑ Doty JF, Fogleman JA (2018). "Treatment of Rigid Hammer-Toe Deformity: Permanent Versus Removable Implant Selection". Foot Ankle Clin. 23 (1): 91–101. doi:10.1016/j.fcl.2017.09.007. PMID 29362037.
- ↑ Mueller CM, Boden SA, Boden AL, Maidman SD, Cutler A, Mignemi D; et al. (2018). "Complication Rates and Short-Term Outcomes After Operative Hammertoe Correction in Older Patients". Foot Ankle Int. 39 (6): 681–688. doi:10.1177/1071100718755472. PMID 29444584.
- ↑ Ceccarini P, Ceccarini A, Rinonapoli G, Caraffa A (2015). "Correction of Hammer Toe Deformity of Lateral Toes With Subtraction Osteotomy of the Proximal Phalanx Neck". J Foot Ankle Surg. 54 (4): 601–6. doi:10.1053/j.jfas.2014.11.013. PMID 25746765.
- ↑ Basile A, Albo F, Via AG (2015). "Intramedullary Fixation System for the Treatment of Hammertoe Deformity". J Foot Ankle Surg. 54 (5): 910–6. doi:10.1053/j.jfas.2015.04.004. PMID 26028601.
- ↑ Catena F, Doty JF, Jastifer J, Coughlin MJ, Stevens F (2014). "Prospective study of hammertoe correction with an intramedullary implant". Foot Ankle Int. 35 (4): 319–25. doi:10.1177/1071100713519780. PMID 24443491.
- ↑ Obrador C, Losa-Iglesias M, Becerro-de-Bengoa-Vallejo R, Kabbash CA (2018). "Comparative Study of Intramedullary Hammertoe Fixation". Foot Ankle Int. 39 (4): 415–425. doi:10.1177/1071100717745854. PMID 29337598.
- ↑ Kramer WC, Parman M, Marks RM (2015). "Hammertoe correction with k-wire fixation". Foot Ankle Int. 36 (5): 494–502. doi:10.1177/1071100714568013. PMID 25677363.
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