Teratoma pathophysiology: Difference between revisions

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Revision as of 13:38, 13 August 2019

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:

Overview

The exact pathogenesis of [disease name] is not fully understood.

OR

It is thought that [disease name] is the result of / is mediated by / is produced by / is caused by either [hypothesis 1], [hypothesis 2], or [hypothesis 3].

OR

[Pathogen name] is usually transmitted via the [transmission route] route to the human host.

OR

Following transmission/ingestion, the [pathogen] uses the [entry site] to invade the [cell name] cell.

OR

[Disease or malignancy name] arises from [cell name]s, which are [cell type] cells that are normally involved in [function of cells].

OR

The progression to [disease name] usually involves the [molecular pathway].

OR

The pathophysiology of [disease/malignancy] depends on the histological subtype.

Pathophysiology

Physiology

The normal physiology of [name of process] can be understood as follows:

Pathogenesis

The exact pathogenesis of [disease name] is not completely understood.

OR

It is understood that [disease name] is the result of / is mediated by / is produced by / is caused by either [hypothesis 1], [hypothesis 2], or [hypothesis 3].
[Pathogen name] is usually transmitted via the [transmission route] route to the human host.
Following transmission/ingestion, the [pathogen] uses the [entry site] to invade the [cell name] cell.
[Disease or malignancy name] arises from [cell name]s, which are [cell type] cells that are normally involved in [function of cells].
The progression to [disease name] usually involves the [molecular pathway].
The pathophysiology of [disease/malignancy] depends on the histological subtype.

Genetics

[Disease name] is transmitted in [mode of genetic transmission] pattern.

OR

Genes involved in the pathogenesis of [disease name] include:

[Gene1]
[Gene2]
[Gene3]

OR

The development of [disease name] is the result of multiple genetic mutations such as:

[Mutation 1]
[Mutation 2]
[Mutation 3]

Associated Conditions

Conditions associated with [disease name] include:

[Condition 1]
[Condition 2]
[Condition 3]

Gross Pathology

On gross pathology, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].

Microscopic Pathology

On microscopic histopathological analysis, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].

References

Template:WH Template:WS

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{CMG}}__NOTOC__
+__NOTOC__
 {{Teratoma}}
+{{CMG}}; {{AE}}
 ==Overview==
+The exact pathogenesis of [disease name] is not fully understood.
+OR
+It is thought that [disease name] is the result of / is mediated by / is produced by / is caused by either [hypothesis 1], [hypothesis 2], or [hypothesis 3].
+OR
+[Pathogen name] is usually transmitted via the [transmission route] route to the human host.
+OR
+Following transmission/ingestion, the [pathogen] uses the [entry site] to invade the [cell name] cell.
+OR
+[Disease or malignancy name] arises from [cell name]s, which are [cell type] cells that are normally involved in [function of cells].
+OR
+The progression to [disease name] usually involves the [molecular pathway].
+OR
+The pathophysiology of [disease/malignancy] depends on the histological subtype.
 ==Pathophysiology==
+===Physiology===
+The normal physiology of [name of process] can be understood as follows:
-{{main|Germ cell tumor}}
+===Pathogenesis===
+*The exact pathogenesis of [disease name] is not completely understood.
+OR
+*It is understood that [disease name] is the result of / is mediated by / is produced by / is caused by either [hypothesis 1], [hypothesis 2], or [hypothesis 3].
+*[Pathogen name] is usually transmitted via the [transmission route] route to the human host.
+*Following transmission/ingestion, the [pathogen] uses the [entry site] to invade the [cell name] cell.
+*[Disease or malignancy name] arises from [cell name]s, which are [cell type] cells that are normally involved in [function of cells].
+*The progression to [disease name] usually involves the [molecular pathway].
+*The pathophysiology of [disease/malignancy] depends on the histological subtype.
-Teratomas belong to a class of tumors known as [[nonseminoma]]tous [[germ cell tumor]] (NSGCT).  All tumors of this class are the result of abnormal development of [[pluripotent]] cells: [[germ cell]]s and [[embryo|embryonal cells]]. Teratomas of embryonal origin are [[congenital disorder|congenital]]; teratomas of germ cell origin may or may not be congenital (this is not known). The kind of pluripotent cell appears to be unimportant, apart from constraining the location of the teratoma in the body.
+==Genetics==
+[Disease name] is transmitted in [mode of genetic transmission] pattern.
-===Location and incidence===
+OR
-[[Image:teratoma_back.jpg|thumb|left|Mature cystic teratoma of ovary (benign) Courtesy of Ed Uthman, MD]]
-Teratomas derived from germ cells occur in the [[testes]] in males and [[ovary|ovaries]] in females. Teratomas derived from embryonal cells usually occur on the body midline: in the brain, elsewhere inside the [[skull]], in the nose, in the tongue, under the tongue, and in the [[neck]] (cervical teratoma), [[mediastinum]], [[retroperitoneum]], and attached to the [[coccyx]].  However, teratomas may also occur elsewhere: very rarely in solid organs (most notably the heart and liver) and hollow organs (such as the stomach and bladder), and more commonly on the [[cranial sutures|skull sutures]]. Embryonal teratomas most commonly occur in the sacrococcygeal region: [[sacrococcygeal teratoma]] is the single most common tumor found in [[Infant|newborn babies]].
+Genes involved in the pathogenesis of [disease name] include:
+*[Gene1]
+*[Gene2]
+*[Gene3]
-Of teratomas on the skull sutures, approximately 50% are found in or adjacent to the [[orbit (anatomy)|orbit]]<ref>[http://www.emedicine.com/oph/topic620.htm Emedicine article on orbital dermoid cyst]</ref>.
+OR
-===Hypotheses of origin===
+The development of [disease name] is the result of multiple genetic mutations such as:
-Concerning the origin of teratomas, there exist numerous hypotheses.<ref name="Gonzalez-Crussi1982">Gonzalez-Crussi, F. (1982) Extragonadal Teratomas.  Atlas of Tumor Pathology, Second Series, Fascicle 18.  Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington D.C.</ref>  These hypotheses are not to be confused with the unrelated hypothesis that [[fetus in fetu]] (see below) is not a teratoma at all but rather a [[parasitic twin]].
+*[Mutation 1]
+*[Mutation 2]
+*[Mutation 3]
-=== Dermoid cyst ===
+==Associated Conditions==
-A [[dermoid cyst]] is a mature teratoma containing hair (sometimes very abundant) and other structures characteristic of normal skin and other tissues derived from the ectoderm. The term is most often applied to teratoma on the skull sutures and in the ovaries of females.
+Conditions associated with [disease name] include:
-=== Fetus in fetu and fetiform teratoma===
+*[Condition 1]
-'''Fetus in fetu''' and '''fetiform teratoma''' are rare forms of mature teratoma that include one or more components resembling a malformed fetus.  Both forms may contain or appear to contain complete organ systems, even major body parts such as torso or limbs.  Fetus in fetu differs from fetiform teratoma in having an apparent [[vertebral column|spine]] and bilateral symmetry.<ref name="Gonzalez-Crussi1982"/>
+*[Condition 2]
+*[Condition 3]
-Most authorities agree that fetiform teratomas are highly developed mature teratomas;  the natural history of fetus in fetu, however, is controversial.<ref name="Gonzalez-Crussi1982"/>  There also may be a cultural difference, with fetiform teratoma being reported more often in ovarian teratomas (by gynecologists) and fetus in fetu being reported more often in retroperitoneal teratomas (by general surgeons).  [[Fetus in fetu]] has often been interpreted as a [[fetus]] growing within its [[twin]].  As such, this interpretation assumes a special complication of [[twin]]ning, one of several grouped under the term [[parasitic twin]].  In this regard, it is noteworthy that in many cases the fetus in fetu is reported to occupy a fluid-filled cyst within a mature teratoma.<ref>Saito K, Katsumata Y, Hirabuki T, Kato K, Yamanaka M.  Fetus-in-fetu: Parasite or Neoplasm? A Study of Two Cases. Fetal Diagn Ther. 2007 Jun 5;22(5):383-388</ref><ref>Kajbafzadeh AM, Baharnoori M.  Fetus in fetu.  Can J Urol. 2006 Oct;13(5):3277-8.</ref><ref>Chua JH, Chui CH, Sai Prasad TR, Jabcobsen AS, Meenakshi A, Hwang WS. Fetus-in-fetu in the pelvis: report of a case and literature review. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2005 Nov;34(10):646-9. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=16382253 PubMed abstract and free full text PDF]</ref>  Cysts within mature teratoma have also been reported to contain a rudimentary beating heart.<ref>{{cite journal
+==Gross Pathology==
-|author=Kazez A, Ozercan IH, Erol FS, Faik Ozveren M, Parmaksiz E
+On gross pathology, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].
-|title=Sacrococcygeal heart: a very rare differentiation in teratoma.
-|journal=European journal of pediatric surgery (Zeitschrift für Kinderchirurgie)
-|volume=12
-|issue=4
-|pages=278-80
-|year=2002
-|pmid=12369008
-|doi=10.1055/s-2002-34483
-|issn=
-}}{{PMID|12369008}}</ref>
-Regardless of whether fetus in fetu and fetiform teratoma are one entity or two, they are distinct from and not to be confused with [[ectopic pregnancy]].
+==Microscopic Pathology==
+On microscopic histopathological analysis, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].
-=== Struma ovarii ===
-A '''struma ovarii''' (literally: [[goitre]] of the ovary) is a rare form of mature teratoma that contains mostly [[thyroid]] tissue.  Despite its name, struma ovarii is not restricted to the ovary.  Only 5% of struma ovarii are malignant.
 ==References==
 {{Reflist|2}}
+{{WH}}
+{{WS}}
 [[Category:Disease]]