Hepatopulmonary syndrome diagnostic study of choice

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Soroush Seifirad, M.D.[2]

Diagnostic Study of Choice

Hepatopulmonary syndrome diagnostic triad. Diagram by Soroush Seifirad, MD.

Study of choice

[Name of the investigation] is the gold standard test for the diagnosis of hepatopulmonary syndrome.

OR

The following result of [gold standard test] is confirmatory of hepatopulmonary syndrome:

• [Result 1]
• [Result 2]

OR

[Name of the investigation] must be performed when:

• The patient presents with [symptom/sign 1], [symptom/sign 2], and [symptom/sign 3].
• A [name of test] is positive for [sign 1], [sign 2], and [sign 3] in the patient.

OR

[Name of the investigation] is the gold standard test for the diagnosis of hepatopulmonary syndrome.

OR

The diagnostic study of choice for hepatopulmonary syndrome is [name of the investigation].

OR

There is no single diagnostic study of choice for the diagnosis of hepatopulmonary syndrome.

OR

There is no single diagnostic study of choice for the diagnosis of hepatopulmonary syndrome, but hepatopulmonary syndrome can be diagnosed based on [name of the investigation 1] and [name of the investigation 2].

OR

hepatopulmonary syndrome is primarily diagnosed based on the clinical presentation.

OR

Investigations:

• Among the patients who present with clinical signs of hepatopulmonary syndrome, the [investigation name] is the most specific test for the diagnosis.
• Among the patients who present with clinical signs of hepatopulmonary syndrome, the [investigation name] is the most sensitive test for diagnosis.
• Among the patients who present with clinical signs of hepatopulmonary syndrome, the [investigation name] is the most efficient test for diagnosis.

The comparison of various diagnostic studies for hepatopulmonary syndrome

Test	Sensitivity	Specificity
Test 1	...%	...%
Test 2	...%	...%

[Name of test with higher sensitivity and specificity] is the preferred investigation based on the sensitivity and specificity

Diagnostic results

The following finding(s) on performing [investigation name] is(are) confirmatory for hepatopulmonary syndrome:

• [Finding 1]
• [Finding 2]

Sequence of Diagnostic Studies

The [name of investigation] must be performed when:

• The patient presented with symptoms/signs 1, 2, and 3 as the first step of diagnosis.
• A positive [test] is detected in the patient, to confirm the diagnosis.

OR

The various investigations must be performed in the following order:

• [Initial investigation]
• [2nd investigation]

Name of Diagnostic Criteria

It is recommended that you include the criteria in a table. Make sure you always cite the source of the content and whether the table has been adapted from another source.

hepatopulmonary syndrome is primarily diagnosed based on clinical presentation. There are no established criteria for the diagnosis of hepatopulmonary syndrome.

OR

There is no single diagnostic study of choice for hepatopulmonary syndrome, though hepatopulmonary syndrome may be diagnosed based on [name of criteria] established by [...].

OR

The diagnosis of hepatopulmonary syndrome is made when at least [number] of the following [number] diagnostic criteria are met: [criterion 1], [criterion 2], [criterion 3], and [criterion 4].

OR

The diagnosis of hepatopulmonary syndrome is based on the [criteria name] criteria, which includes [criterion 1], [criterion 2], and [criterion 3].

OR

hepatopulmonary syndrome may be diagnosed at any time if one or more of the following criteria are met:

• Criteria 1
• Criteria 2
• Criteria 3

OR

IF there are clear, established diagnostic criteria

The diagnosis of hepatopulmonary syndrome is made when at least [number] of the following [number] diagnostic criteria are met: [criterion 1], [criterion 2], [criterion 3], and [criterion 4].

OR

The diagnosis of hepatopulmonary syndrome is based on the [criteria name] criteria, which include [criterion 1], [criterion 2], and [criterion 3].

OR

The diagnosis of hepatopulmonary syndrome is based on the [definition name] definition, which includes [criterion 1], [criterion 2], and [criterion 3].

OR

IF there are no established diagnostic criteria

There are no established criteria for the diagnosis of hepatopulmonary syndrome.