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| '''Editor-In-Chief:''' Henry A. Hoff
| | #REDIRECT [[CArG box gene transcriptions]] |
| [[Image:Smooth muscle cell CArG.jpeg|thumb|right|300px|The diagram shows a model for epigenetic regulation of SRF binding to CArG box chromatin. Credit: Oliver G. McDonald, Brian R. Wamhoff, Mark H. Hoofnagle, and Gary K. Owens.]]
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| CArG boxes are present in the promoters of smooth muscle cell genes.
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| {{TOCright}}
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| ==Boxes==
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| {{main|Gene transcriptions/Boxes|Boxes}}
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| A "repeating sequence of nucleotides that forms a transcription or a regulatory signal"<ref name=BoxDisambiguation>{{ cite book
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| |title=Box (disambiguation)
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| |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc
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| |location=San Francisco, California
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| |date=May 23, 2013
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| |url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_(disambiguation)
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| |accessdate=2013-06-15 }}</ref> is a '''box'''.
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| ==Consensus sequences==
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| {{main|Gene transcriptions/Consensus sequences|Consensus sequences}}
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| "CArG box [CC(A/T)<sub>6</sub>GG] DNA [consensus] sequences present within the promoters of SMC genes play a pivotal role in controlling their transcription".<ref name=McDonald>{{ cite journal
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| |author=Oliver G. McDonald, Brian R. Wamhoff, Mark H. Hoofnagle, and Gary K. Owens
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| |title=Control of SRF binding to CArG box chromatin regulates smooth muscle gene expression in vivo
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| |journal=The Journal of Clinical Investigation
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| |month=January 4,
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| |year=2006
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| |volume=116
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| |issue=1
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| |pages=36-48
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| |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1323266/
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| |arxiv=
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| |bibcode=
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| |doi=
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| |pmid=
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| |accessdate=2014-06-05 }}</ref>
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| ==Smooth muscle cells==
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| "Serum response factor (SRF) controls [smooth muscle cell] SMC gene transcription via binding to CArG box DNA sequences found within genes that exhibit SMC-restricted expression."<ref name=McDonald/>
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| "SMC genes examined in this study display SMC-specific histone modifications at the 5′-CArG boxes."<ref name=McDonald/>
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| "The SRF-CArG association is required for transcriptional activation of SMC genes [...] the SMC genes examined in this study display SMC-specific histone modifications at the 5′-CArG boxes. [...] enrichment of H4 and H3 acetylation [...] were relatively low from positions –2,800 to –1,600 in the 5′ region. However, at position –1,600 to –1,200, there was a sharp rise in these modifications, which was increased even further at +400 in the coding region. We observed similar patterns for H3K4dMe and H3 Lys79 di-methylation [...]. SRF, TFIID, and RNA polymerase II displayed enrichments that were consistent with the positions of the CArG boxes, TATA box, and coding region, respectively".<ref name=McDonald/>
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| The CArG boxes occur between -400 and -200 nts, between the [[E box]]es and the [[Gene transcriptions/Elements/TCs|TC elements]].<ref name=McDonald/>
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| ==Gene transcriptions==
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| {{main|Gene transcriptions}}
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| "SMC-restricted binding of SRF to murine SMC gene CArG box chromatin is associated with patterns of posttranslational histone modifications within this chromatin that are specific to the SMC lineage in culture and in vivo, including methylation and acetylation to histone H3 and H4 residues."<ref name=McDonald/>
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| ==Myocardins==
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| The "promyogenic SRF [SRF GeneID: 6722] coactivator myocardin [MYOCD GeneID: 93649] increased SRF association with methylated histones and CArG box chromatin during activation of SMC gene expression. [...] myocardin/SRF complexes physically interact with H3K4dMe and that the interaction of SRF with CArG box chromatin and H3K4dMe is sensitive to expression levels of myocardin."<ref name=McDonald/>
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| ==Kruppel-like factor 4==
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| The "myogenic repressor Kruppel-like factor 4 recruited histone H4 deacetylase activity to SMC genes and blocked SRF association with methylated histones and CArG box chromatin during repression of SMC gene expression. [...] deacetylation of histone H4 coupled with loss of SRF binding during suppression of SMC differentiation in response to vascular injury. [...] KLF4 can bind to evolutionarily conserved TGF-β [control element] (TCE) DNA sequences adjacent to CArG boxes of SM gene promoters"<ref name=McDonald/>
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| ==Epigenomes==
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| {{main|Epigenomes}}
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| "SMC-selective epigenetic control of SRF binding to chromatin plays a key role in regulation of SMC gene expression in response to pathophysiological stimuli in vivo."<ref name=McDonald/>
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| Histone modifications in SMCs include H3K4dMe, H3 Lys79 di-methylation, H3 Lys9 acetylation, H4Ac, and SRF binding.<ref name=McDonald/>
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| ==MADS boxes==
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| {{main|Gene transcriptions/Boxes/MADS|MADS boxes}}
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| "RIN [Ripening Inhibitor] binds to DNA sequences known as the CA/T-rich-G (CArG) box, which is the general target of MADS box proteins (Ito et al., 2008)."<ref name=Fujisawa>{{ cite journal
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| |author=Masaki Fujisawa, Toshitsugu Nakano, Yoko Shima and Yasuhiro Ito
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| |title=A large-scale identification of direct targets of the tomato MADS box transcription factor RIPENING INHIBITOR reveals the regulation of fruit ripening
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| |journal=The Plant Cell
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| |month=5 February
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| |year=2013
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| |volume=25
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| |issue=2
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| |pages=371-86
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| |url=http://www.plantcell.org/content/25/2/371.short
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| |arxiv=
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| |bibcode=
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| |doi=10.1105/tpc.112.108118
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| |pmid=
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| |accessdate=2017-02-19 }}</ref>
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| ==Hypotheses==
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| {{main|Hypotheses}}
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| # A1BG is not transcribed using a CArG box.
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| ==Acknowledgements==
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| The content on this page was first contributed by: Henry A. Hoff.
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| Initial content for this page in some instances came from [http://www.wikiversity.org Wikiversity].
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| ==See also==
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| {{div col|colwidth=12em}}
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| * [[Boxes/CAAT|CAAT boxes]]
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| * [[Boxes/C/D|C/D boxes]]
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| * [[Boxes/CGCG|CGCG boxes]]
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| * [[Gene transcriptions/Boxes/CArG/Quiz|CArG boxes/Quiz]]
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| {{Div col end}}
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| ==References==
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| {{reflist|2}}
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| ==External links==
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| * [http://www.ajol.info/ African Journals Online]
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| * [http://www.bing.com/search?q=&go=&qs=n&sk=&sc=8-15&qb=1&FORM=AXRE Bing Advanced search]
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| * [http://www.genome.jp/ GenomeNet KEGG database]
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| * [http://books.google.com/ Google Books]
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| * [http://scholar.google.com/advanced_scholar_search?hl=en&lr= Google scholar Advanced Scholar Search]
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| * [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene Home - Gene - NCBI]
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| * [http://www.jstor.org/ JSTOR]
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| * [http://www.lycos.com/ Lycos search]
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| * [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery NCBI All Databases Search]
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| * [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ncbisearch/ NCBI Site Search]
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| * [http://www.osti.gov/ Office of Scientific & Technical Information]
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| * [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pccompound PubChem Public Chemical Database]
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| * [http://www.questia.com/ Questia - The Online Library of Books and Journals]
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| * [http://online.sagepub.com/ SAGE journals online]
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| * [http://www.scirus.com/srsapp/advanced/index.jsp?q1= Scirus for scientific information only advanced search]
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| * [http://www.springerlink.com/ SpringerLink]
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| * [http://www.tandfonline.com/ Taylor & Francis Online]
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| * [http://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Main_Page WikiDoc The Living Textbook of Medicine]
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| * [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/advanced/search Wiley Online Library Advanced Search]
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| * [http://search.yahoo.com/web/advanced Yahoo Advanced Web Search]
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| {{Gene project}}{{Sisterlinks|CArG box}}
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| [[Category:Genes/Resources]]
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| [[Category:Gene transcriptions/Resources]]
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| [[Category:Resources last modified in October 2019]]
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